2019年考研英語試題(二)

2019考研英語二試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET(10points)

Weighingyourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofanysignificant

weightfluctuations1,whendonetoooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmorethat

it2.

Asforme,weighingmyselfeverydaycausedmatoshiftmyfocusfrombeing

generallyhealthyandphysicallyactivetofocusing3onthescale.Thatwasbad

tomyoverallfitnessgoals.Ihadgainedweightintheformofmusclemass,butthinking

onlyof4thenumberonthescale,Ialteredmytrainingprogram.Thatconflicted

withhowIneededtotrainto5mygoals.

Ialsofoundthatweighingmyselfdailydidnotprovideanaccurate6ofthe

hardworkandprogressIwasmakinginthegym.Ittakesaboutthreeweekstoamonth

tonoticeanysignificantchangesinyourweight7alteringyourtrainingprogram.

Themost8changeswillbeobservedinskilllevel,strengthandincheslost.

Forthese9Istoppedweighingmyselfeverydayandswitchedtoabimonthly

weighingschedule10.Sinceweightlossisnotmygoal,itislessimportantforme

to11myweighteachweek.Weighingeveryotherweekallowsmetoobserveand

12anysignificantweightchanges.ThattellsmewhetherIneedto13mytraining

program.

Iusemybimonthlyweight-in14togetinformationaboutmynutritionaswell.

Ifmytrainingintensityremainsthesame,butI'mconstantly15anddroppingweight,

thisisa16thatIneedtoincreasemydailycaloricintake.

The17tostopweighingmyselfeverydayhasdonewondersformyoverall

health,fitnessandwell-being.TmexperiencingincreasedzealforworkingoutsinceI

nolongercarrytheburdenofa18morningweigh-in.Tvealsoexperiencedgreater

successinachievingmyspecificfitnessgoals.19Tmtrainingaccordingtothose

goals,notthenumbersonascale.

Ratherthan20overthescale,turnyourfocustohowyoukook,feel,howyou

clothesfitandyouroverallenergylevel.

1.A.ThereforeB.OtherwiseC.HoweverD.Besides

2.A.caresB.warnsC.reducesD.helps

3.AsolelyB.occasionallyC.formallyD.initially

4.AloweringB.explainingC.acceptingD.recording

5.A.setB.reviewC.reachD.modify

6.A.depictionB.distributionC.predictionD.definition

7.A.regardlessofB.asidefromC.alongwithD.dueto

8.A.rigidB.preciseC.immediateD.orderly

9.A.judgmentsB.reasonsC.methodsD.claims

10.A.thoughB.againC.indeedD.instead

11.A.trackB.overlookC.concealD.report

12.A.approveofB.holdontoC.accountforD.dependon

13.A.shareB.adjustC.confirmDprepare

14.A.featuresB.rulesC.testsDresults

15.AanxiousB.hungryC.sickD.bored

16.A.secretBbeliefC.signD.principle

17.A.necessityB.decisionC.wishD.request

18.A.surprisingB.restrictingC.consumingD.disappointing

19.A.becauseB.unlessC.untilD.if

20.A.dominatingB.puzzlingC.triumphingD.obsessing

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET(40points)

Text1

Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guiltemergesa

littlelater,inconjunctionwithachild'sgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.

Childrenaren'tbornknowinghowtosay"I'msorry”;rather,theylearnovertimethat

suchstatementsappeaseparentsandfriends-andtheirownconsciences.Thisiswhy

researchersgenerallyregardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagood

thing.

Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.Itisdeeply

uncomfortable-it'stheemotionalequivalentofwearingajacketweightedwithstones.

Yetthisunderstandingisoutdated."Therehasbeenakindofrevivalorarethinking

aboutwhatguiltisandwhatroleguiltcanserve,"saysAmrishaVaish,apsychology

researcherattheUniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivalispartofalarger

recognitionthatemotionsaren'tbinary-feelingsthatmaybeadvantageousinone

contextmaybeharmfulinanother.Jealousyandanger,forexample,mayhaveevolved

toalertustoimportantinequalities.Toomuchhappinesscanbedestructive.

Andguilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodness,can

encouragehumanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelationships.Guilt,inotherwords,

canhelpholdacooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindofsocialglue.

Viewedinthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalti,apsychology

professorattheUniversityofToronto,suggeststhatguiltmaycompensateforan

emotionaldeficiency.Inanumberofstudies,Maltiandothershaveshownthatguilt

andsympathymayrepresentdifferentpathwaystocooperationandsharingSomekids

whoarelowinsympathymaymakeupfbrthatshortfallbyexperiencingmoreguilt,

whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andviceversa:Highsympathycansubstitute

forlowguilt.

Ina2014study,forexample,Maltilookedat244childrenUsingcaregiver

assessmentsandthechildren'sself-observations,sheratedeachchild'soverall

sympathylevelandhisorhertendencytofeelnegativeemotionsaftermoral

transgressions.Thenthekidswerehandedchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetoshare

themwithananonymouschild.Forthelow-sympathykids,howmuchtheyshared

appearedtoturnonhowinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.Theguilt-proneonesshared

more,eventhoughtheyhadn'tmagicallybecomemoresympathetictotheotherchild's

deprivation.

"That'sgoodnews,MMaltisays."Wecanbeprosocialbecausewecausedharm

andwefeelregret/9

21.Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelp

A)fosterachild'smoraldevelopment

B)regulateachild'sbasicemotions

C)improveachild'sintellectualability

D)intensityachild'spositivefeelings

22.Accordingtoparagraph2,manypeoplestillconsiderguilttobe

A)inexcusable

B)deception

C)addictive

D)burdensome

23.Vaishholdthattherethinkingaboutguiltconiesfromanawarenessthat

A)emotionsarecontext-independent

B)anemotioncanplayopposingroles

C)emotionaresociallyconstructive

D)emotionalstabilitycanbenefithealth

24.Maltiandothershaveshownthatcooperationandsharing

A.mayhelpcorrectemotionaldeficiencies

B.canresultfromeithersympathyorguilt

C.canbringaboutemotionalsatisfaction

D.maybetheoutcomeofimpulsiveacts

25.Theword“transgressions”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto_

A.Teachings

B,discussions

C.Restrictions

D.wrongdoings

Text2

Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneoftheharderchallengesinthefightagainst

climatechange.Evenaswehumanscountonforeststosoakupagoodshareofthe

carbondioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheirabilitytodoso.Theclimatechange

wearehasteningcouldonedayleaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbonthanthey

absorb.

Thankfully,thereisawayoutofthistrap-butitinvolvesstrikingasubtlebalance.

Helpingforestsflourishasvaluable"carbonsinks"longintothefuturemayrequire

reducingtheircapacitytoabsorbcarbonnow,Californiaisleadingtheway,asitdoes

onsomanyclimateefforts,infiguringoutthedetails.

Thestate'sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortstothinoutyoung

treesandclearbrushinpartsoftheforest.Thistemporarilylowerscarbon-carrying

capacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreatershareoftheavailablemoisture,sothey

growandthrive,restoringtheforest'scapacitytopullcarbonfromtheair.Healthytrees

arealsobetterabletofendoffinsects.Thelandscapeisrenderedlesseasilyburnable.

Evenintheeventofafire,fewertreesareconsumed.

Theneedfbrsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,since2010,drought

andinsectshavekilledover100milliontreesinCalifornia,mostofthemin2016alone,

andwildfireshaveburnedhundredsofthousandsofacres.

Californiaplanstotreat35,000acresofforestayearby2020,and60,000by2030-

financedfromtheproceedsofthestate'semissions-permitauctions,That9sonlya

smallshareofthetotalacreagethatcouldbenefit,abouthalfamillionacresinall,soit

willbevitaltoprioritizeareasatgreatestriskoffireordrought.

Thestrategyalsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremovedfromthe

forestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumberorburnedasbiofuelinvehiclesthat

wouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels.Newresearchontransportationbiofuelsisalready

underway.

Stategovernmentsarewellaccustomedtomanagingforests,buttraditionally

they'vefocusedonwildlife,watershedsandopportunitiesfbrrecreation.Onlyrecently

havetheycometoseethevitalpartforestswillhavetoplayinstoringcarbon.

California'splan,whichisexpectedtobefinalizedbythegovernornextyear,should

serveasamodel.

26.Bysaying“oneoftheharderchallengestheauthorimpliesthat

A.globalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrol

B.peoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarming

C.extremeweatherconditionsmayarise

D.forestsmaybecomeapotentialthreat

27.Tomaintainforestsasvaluable"carbonsinks,“wemayneedto

A.preservethediversityofspeciesinthem

B.acceleratethegrowthofyoungtrees

C.strikeabalanceamongdifferentplants

D.lowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacity

28.California'sForestCarbonPlanendeavorsto__

A.cultivatemoredrought-resistanttrees

B.reducethedensityofsomeofitsforests

C.findmoreeffectivewaystokillinsects

D.restoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfires

29.WhatisessentialtoCalifornia'splanaccordingtoParagraph5?

A.Tohandletheareasinseriousdangerfirst

B.Tocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2020

C.Toperfecttheemissions-permitauctions.

D.Toobtainenoughfinancialsupport

30.Theauthor'sattitudetoCalifornia'splancanbestbedescribedas__.

A.Ambiguous

B.Tolerant

C.Supportive

D.cautious

Text3

Americanfarmershavebeencomplainingoflaborshortagesforseveralyears.The

complaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulofimmigrationrulesforfarmworks.

Congresshasobstructedeffortstocreateamorestraightforwardvisafbr

agriculturalworkersthatwouldletforeignworkersstaylongerintheU.S.andchange

jobswithintheindustry.Ifthisdoesn'tchange.Americanbusinesses,communities,and

consumerswillbethelosers.

PerhapshalfofU.S.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants.Asfewersuch

workersenterthecountry,thecharacteristicsoftheagriculturalworkforcearechanging.

Today'sformlaborers,whilestillpredominantlybominMexico,aremorelikelytobe

settledratherthanmigratingandmorelikelytobemarriedthansingle,They'realso

aging.Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropworkerswereovertheageof

35.Nowmorethanhalfare.Andpickingcropsishardonolderbodies.Oneoft-debated

cureforthislaborshortageremainsasimplausibleasit'sbeenallalong:NativeU.S.

workerswon'tbereturningtothefarm.

Mechanizationisnottheanswereither-notyet,atleast.Productionofcorn,cotton,

rice,soybeans,andwheathasbeenlargelymechanized,butmanyhigh-value,labor-

intensivecrops,suchasstrawberries,needlabor.Evendairyfarms,whererobotsdoa

smallshareofmilking,havealongwaytogobeforethey'reautomated.

Asaresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguestworkers

usingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheworkforce.Startingaround2012,requestsfbr

thevisasrosesharply;from2011to2016thenumberofvisasissuedmorethandoubled.

TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafbrnonagriculturalwork

whichislimitedto66,000ayear.Evenso,employerscomplaintheyaren'tgivenall

theworkerstheyneed.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensive,andunreliable.One

surveyfoundthatbureaucraticdelaysledtheaverageH-2Aworkertoarriveonthejob

22dayslate.Theshortageiscompoundedbyfederalimmigrationraids,whichremove

someworkersanddriveothersunderground.

Ina2012survey,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandnearly80percentofraisinand

berrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.Somewesterngrowershaverespondedby

movingoperationstoMexico.From1998to2000,14.5percentofthefruitAmericans

consumedwasimported.Littlemorethanadecadelater,theshareofimportedfruithad

increasedto25.8percent.

Ineffect,theU.S.canimportfoodoritcanimporttheworkerswhopickit.

31.Whatproblemshouldbeaddressedaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.DiscriminationagainstforeignworkersintheU.S.

B.BiasedlawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.

C.FlawsinU.S.immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.

D.DeclineofjobopportunitiesinU.S.agriculture.

32.OnetroublewithU.S.agriculturalworkforceis__

A.therisingnumberofillegalimmigrants

B.thehighmobilityofcropworkers

C.thelackofexperiencedlaborers

D.theagingofimmigrantfarmworkers

33.Whatisthemuch-arguedsolutiontothelaborshortageinU.Sfarming?

A.Toattractyoungerlaborerstofarmwork.

B.TogetnativeU.S.workersbacktofarming.

C.Tousemorerobotstogrowhigh-valuecrops.

D.Tostrengthenfinancialsupportfbrfarmers.

34.AgriculturalemployerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisafbrits

A.slowgrantingprocedures

B.limitondurationofstay

C.tightenedrequirements

D.controlofannualadmissions

35.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthistext?

A.U.S.AgricultureinDecline?

B.ImportFoodorLabor?

C.AmericaSavedbyMexico?

D.Manpowervs.Automation?

Text4

ArnoldSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhaveamessageforyou:It's

easytobeatplastic.They'repartofabunchofcelebritiesstarringinanewvideofor

WorldEnvironmentDayencouragingyou,theconsumer,toswapoutyoursingle-use

plasticstapleslikestrawsandcutlerytocombattheplasticscrisis.

ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorldEnvironmentDaydo

includeacallforgovernmentstoenactlegislationtocurbsingle-useplastics.Butthe

overarchingmessageisdirectedatindividuals.

Myconcernwithleavingituptotheindividual,however,isourlimitedsenseof

whatneedstobeachieved.Ontheirown,takingourownbagstothegrocerystoreor

quittingplasticstraws,forexample,willaccomplishlittleandrequireverylittleofus.

Theycouldevenbedetrimental,satisfyinganeedtohave"doneourbit"withoutever

progressingontobigger,bolder,moreeffectiveactionsakindof"morallicensing^^that

allaysourconcernsandstopsusdoingmoreandaskingmoreofthoseincharge.

Whiletheconversationaroundourenvironmentandourresponsibilitytowardit

remainscenteredonshoppingbagsandstraws,we'reignoringthebalanceofpower

thatimpliesthatas“consumers“wemustshopsustainably,ratherthanas"citizens”

holdourgovernmentsandindustriestoaccounttopushforrealsystemicchange.

It'simportanttoacknowledgethattheenvironmentisn'teveryone'spriority-or

evenmostpeople's.Weshouldn'texpectittobe.Inherlatestbook,WhyGoodPeople

DoBadEnvironmentalThings,WellesleyCollegeprofessorElizabethR.DeSombre

arguesthatthebestwaytocollectivelychangethebehavioroflargenumbersofpeople

isforthechangetobestructural.

Thismightmeanimplementingpolicysuchasaplastictaxthataddsacostto

environmentallyproblematicaction,orbanningsingle-useplasticsaltogether.Indiahas

justannounceditwill"eliminateallsingle-useplasticinthecountryby2022.“There

arealsoincentive-basedwaysofmakingbetterenvironmentalchoiceseasier,suchas

ensuringrecyclingisatleastaseasyastrashdisposal.

DeSombreisn'tsayingpeopleshouldstopcaringabouttheenvironment.It'sjust

thatindividualactionsaretooslow,shesays,forthattobetheonly,orevenprimary,

approachtochangingwidespreadbehavior.

Noneofthisisaboutwritingofftheindividual.It'sjustaboutputtingthingsinto

perspective.Wedon'thavetimetowait.Weneedprogressivepoliciesthatshape

collectiveaction(andreininpollutingbusinesses),alongsideengagedcitizenspushing

forchange.

36.Somecelebritiesstarinanewvideoto

A.demandnewlawsontheuseofplastics

B.urgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplastics

C.invitepublicopinionontheplasticscrisis

D.disclosethecausesoftheplasticscrisis

37.Theauthorisconcernedthatmorallicensing"may

A.misleadusintodoingworthlessthings

B.preventusfrommakingfurtherefforts

C.weakenoursenseofaccomplishment

D.suppressourdesireforsuccess

38.Bypointingoutouridentityas“citizens",theauthorindicatesthat

A.ourfocusshouldbeshiftedtocommunitywelfare

B.ourrelationshipwithlocalindustriesisimproving

C.Wehavebeenactivelyexercisingourcivilrights

D.Weshouldpressourgovernmenttoleadthecombat

39.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacollectivechangeshouldbe

A.awin-winarrangement

B.aself-drivenmechanism

C.acost-effectiveapproach

D.atopdownprocess

40.Theauthorconcludesthatindividualefforts

A.canbetooaggressive

B.canbetooinconsistent

C.arefarfromsufficient

D.arefarfromrational

PartB

Directions:

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.Choosethemostsuitableheading

fromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Markyouranswersonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

HowSeriouslyShouldParentsTakeKids'OpinionsWhenSearchingfora

Home?

Inchoosinganewhome,CamilleMcClain'skidshaveasingledemand:a

backyard.

McClain'slittleonesaren'ttheonlykidswhohaveanopinionwhenitcomesto

housing,andinmanycasesyoungsters5viewsweighheavilyonparents9realestate

decisions,accordingtoa2018HarrisPollsurveyofmorethan2,000U.S.adults.

Whilemorefamiliesbuckanolder-generationproclivitytoleavekidsinthedark

aboutrealestatedecisions,realtyagentsandpsychologistshavemixedviewsaboutthe

financial,personalandlong-termeffectskids'opinionsmayhave.

Theideaofinvolvingchildreninabigdecisionisagreatideabecauseitcanhelp

themfeelasenseofcontrolandownershipinwhatcanbeanoverwhelmingprocess,

saidRyanHooper,aclinicalpsychologistinChicago.

"Childrenmayfaceseriousdifficultiesincopingwithsignificantmoves,

especiallyifitremovesthemfromtheircurrentschoolorsupportsystem,99hesaid.

GregJaroszewski,arealestatebrokerswithGagliardoRealtyAssociates,saidhe's

notconvincedthatkidsshouldbeinvolvedinselectingahome-buttheiropinions

shouldbeconsideredinregardstoproximitytofriendsandsocialactivities,ifpossible.

Youngerchildrenshouldfeellikethey9rechoosingtheirhome-withoutactually

gettingachoiceinthematter,saidAdamBailey,arealestateattorneybasedinNew

York.

Askingthemquestionsaboutwhattheylikeaboutthebackyardofapotentialhome

willmakethemfeellikethey9rebeingincludedinthedecision-makingprocess,Bailey

said.

Manyoftheaspectsofhomebuyingaren'taconsiderationfbrchildren,said

TraceyHampson,arealestateagentbasedinSantaClarita,Calif.Andplacingtoomuch

emphasisontheiropinionscanruinafantastichomepurchase.

“Speakingwithyourchildrenbeforeyoumakearealestatedecisioniswise,butI

wouldn'tbasethepurchasingdecisionsolelyontheiropinions.^^Hampsonsaid.

Theotherissueisthatmanychildren-especiallyolderones-maybasetheirreal

estateknowledgeonHGTVshows,saidAaronNorrisofTheNorrisGroupinRiverside,

Calif.

“TheyloveChipandJoannaGainesjustasmuchastherestofus,"hesaid."HGTV

hasseriouslychangedhowpeopleviewrealestate.It5snotshelter,it'salifestyle.With

thatmindsetchangecomesomeseriousmoneyconsequences.

Kidstendtogetstuckinthefeaturesandtheimmediatebenefitstothempersonally,

Norrissaid.

Parentsneedtoremindtheirchildrenthattheirneedsanddesiresmaychangeover

time,saidJulieGumer,arealestateanalystwith.

“Theiropinionscanchangetomorrow,Gurnersaid."Harshasitmaybetosay,

thatdecisionshouldlikelynotbemadecontingentonachild'sopinions,butrather

madeforthemwithgreatconsiderationintowhathomecanmeettheirneedsbest-and

givethemanopportunitytocustomizeitabitandmakeittheirown.”

Thisadviceismorerelevantnowthaneverbefore,evenasmoreparentswantto

embracetheideasoftheirchildren,despitethecurrenthousingcrunch.

A.remarksthatsignificantmovesmay

posechallengestochildren.

41,RyanHooperB.saysthatitiswisetoleavekidsinthe

darkaboutrealestatedecisions.

42.AdamBaileyC.advisesthathomepurchasesshouldnot

bebasedonlyonchildren'sopinions.

43.TraceyHampsonD.thinksthatchildrenshouldbegivena

senseofinvolvementinhome-buying

decisions.

44.AaronNorrisE