2020屆高考英語學(xué)科復(fù)習(xí)關(guān)鍵問題指導(dǎo)與訓(xùn)練（科普文60篇）

《高考英語學(xué)科復(fù)習(xí)關(guān)鍵問題指導(dǎo)與訓(xùn)練》第一次選送

一、存在問題

《2019年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》：“閱讀理解是

我國(guó)學(xué)生接觸外語的主要途徑，它不僅有助于學(xué)生獲取大量的有效信

息，了解世界各國(guó)，特別是英語國(guó)家在教育、科技、文化等領(lǐng)域的發(fā)

展成果，學(xué)習(xí)外國(guó)的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，培養(yǎng)國(guó)際意識(shí)，同時(shí)，還會(huì)在很大程

度上影響學(xué)生聽、說、讀、寫水平的提高?！币虼?，閱讀理解長(zhǎng)期以

來一直出現(xiàn)在高考英語試卷中，且被賦予了較多的內(nèi)容和較高的分值。

近幾年，英語閱讀理解題的難度在不斷增大，考生們也大多知難

而進(jìn)，在英語試卷中，閱讀理解在分?jǐn)?shù)上占到大部分，所以起到至關(guān)

重要的作用。閱讀理解考查學(xué)生對(duì)英語單詞、語法、語感的綜合把握，

主要考查學(xué)生能否正確理解閱讀文本并從文本中找到解決問題的答

案的能力。對(duì)學(xué)生英語學(xué)科素養(yǎng)要求較高，是高中英語的重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)，

也是失分最嚴(yán)重的板塊之一。

目前，在高三復(fù)習(xí)階段教學(xué)和測(cè)試中，閱讀理解中語篇整體意義、

邏輯關(guān)系和內(nèi)在連貫等綜合閱讀能力的把握不足，尋找關(guān)鍵詞能力較

差，聯(lián)系前后句、根據(jù)上下文意思把握不準(zhǔn)，即使找到信息也無法較

好地對(duì)信息進(jìn)行概括、整合與分析。語篇中長(zhǎng)難句依然是學(xué)生閱讀理

解過程中最大的障礙。在高考中考生在閱讀理解中D篇得分率較低；

通過問卷調(diào)查和復(fù)習(xí)、測(cè)試，師生發(fā)現(xiàn)試卷中閱讀理解語篇D篇答

題失分尤其突出。

二、全國(guó)卷I閱讀理解D篇分析

1）試題的體裁和題材

年代體裁題材詞數(shù)語篇

2017說明文利用太陽能自制377D

蒸屈飲用水

2018說明文舊設(shè)備比新設(shè)備355D

浪費(fèi)能源

2019說明文結(jié)合個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)357D

歷介紹一份關(guān)于

討人喜歡與追求

地位的不同校園

習(xí)慣對(duì)未來人際

關(guān)系交往不同的

影響的調(diào)查報(bào)告

2）篇章語言結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：出現(xiàn)較多學(xué)術(shù)用語，生詞，派生詞，句子

結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，長(zhǎng)難句較多等。

3）試題的命題特點(diǎn)

閱讀理解D篇通常為社科類說明文，語篇較長(zhǎng)，信息豐富，要求

較強(qiáng)的邏輯推理和判斷能力。因此，設(shè)題多數(shù)為推理判斷題；即使考

查細(xì)節(jié)理解，也需較高的綜合理解和分析能力。其中17年和19年閱

讀理解D篇的每道試題難度值均低于0.5,是閱讀理解中最難、得分

率最低的語篇。

4）得分率低原因分析

(1)生詞多，文章不易讀懂；

(2)文本結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜；

(3)長(zhǎng)難句解讀有困難；

(4)話題比較陌生；

(5)缺乏應(yīng)有的科普知識(shí)；

(6)平時(shí)較少閱讀此類文章；

(7)缺乏相應(yīng)的閱讀技巧和策略；

(8)針對(duì)性閱讀的輸入量不足等。

三、應(yīng)對(duì)措施和策略

1)重視閱讀教學(xué)，幫助學(xué)生排除閱讀障礙，做好文本解讀，使

學(xué)生構(gòu)成閱讀語言圖式、內(nèi)容圖式和形式圖式。引領(lǐng)學(xué)生先疏通詞匯,

明理文章的輪廓及大概，再研究文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清文章的內(nèi)部聯(lián)系,

然后深入重點(diǎn)，剖析語言，分析內(nèi)容，把握文章的重點(diǎn)，最后綜合歸

納，領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的意圖，提高學(xué)生的英語閱讀理解力。

2)加強(qiáng)閱讀指導(dǎo)，注重閱讀中的長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析?？破瘴恼峦?/p>

往學(xué)術(shù)詞匯多，派生詞匯多，復(fù)合句較多，這必然造成學(xué)生理解上的

困難。因此，在此類文本解讀時(shí)，教師應(yīng)注重長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析，并給

予適當(dāng)?shù)拇痤}指導(dǎo),做到講得準(zhǔn)，講得透，導(dǎo)之有方，導(dǎo)之有效。

3)增加指向性閱讀訓(xùn)練，培養(yǎng)閱讀理解答題能力，讓學(xué)生掌握

各種題材的結(jié)構(gòu)類型，迅速掌握文中信息的具體分布，有較強(qiáng)的針對(duì)

性；也能使學(xué)生更好地把握文章的邏輯線索，對(duì)文章的信息做出概括

和歸納，閱讀的速度以及效率就會(huì)隨之提高。

現(xiàn)提供以下精選的60篇語篇，供學(xué)生訓(xùn)練。

（-）

TheIndiangovernmentmayuse3Dpaintingsasvirtualspeedbreakers（減速帶）

onmajorhighwaysandroads,inordertocheckspeedingandcarelessdriving,and

finallymakeitsdeadlyroadsalittlesafer."Wearetryingout3Dpaintingsusedas

virtualspeedbreakerstoavoidunnecessaryrequirementsofspeedbreakers/9India's

transportministerNitinGadkariwrote.

Theopticalillusions（視覺錯(cuò)覺）aresupposedtoencouragedriverstoslow

downautomatically.Earlier,Indiahadorderedtheremovalofallspeedbreakersfrom

highways,whichareconsideredtobeasafetyhazardforhigh-speedvehicles.India

hasthehighestnumberofroadaccidentdeathsintheworld.AccordingtotheWorld

HealthOrganisation,over200,000peoplearekilledbyroadaccidents.

Theuseofopticalillusionsasspeedbreakerswasfirstpioneeredinthe

AmericancityofPhiladelphiain2008,aspartofacampaignagainstspeeding

motorists.ThetechniquehasalsobeentriedoutinChinatocreatefloating3D

crossings.InIndia,citiessuchasAhmedabadandChennaihavealreadyexperimented

with3Dzebracrossingsinthelastoneyear.InAhmedabadforinstance,amotherand

herdaughter,bothartists,havepainted3Dcrosswalksinthefirstfewmonthsof2016.

Theartistssaytheirmottois"toincreasetheattentionofdrivers”,andthatthe

concepthasbeensuccessfullytestedinaccident-pronezonesonahighway.

However,criticsarguethatoncedriversknowthatthesespeedbreakersare

visualillusions,theymayignorethem.OthersalsopointoutthatIndia'sdecisiondoes

notconsiderthesafetyofalargenumberofpedestrians.Intheend,thenewpolicy

maybejustonesteptowardsimprovingroadsafety.

1.Whyare3Dpaintingsusedonmainhighwaysandroads?

A.Tomakethesurroundingsmorebeautiful.

B.Toattracttheattentionoftourists.

C.lbshowtheadvancedtechnology.

D.Toreducetherateoftrafficaccidents.

2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisclosesttothemeaningof“hazard“inparagraph2?

A.ReminderB.RegulationC.ThreatD.Theory

3.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph3and4?

A.PhiladelphiaisthesecondplacetousevirtualspeedbreakersintheUS.

B.TheuseofopticalillusionsasspeedbreakersiscontroversialinIndia.

C.TheideatestedinAhmedabadrecentlyhasbeenafailure.

D.Thenewpolicyof3Dzebracrossingsmustbecarriedout.

4.Whatdoweknowabout3Dzebracrossingsfromthetext?

A.Theyaredesignedtoincreasedrivers9attention.

B.Theycanimmediatelylowerthedeathrate.

C.TheyhavebeenwidelyusedinIndiasofar.

D.Theyarewelcomedbybothdriversandpedestrians.

參考答案：DCBA

（二）

Thethird-generationhybridrice（雜交水稻）whichwasdevelopedbyYuan

Longping,the"fatherofhybridrice”,andhisteamunderwentitsfirstpublicyield（產(chǎn)

量）monitoringfromMondaytoTuesdayandachievedhighoutput.Thefinalyieldof

thetestedvariety,G3-1S/P19,cameto1046.3kgpermu（about667squaremeters）,

basedontwoplotsoflandinQingzhuVillageunderthecityofHengyangincentral

China'sHunanProvince.

“Someprevioushigh-yieldinghybridricevarietiesinChinatook160toeven

180daysfromsowingtoharvesting,whilethefigurewasshortenedtoaround125

daysforthenewvariety.Thisisoneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofthe

third-generationhybridricethatcanreducetheuseofpesticidesandfertilizers,thus

reducingcostandimprovingproductionefficiency."saidQianQian,thedeputydirector

oftheChinaNationalRiceResearchInstitute.

Unliketheprevioustwogenerationsthatrequiredalargeamountofwaterand

fertilizersaswellasdemandinggrowingconditionsandtechnologicalsupport,the

third-generationhybridriceiseasiertobecultivated（種植）byordinaryfarmers.So

thesoil,altitudeandclimateofthetestsitewerenot“idealconditions^^carefully

selectedbeforehandbutwereclosetothepaddiesofordinaryfarmers.

Nowadays,China'saverageyieldofriceisabout500kgpermu.Ordinary

farmerscanproduce600kgto700kgofricepermubygrowingsomeexcellent

second-generationhybridricevarieties.However,underthesameplantingconditions

andenvironment,theyieldofthethird-generationhybridricecouldreach800kgper

mu.Chinanowfeedsaround20percentoftheworld'spopulationwithlessthan9

percentoftheworld'sarable（可耕種的）land.

Atpresent,Yuan'steamhasninethird-generationhybridricecombinationsunder

trial,whichareexpectedtoachievecommercialseedproductioninthefollowing

threetofouryearsandhopetoapplythetechnologyintotheresearchofsearice.The

third-generationhybridricehasthecomprehensivestrengthtopromoteagreenerand

moresustainabledevelopmentofChina'sriceproductionwithhigherqualityand

yield.

1.WhatfeatureofthenewhybridricedoesQianQianmainlytalkabout?

A.Itsavesalotmorewater.B.Itachievesahigheryield.

C.Itsavesmuchmorefarmland.D.Ithasashortergrowingperiod.

2.Whyisthenewhybridricenottestedinidealareas?

A.Theordinaryfarmersmasterplantingtechnology.

B.Theresearcherswanttoreducetheexperimentcost.

C.Thegrowingconditionsthenewhybridriceneedsaresimple.

D.Thepreviousricefarmingprovidesresearcherswithexperience.

3.Whatisthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Thehighoutputofthethird-generationhybridrice.

B.Thepromisingfutureofthenewhybridricevariety.

C.Theadvancedtechnologyoftheresearchonhybridrice.

D.Thedifferencesbetweenthethreehybridricevarieties.

4.Whichonecouldbethebesttitleofthetext?

A.TheDevelopmentofChina'sRice

B.TheContributionoftheGreatScientist

C.TheHighYieldoftheNewHybridRice

D.TheWaytoFeedtheWorld'sPopulation

參考答案：DCAC

㈢

Google'snewcamera,calledClips,isasmall,smartdevice.Itcomeswithacase

thathasaclip（夾子），butit'snotdesignedtobewornonyourclothing.Most

interestingly,itusesartificialintelligencetotakephotographyoutofyourhandssoit

cancapturemomentsonitsown.

Thisroughly2-inchby2-inchcamera,withathree-hourbatterylifeandGorilla

Glassfortoughness,isintendedforcandidmoments,likewhenachilddoes

somethingcutethatmayhappentooquicklyforyoutopulloutyoursmartphone.

OnboardtheClipsdevice,itusesmachinelearningalgorithms（t十算程序）to

helpcapturescenes.Thosealgorithmsincludefacerecognition."Onceitlearnsthat

there9safaceyouseefrequently,iflltrytogetnicephotosofthosefaces/9said

JustonPayne,thedevice'sproductmanager.Andtheyalsowantittorecognizefacial

expressions,whichinvolved"trainingittoknowwhathappinesslookslike”.The

Googleteamalsotrainedittorecognizewhatnottoshoot—likewhenachild'shand

isoverthelens,orifitistossedinadarkpurse.

Theonlywaytoseetheimagesisbyconnectingthecamerawithyourphone,as

ithasnoscreenforviewingorediting.

Werepeopleconcerneditcouldseemstrange?Yes,Payneadmitted.Butthey

saidtheyaddressedthatbymakingitobviouswhatitis.Agreenlightonthefront

signalsthatitison.Besides,unlikeacamerameanttomonitoryourhome,itisnot

connectedtotheInternet.

“Thisproductisonlypossiblebecauseofthewaythatsiliconhasadvanced/9

Paynesaid,notingthatitwasonlyinthepastyearorsothattheycouldsqueezethe

technologydownintoadevicethissize.Goingforward,we'relikelytogetmore

assistancefromtheartificialintelligencepackedintoourappsandgadgets.

1.WhatisthemostoutstandingfeatureofClips?

A.Itisequippedwithtoughglass.

B.ItenableseasyInternetaccess.

C.Itallowsofhands-freephotography.

D.Itcanbewornonyourclothing.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“candid”inParagraph2mean?

A.Brief.B.Touching.C.Unforgettable.D.Embarrassing.

3.WhatmakesClipsarealityaccordingtoJustonPayne?

A.ThepopularityoftheInternet.

B.Theadvanceintechnology.

C.Theriseofthesmartphoneindustry.

D.Thereductioninthepriceoflens.

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.ANewDigitalCamerafromGoogle.

B.NewGadgetsintheAgeofApps.

C.ArtificialIntelligenceinEverydayLife.

D.AnAlternativeWaytoPhotograph.

參考答案：CABA

（四）

Youcan'talwayspredictaheavyrainorrememberyourumbrella.Butdesigner

MikhailBelyaevdoesn'tthinkthatforgettingtochecktheweatherforecastbefore

headingoutshouldresultinyougettingwet.That'swhyhecreatedLampbrella,a

lamppostwithitsownrain-sensingumbrella.

Thedesignersayshecameupwiththeideaafterwatchingpeoplegetweton

streetsinRussia."Once,IwasdrivingonacentralSaintPetersburgstreetandsawthe

streetlampslightinguppeopletryingtohidefromtherain.Ithoughtitwouldbe

appropriatetohaveacanopy（傘蓬）builtintoastreetlamp,“hesaid.

TheLampbrellaisastandard-lookingstreetlampfittedwithanumbrellacanopy.

Ithasabuilt-inelectricmotorwhichcanopenorclosetheumbrellaondemand

Sensors（傳感器）thenensurethattheumbrellaofferspedestriansshelterwheneverit

startsraining.

Inadditiontotherainsensor,there9salsoa360°motionsensoronthefiberglass

streetlampwhichdetectswhetheranyoneisusingtheLampbrella.Afterthree

minutesofnotbeingusedthecanopyisclosed.

Accordingtothedesigner,theLampbrellawouldmoveatarelativelylowspeed,

soasnottocauseharmtothepedestrians.Besides,itwouldbegroundedtoprotect

frompossiblelightningstrike.EachLampbrellawouldofferenoughshelterfbr

severalpeople.Beinginstalled（安裝）at2metresofftheground,itwouldonlybea

dangerforthetallestofpedestrians.

WhiletherearenoplanstotaketheLampbrellaintoproduction,Belyaevsayshe

recentlyintroducedhiscreationtooneMoscowDepartment,andinsistshiscreation

couldbeinstalledonanystreetwherealotofpeoplewalkbuttherearenocanopiesto

provideshelter.

1.ForwhatpurposedidBelyaevcreatetheLampbrella?

A.Topredictaheavyrain.

B.Tochecktheweatherforecast.

C.Toprotectpeoplefromtherain.

D.Toremindpeopletotakeanumbrella

2.WhatdoweknowfromBelyaev'swordsinParagraph2?

A.Hiscreationwasinspiredbyanexperience.

B.ItrainsalotinthecityofSaintPetersburg.

C.Streetlampsareprotectedbycanopies.

D.Heenjoyedtakingwalksintherain.

3.WhatdoesParagraph5mainlytellusabouttheLampbrella?

A.Itsmovingspeed.B.Itsappearance.

C.Itsinstallation.D.Itssafety.

4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.Thedesignerwillopenacompanytopromotehisproduct.

B.TheLampbrellacouldbeputintoimmediateproduction.

C.Thedesignerisconfidentthathiscreationispractical.

D.TheLampbrellawouldbeputonshowinMoscow.

參考答案：CADC

（五）

Plastic-EatingWorms

Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfof

thatwindsupinlandfills（垃圾填埋場(chǎng)）,andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.

Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswer

maylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.

ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreater

waxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfbr40%ofplastics.The

teamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,

andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.To

confirmthattheworms9chewingalonewasnotresponsiblefbrthepolyethylene

breakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste（糊狀物）andapplieditto

plasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass——apparentlybroken

downbyenzymes（酶）fromtheworms9stomachs.Theirfindingswerepublishedin

CurrentBiologyin2017.

FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms5abilitytobreak

downtheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.

“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbon

bond,isthereaswell,^^sheexplains,"Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemto

breakthisbond.”

JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnot

involvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdown

polyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreaking

downinthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecause

ofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes

（腸道微生物）？

Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam'sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploythe

enzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalin

somekindofindustrialprocess一notsimply"millionsofwormsthrownontopof

theplastic/9

1.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?

A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.

B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.

C.Theycanconsumeplastics.

D.Theywindupinlandfills.

2.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.

A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdown

B.findoutthesourceoftheenzyme

C.confirmtheresearchfindings

D.increasethebreakdownspeed

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.

A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbags

C.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture

4.Whatisthemainpuiposeofthepassage?

A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.

B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.

C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.

D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.

參考答案：CBDC

（六）

Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirst

sightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourold

devices（裝置）wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment一

andourwallets一astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythanthe

neweronesthatdothesamethings.

Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandher

colleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedthe

environmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife—fromwhenitsmineralsare

minedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhow

homeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedby

generation.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.

Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,and

LCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.

Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones.

“Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids'room,and

suddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,“saidoneresearcher.

Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13

in2007.We'renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices一wecontinuetousethem.

AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt'steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswith

cathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionand

contributiontogreenhousegasemissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992

to2007window.

Sowhat'sthesolution（解決方案）？Theteam'sdataonlywentupto2007,but

theresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproducts

withnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforword

processingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewing

ontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby

44%.

1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?

A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.

B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.

C.Theycostmoretouseathome.

D.Theygooutofstylequickly.

2.WhydidBabbitfsteamconducttheresearch?

A.Toreducethecostofminerals.

B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.

C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.

D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.

3.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?

A.Thebox-setTV.B.Thetablet.

C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopcomputer.

4.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?

A.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.

C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.

參考答案：ADBA

（七）

ArtificialIntelligence（AI）ismakingitpossibleforcompaniestomonitor

workers9behavioringreatdetailandinrealtime.Starttoslackoff（懈?。?，andAI

couldtalktoyourboss.

OnecompanyofferingsuchservicesisLondon-basedstart-upStatusToday.ItsAI

platformreliesonaregularsupplyofemployeedata,includingeverythingfromthe

filesyouaccesstowhenyouuseakeycard.

Fromthis,itbuildsapictureofhowemployeesnormallyfunctionandsignalsany

unusualperformance.Theideaistospotwhensomeonemightbecomeasecurityrisk

bydoingsomethingdifferentfromtheirusualbehavioralpatterns."Allofthisgives

usafingerprintofauser,soifwethinkthefingerprintdoesn'tmatch,weraisea

warning,saysMirceaDumitrescu,thecompany'schieftechnologyofficer.

Thesystemalsoaimstocatchemployeeactionsthatcouldaccidentallycausea

securitybreach（漏洞），likeopeningmalware（惡意軟件）."We'renotmonitoringif

yourcomputerhasavirus."saysDumitrescu."We'remonitoringhumanbehavior.^^

Butcatchingthesecuritybreachmeansmonitoringeveryone,andtheAIcan

alsobeusedtotrackemployeeproductivity."Itseemsliketheyarejustusingthe

reputationofAItogiveanairoflawfulnesstoold-fashionedworkplacesurveillance

（監(jiān)視）」saysJavierRuizDiazofdigitalcampaigningorganizationtheOpenRights

Group."Youhavearighttoprivacyandyoushouldn'tbeexpectedtogivethatupat

work.^^

Exactlyhowcompaniesusethesystemwillbeuptothem,butit'shardtoshake

thepictureofanAIconstantlylookingoveremployees9shoulders."Itwillbother

people,andthatcouldbecounterproductiveifitaffectstheirbehavior,saysPaul

BemalattheUniversityofEastAnglia.

PhilLeggattheUniversityoftheWestofEnglandsaysitwillnevercatch

everysecurityrisk."Ifpeopleknowthey9rebeingmonitored,theycanchangetheir

behavior,hesays.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“afingerprintofauser"inParagraph3referto?

A.Anemployee'sgeneralbehavior.B.Evidenceagainstanemployee.

C.Anemployee'sbestrecordD.Accesstoanemployee.

2.What'sJavierRuizDiaz'sattitudetowardsthesystem?

A.Curious.B.Appreciative.C.Casual.D.Negative.

3.WhatisPhilLegg'sconcernforthesystem?

A.Itistooriskytobeusedatwork.

B.Itwillaffectemployees9emotions.

C.Itmaynotbesoeffectiveasexpected.

D.Itcannotchangeemployees,behavior.

4.What'sthebesttitlefbrthetext?

A.Watchoutforsecuritybreaches

B.It'stimetoimproveyourjobperformance

C.Beawareofyourprivacyintheworkplace

D.WorkplaceAImaytellyourbossifyou'reslacking.

參考答案：ADCD

(A)

Self-drivingvehicleswillrelyoncameras,sensorsandartificialintelligence(AI)

torecognizeandrespondtoroadandtrafficconditions,butsensingisthemost

effectiveforobjectsandmovementintheneighborhoodofthevehicle.Not

everythingimportantinacar'senvironmentwillbecaughtbythevehicle'scamera.

Anothervehicleapproachingathighspeedonacollision(碰撞)trackmightnotbe

visibleuntilit'stoolate.Thisiswhyvehicle-to-vehiclecommunicationisundergoing

rapiddevelopment.Ourresearchshowsthatcarswillneedtobeabletochatand

cooperateontheroad,althoughthetechnicalchallengesareconsiderable.

Applicationsforvehicle-to-vehiclecommunicationrangefromvehiclesdriving

togetherinarow,tosafetymessagesaboutnearbyemergencyvehicles.Vehicles

couldalerteachothertoavoidcollisionsorsharenoticesaboutpassers-byand

bicycles.

Fromasfarasseveralhundredmetersaway,vehiclescouldexchangemessages

withoneanotherorreceiveinformationfromroadsideunits(RSUs)aboutnearby

incidentsordangerousroadconditionsthrough4Gnetwork.AhighlevelofAIseems

requiredforsuchvehicles,notonlytoself-drivefromAtoB,butalsotoreact

intelligentlytomessagesreceived.Vehicleswillneedtoplan,reason,strategizeand

adaptinthelightofinformationreceivedinrealtimeandtocarryoutcooperative

behaviors.Forexample,agroupofautonomousvehiclesmightavoidaroutetogether

becauseofpotentialrisks,oravehiclecoulddecidetodropsomeoneoffearlierdueto

messagesreceived,aforeseencrowdingahead.

Furtherapplicationsofvehicle-to-vehiclecommunicationarestillbeingresearched,

includinghowtoperformcooperativebehavior.

1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Thereasonsfortheaccidentsbyself-drivingvehicles.

B.Theresearchaboutapplicationsforself-drivingvehicles.

C.Theimportanceofartificialintelligenceofself-drivingvehicles.

D.Thereasonsfordevelopingcommunicationbetweenself-drivingvehicles.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“alert"meaninParagraph2?

A.Alarm.B.Condemn.C.Ignore.D.Govern.

3.Whatcanwelearnaboutroadsideunits(RSUs)?

A.Theyclassifythevehiclesontheroad.

B.Theycanimprovebadroadconditions.

C.Theytakeoverthepassingvehicles.

D.Theyserveasefficientinformationstations.

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.WhenDoVehiclesCommunicate?

B.TheReasonsWhyaHighLevelofAIIsImportant

C.Vehicle-to-vehicleCommunicationIsComing

D.WhatDoApplicationsforVehicle-to-vehicleCommunicationNeed?

參考答案：DADC

（九）

Researcherscontinuetoshowthepowerbehindoursenseofsmell.Recent

studieshavefound,amongotherthings,thatthesmelloffoodslikepizzacancause

uncontrollableangerindriversonroads.

Thestudyexplainsthatsmellisuniqueinitseffectsonthebrain.Accordingto

ConradKing,theresearcherwhocarriedoutthestudy,"morethananyothersenses,

thesenseofsmellgoesthroughthelogicalpartofthebrainandactsonthesystems

concernedwithfeelings.Thisiswhythesmellofbakingbreadcandestroythebest

intentionsofadieter.^^

Smell,whichdeterminestheunbelievablecomplexityoffoodtastes,hasalways

beentheleastunderstoodofoursenses.Ournosesareabletodetectupto10,000

distinctsmells.Ourabilitytosmellandtastethisextremelylargerangeofsmellsis

controlledbysomethinglike1,000genes（基因），whichmakeupanamazing3%of

thehumangenome.

AccordingtoConradKing'sstudy,smellingfreshpizzaoreventhepackagingof

fastfoodscanbeenoughtomakedriversfeelimpatientwithotherroadusers.They

arethenmorelikelytospeedandexperienceuncontrollableangeronroads.Themost

reasonableexplanationisthatthesecanallmakedriversfeelhungry,andtherefore

desperatetosatisfytheirappetites.Incontrast,thesmellsofpeppermintandcinnamon

wereshowntoimproveconcentrationlevelsaswellasreducedrivers,impatience.

Similarly,thesmellsoflemonandcoffeeappearedtopromoteclearthinkingand

mentalfocus.

However,thewaygenescontrolsmelldiffersfrompersontoperson.Astudyby

researchersinIsraelhasidentifiedatleast50olfactory（嗅覺）geneswhichare

switchedoninsomepeopleandnotinothers.Theybelievethismayexplainwhy

someofuslovesomesmellsandtasteswhileothershatethem.TheIsraelresearchers

saytheirstudyshowsthatnearlyeveryhumanbeingshowsadifferent