2020年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試《英語(yǔ)一》真題及解析

2020年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試《英語(yǔ)一》真題及解析材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答1-20題?Eveniffamiliesdon’tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequently（江南博哥）asbefore,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthenation’sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.??1?acoldwinter’sday,fewculinarypleasurescan?2?it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis?3?shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure?4?todamageourhealth.?TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has?5?apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked?6?hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould?7?crispingtheirroastpotatoes,rejectthin-crustpizzasandonly?8?toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice??9?studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno?10?evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.?Scientistssaythecompoundis?11?tocausecancerbuthavenohardscientificproof.?12?theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis?13?tofollowtheFSAadvice.?14?,itwasrumouredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea?15?.?Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe?16?uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving??17?,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods?18?,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,its?19?riskscomingacrossasbeingpushyandoverprotective.Constanthealthscaresjust?20?withnoonelistening.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1題答案是A.InB.TowardsC.OnD.Till正確答案：C參考解析：考查介詞辨析，Onacoldwinter’sday意為“是在一個(gè)寒冷冬日”。介詞on后加具體的某一天；in后加一段時(shí)間；toward表方向，不與時(shí)間搭配；till意為“直到”，與句意不符。因此選C。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2題答案是A.matchB.expressC.satisfyD.influence正確答案：A參考解析：考查動(dòng)詞辨析。文章的首段首句提到即使家庭成員不太可能像以前一樣經(jīng)常坐下來(lái)一起吃飯，但數(shù)百萬(wàn)英國(guó)人將在這個(gè)周末參加這個(gè)國(guó)家令人開心的傳統(tǒng)活動(dòng)之一：星期天烤肉。隨后提到“0nacoldwinter’sday，fewculinarypleasurescan______it”，即在一個(gè)寒冷的冬日，幾乎沒(méi)有什么能比得上一頓周日烤肉大餐所帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)。match意為“相配；與……相匹敵；和……不相上下”；express意為“表達(dá)”；satisfy意為“滿足，滿意”；influence意為“影響”。綜合各選項(xiàng)，match符合題意，故選A。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3題答案是A.patienceB.enjoymentC.surpriseD.concern正確答案：B參考解析：考查上下文邏輯關(guān)系。上文說(shuō)到星期天烤肉是一項(xiàng)開心的活動(dòng)，下文連詞Yet表示語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折，然而正如現(xiàn)在報(bào)道的那樣，食品衛(wèi)生部門認(rèn)為這種______會(huì)導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂(lè)。根據(jù)空格前的指示代詞this可知，空格處的語(yǔ)義在上文曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)。分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，patience意為“耐心”；enjoyment意為“樂(lè)趣”；surprise意為“驚喜”；concern意為“關(guān)心”。只有enjoyment與上文的pleasures和下文的another…pleasure互為關(guān)聯(lián)信息，此處屬于同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，故選B。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4題答案是A.intensifiedB.privilegedC.compelledD.guaranteed正確答案：D參考解析：考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?？崭袼诰渲赋鲞@會(huì)導(dǎo)致另一種有罪的快樂(lè)，這種快樂(lè)______損害我們的健康。anotherguiltypleasure(另一種有罪的快樂(lè))和todamageourhealth(損害我們的健康)的語(yǔ)義一致，也就是說(shuō)，前者暗示后者的發(fā)生是肯定的。結(jié)合四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，intensified意為“增強(qiáng)，加劇”；privileged意為“享有特權(quán)，專用，特許”；compelled意為“強(qiáng)迫”；guaranteed意為“有保證的，一定的”。只有g(shù)uaranteed填入空格符合要求，意為“這種快樂(lè)肯定會(huì)損害我們的健康”，故選D。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5題答案是A.issuedB.receivedC.ignoredD.cancelled正確答案：A參考解析：考查動(dòng)詞辨析。原文提到“TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has______apublicwarning…”，即食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管理局已經(jīng)_____一項(xiàng)公開的警告。issued意為“發(fā)表，發(fā)布，發(fā)出”；received意為“接收，接到”；ignored意為“忽視，忽略”；cancelled意為“取消”。綜合各選項(xiàng)，issuedapublicwarning“發(fā)出一項(xiàng)公開的警告”符合文意，故選A。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6題答案是A.underB.atC.forD.by正確答案：B參考解析：考查介詞辨析。根據(jù)原文信息可知，空格處需要填入一個(gè)介詞與hightemperatures構(gòu)成合理搭配。under“在……下面”，常用來(lái)表示方位；at常表示在某地或處于……狀態(tài)；for“為了；因?yàn)?；?duì)于”，常用來(lái)表示目的、對(duì)象、原因等；by意為“在……旁邊；通過(guò)；由于；經(jīng)過(guò)”，常用來(lái)表示方位、方式、原因等。綜合各選項(xiàng)，at符合要求，athightemperatures表示處于高溫狀態(tài)，故選B。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7題答案是A.forgetB.regretC.finishD.avoid正確答案：D參考解析：考查上下文邏輯關(guān)系。本句首的指示代詞This指代上文高溫炙烤的食物里含有的化學(xué)復(fù)合物對(duì)人體身體健康有害，所以下文提出建議“人們應(yīng)該______炸土豆，不吃薄皮披薩”。聯(lián)系上下文語(yǔ)義，連詞and連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)義并列的成分，所以空格處與reject應(yīng)是語(yǔ)義并列關(guān)系，結(jié)合后面only一詞可知，并列的語(yǔ)義傾向是否定的。forget意為“忘記”；regret意為“遺憾，后悔”；finish意為“完成”；avoid意為“避免”。綜合各選項(xiàng)，avoid與reject能夠構(gòu)成同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，符合句意要求，故選D。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8題答案是A.partiallyB.regularlyC.easilyD.initially正確答案：A參考解析：考查副詞辨析+上下文語(yǔ)境。原文提到到建議“人們不吃炸土豆，薄皮披薩或者只是_____吃烤面包”。根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)義，and后的語(yǔ)義與拒絕高溫相近。partially意為“部分地，偶爾地”；regularly意為“有規(guī)律地”；easily意為“容易地”；initially意為“最初地”。綜合各選項(xiàng)，只有partially符合要求，故選A。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9題答案是A.UnlessB.SinceC.IfD.While正確答案：D參考解析：考查上下文邏輯關(guān)系+邏輯連接詞辨析。原文提到“studieshaveshownthat…”，即研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神經(jīng)損傷，后面的thereisno…表示沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明它會(huì)使人類致癌。分析兩個(gè)分句間的邏輯關(guān)系，前后句為讓步關(guān)系。結(jié)合四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，Unless意為“除非”，表示條件邏輯關(guān)系；Since意為“因?yàn)椤保硎疽蚬壿嬯P(guān)系；If意為“如果”，表示條件邏輯關(guān)系；while意為“雖然，盡管”，表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。只有D項(xiàng)符合要求，故選D。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10題答案是A.secondaryB.externalC.conclusiveD.negative正確答案：C參考解析：考查詞義辨析+上下文語(yǔ)境。本句句意：研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神經(jīng)損傷，但是沒(méi)有_____證據(jù)表明它會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類患癌癥。secondary意為“第二的，中等的；間接的”；external意為“外面的，外部的；表面上的；外用的；外國(guó)的”；conclusive意為“決定性的；令人信服的；確鑿的”；negative意為“消極的，否認(rèn)的”。結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，空格處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)形容詞修飾evidence，conclusiveevidence“令人信服的證據(jù)”符合要求，故選C。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11題答案是A.insufficientB.boundC.likelyD.slow正確答案：C參考解析：考查固定搭配。由句中but一詞可知，前后語(yǔ)義相反，havenohardscientificproof表示沒(méi)有科學(xué)證據(jù)，belikelyto表示很有可能，符合原文語(yǔ)義。其他選項(xiàng)：insufficient意為“不足的，不夠的”；bound意為“必定的；捆綁的，束縛的；有義務(wù)的”；slow意為“緩慢的”，皆不符合要求。查看材料12.【完形填空】第12題答案是A.OnthebasisofB.AtthecostofC.InadditiontoD.Incontrastto正確答案：A參考解析：考查短語(yǔ)辨析+上下文邏輯?？崭窈蟮膖heprecautionaryprinciple意為“預(yù)防性原則”，后面的itcouldbearguedthat…表示有人認(rèn)為遵循FSA的建議……，前后語(yǔ)義一致，A項(xiàng)Onthebasisof意為“以……為基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)，按照”；符合要求。Atthecostof意為“以……為代價(jià)”；Inadditionto意為“除……之外”；Incontrastto意為“與之相對(duì)，相反”。因此選A。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13題答案是A.interestingB.advisableC.urgentD.fortunate正確答案：B參考解析：考查形容詞辨析?；陬A(yù)防性原則，有人認(rèn)為遵循FSA的建議是_____。interesting意為“有趣的”；advisable意為“明智的，可取的”；urgent意為“急迫的”；fortunate意為“僥幸的，幸運(yùn)的”。只有B項(xiàng)符合句意，故選B。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14題答案是A.AsusualB.InparticularC.BydefinitionD.Afterall正確答案：D參考解析：考查邏輯關(guān)系。原文中上一句說(shuō)“基于‘預(yù)防性原則’，有人認(rèn)為遵循FSA的建議是明智的”。本句說(shuō)“______在有證據(jù)證明吸煙與癌癥之間的聯(lián)系之前，吸煙會(huì)致癌的傳言就已經(jīng)流傳多年了?！狈治銮昂髢删湓挼恼Z(yǔ)義關(guān)系可知，二者是讓步關(guān)系。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)分析，Asusual意為“像往常一樣”；Inparticular意為“尤其，特別”；Bydefinition意為“根據(jù)定義”；Afterall意為“畢竟”。只有Afterall符合文意，故選D。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15題答案是A.resemblanceB.combinationC.connectionD.pattern正確答案：C參考解析：考查動(dòng)賓搭配，結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和句子成分理解，這里的名詞放在prove“證明”后面，整體處在不定式中作主語(yǔ)evidence的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，起說(shuō)明作用。連詞before連接的兩個(gè)句子存在時(shí)間上的先后順序，關(guān)于smoking和cancer的因果關(guān)系的謠傳在前，evidence在后。這里“證據(jù)”應(yīng)該是證明出來(lái)(吸煙和肺癌)有聯(lián)系的。分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，resemblance意為“相似”；combination意為“結(jié)合”；connection意為“聯(lián)系”；pattern意為“模式”，只有connection符合要求，故選C。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16題答案是A.madeB.servedC.savedD.used正確答案：B參考解析：考查主謂搭配。句意：毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，一片煮熟的牛肉總能在周日和一些蒸蔬菜一起_____。此處為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，和主語(yǔ)apieceofboiledbeef構(gòu)成實(shí)際上的“動(dòng)賓關(guān)系”，這里servedup表示“上菜，端上”符合文意。而其他選項(xiàng)：made意為“制作”；saved意為“節(jié)省”；used意為“使用”，均不符合要求。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17題答案是A.TobefairB.ForinstanceC.TobebriefD.Ingeneral正確答案：A參考解析：考查邏輯關(guān)系。上一句說(shuō)“那樣的話，生命還值得過(guò)下去嗎?”，空格所在句提到FSA表示，這并非告訴人們不吃烘焙食品，而是要告訴人們減少燒烤食物的攝入。由此可見，空格所在句是對(duì)上一句的疑問(wèn)進(jìn)行闡述和澄清，所以空格處應(yīng)填入表示順承關(guān)系的詞組。結(jié)合四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，Tobefair意為“說(shuō)實(shí)話，公平來(lái)講”，可承接上文；Forinstance意為“例如”，表示舉例；Tobebrief意為“簡(jiǎn)而言之”；ingeneral意為“總的來(lái)說(shuō)”，皆表示總結(jié)。因此選A。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18題答案是A.reluctantlyB.entirelyC.graduallyD.carefully正確答案：B參考解析：考查副詞。句意：FSA表示，這并非告訴人們不吃烘焙食品_____。根據(jù)詞組not…but可知，前后兩個(gè)分句之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。結(jié)合各選項(xiàng)，reluctantly意為“不情愿地”；entirely意為“完全地”；gradually意為“逐漸地”；carefully意為“小心謹(jǐn)慎地”?？崭裉幪钊氲母痹~應(yīng)能跟前面的否定詞not相呼應(yīng)，表示一種部分否定，notentirely表示“并未完全……”，entirely符合要求，故選B。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19題答案是A.promiseB.experienceC.campaignD.competition正確答案：C參考解析：考查主謂搭配。根據(jù)原文語(yǔ)境“然而，它的……給人一種過(guò)于強(qiáng)迫和過(guò)分保護(hù)的印象的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”，這里的代詞its指代FSA’s，由上文可知，F(xiàn)SA發(fā)布的警告會(huì)使人們誤以為燒烤食物完全不能吃。campaign(運(yùn)動(dòng))的英文釋義是aseriesofplannedactivitiesthatareintendedtoachieveaparticularsocial，commercialorpoliticalaim，表示為實(shí)現(xiàn)某種社會(huì)、商業(yè)或政治目的而進(jìn)行的一系列有計(jì)劃的活動(dòng)，符合文意。其他選項(xiàng)：promise意為“承諾”；experience意為“經(jīng)歷或經(jīng)驗(yàn)”；competition意為“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”，均不能作本文中FSA所做行為的代稱。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20題答案是A.followupB.pickupC.openupD.endup正確答案：D參考解析：考查文章語(yǔ)義。句意：持續(xù)不斷的健康威脅_____卻沒(méi)有人理會(huì)。這里想強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)健康太多的恐慌的最終結(jié)果，只有“結(jié)束，以……告終”最符合，所以選擇endup。其他選項(xiàng)：followup意為“跟蹤，堅(jiān)持完成”；pickup意為“撿起，拾起，偶然學(xué)到”；openup意為“打開，開發(fā)”，均不符合文意。因此選D。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-25題?AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK“townofculture”award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryfor2021.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin$220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,oughtnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain’stowns,itistrue,arenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabidtobeattheirbiggercompetitors.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.?SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowswhatwillfollow—villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture??Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun“yearofculture”washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow’syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofacomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerhouseofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.?A“townofculture”couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonoringatown’speculiarities—helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeople.JeremyWright,theculturesecretary,shouldwelcomethispositive,hope-filledproposal,andturnitintoaction.查看材料21.【閱讀理解PartA】Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata“townofculture”awardcould???.A.consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.B.promotecooperationamongBritain’stowns.C.increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain’stowns.D.focusBritain’slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.正確答案：C參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵信息Cooperandhercolleaguesargue和“townofculture”award可以定位在第一段。該段第三句提到“CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin￡220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,oughtnottobeconfinedtocities”，即“文化之城”的成功并不局限于城市，它為赫爾帶來(lái)了2.2億英鎊的投資和大量藝術(shù)作品，C項(xiàng)“提升英國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力”和Cooper的觀點(diǎn)一致，故選C。后面提到英國(guó)的城鎮(zhèn)，確實(shí)沒(méi)有被拒之門外，但他們通常缺乏資源湊在一起來(lái)?yè)魯∷麄兏蟮母?jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，這些信息不能夠體現(xiàn)“加強(qiáng)英國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)之間的紐帶”和“促進(jìn)英國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)之間的協(xié)作”，排除AB項(xiàng)。原文最后一句提到“文化之城”獎(jiǎng)可以成為一項(xiàng)年度活動(dòng)，吸引資金并創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，但并不意味著城鎮(zhèn)要集中有限資源于文化活動(dòng)，排除D項(xiàng)。查看材料22.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas???.A.asensiblecompromiseB.aself-deceivingattemptC.aneye-catchingbonusD.aninaccessibletarget正確答案：B參考解析：推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息定位至原文第二段。該段第一句提到“SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture”，即有些人可能會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)提議發(fā)出唏噓聲，因?yàn)槭聦?shí)是英國(guó)已經(jīng)不能再申請(qǐng)更有聲望的歐洲文化之都的稱號(hào)了。由此可以推斷，有些人是在“喝倒彩”。后面提到“Onthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld”，在絕望地為英國(guó)退歐后的世界重塑形象之際，英國(guó)即將消失在一場(chǎng)無(wú)休止的自我慶祝熱潮之中。接下來(lái)幾個(gè)反問(wèn)句，能看出來(lái)是一種自我欺騙的嘗試，所以選B。查看材料23.【閱讀理解PartA】Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit???.A.endeavourstomaintainitsimageB.meetstheaspirationsofitspeopleC.bringsitslocalartstoprominenceD.commitstoitslong-termgrowth正確答案：D參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞titleholder和successful可以定位到原文第三段。第三句提到“Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear”，即這些真正成功的頭銜持有者，是那些除了為酒店帶來(lái)收入、帶來(lái)高額利潤(rùn)的藝術(shù)活動(dòng)和一年的良好報(bào)道之外，還做了很多事情的人。接著第四句提到他們轉(zhuǎn)變了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦脑竿凰麄儗⒊鞘械淖晕倚蜗笸葡蚋竽?、更?lè)觀的一面。由此可知，ABC項(xiàng)只是其中的一方面，只有D項(xiàng)“致力于長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展”能夠全面地涵蓋文中提到的幾個(gè)方面，所以選D。查看材料24.【閱讀理解PartA】GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresent???.A.acontrastingcaseB.asupportingexampleC.abackgroundstoryD.arelatedtopic正確答案：B參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息可以定位至第三段。該段倒數(shù)第一句前面有明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞But，前一句提到這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難解決，需要高度的遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí)，以及城市當(dāng)局、私營(yíng)部門、社區(qū)團(tuán)體和文化組織之間的合作。But后面一句指出盡管問(wèn)題很難解決，但并不是不可完成，格拉斯哥作為歐洲文化之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列復(fù)雜的因素之一，這些因素把這座城市變成了藝術(shù)、音樂(lè)和戲劇的力量。由此可知，作者列舉格拉斯哥的例子是作為一個(gè)反面的示例來(lái)證明這是可以做到的，故選B。查看材料25.【閱讀理解PartA】Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheproposal?A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavourableD.Critical正確答案：C參考解析：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。第一段提出設(shè)立英國(guó)“文化之城”獎(jiǎng)的建議；第二段指出一些人認(rèn)為這個(gè)建議有點(diǎn)吹噓之意；第三段指出不能將這些頭銜看作“萬(wàn)靈藥”，并提到擁有此頭銜為成功城市帶來(lái)的好處；只有最后一段能看出作者對(duì)此建議的態(tài)度，提出“文化之城”不僅僅是藝術(shù)之城，而且要尊重一個(gè)城市的特色——幫助維持它的商業(yè)街，支持當(dāng)?shù)氐脑O(shè)施，最重要的是贊美它的人民，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為行動(dòng)。由此可知，作者對(duì)文章提出的建議持積極贊成的態(tài)度，故選C。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-30題?Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.?Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlytofindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.?TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan$900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan$210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.?Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.?InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.?Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround$500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts”hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.查看材料26.【閱讀理解PartA】Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicensetoprintmoney”partlybecause???.A.itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincreaseB.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessfulC.itspaymentforpeerreviewisreducedD.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing正確答案：D參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞“alicencetoprintmoney”和because定位到第一段。第二句指出科學(xué)家需要在其中發(fā)表研究的期刊，因此他們將提供沒(méi)有金錢獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的文章。緊接著第三句提到“Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge”，即其他科學(xué)家也免費(fèi)進(jìn)行同行評(píng)議的專門工作，因?yàn)樗谦@得地位和生產(chǎn)科學(xué)知識(shí)的核心要素。AB項(xiàng)在原文未提及，排除。科學(xué)家進(jìn)行同行評(píng)議工作的是免費(fèi)的，C項(xiàng)“同行評(píng)議工作的報(bào)酬降低”與原文表述不符，排除。D項(xiàng)中的acquisition屬于原文復(fù)現(xiàn)，costnothing是原文forfree的同義替換，是正確答案。查看材料27.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublisherslikeElsevierhave???.A.thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibrariesB.gonethroughanexistentialcrisisC.revivedthepublishingindustryD.financedresearchersgenerously正確答案：A參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Elsevier定位到第三段。第一句提到“TheDutchgiantElsevier,…madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan￡210min2016”，即該公司去年利潤(rùn)超過(guò)9億英鎊，然而僅英國(guó)大學(xué)在2016年就花費(fèi)了超過(guò)2.1億英鎊。由此可知，Elsevier科學(xué)出版社主要依靠大學(xué)圖書館興旺發(fā)展，故選A。查看材料28.【閱讀理解PartA】HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?A.RelievedB.PuzzledC.ConcernedD.Encouraged正確答案：C參考解析：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Sci-Hub定位到第四段。該段第二句提到“ThesuccessofSci-Hub,......havethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants”，即這表明法律生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在其用戶中已經(jīng)失去了合法性，必須進(jìn)行改造，以便為所有參與者服務(wù)。由此可見，作者對(duì)Sci-Hub的成功采取否定態(tài)度，C項(xiàng)concerned“擔(dān)憂，擔(dān)心”正確。A項(xiàng)relieved“寬慰的。查看材料29.【閱讀理解PartA】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms???.A.allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoneyB.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientistsC.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantiallyD.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干可定位至原文第五、第六段。第五段最后一句提到超過(guò)一半的英國(guó)科研成果以開放獲取的方式出版：從出版之日起即可免費(fèi)使用，或者付費(fèi)使用一年或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，以便出版商在正式發(fā)行之前從中獲取利潤(rùn)。A項(xiàng)“允許出版商有獲取利潤(rùn)的空間”與原文表述一致，故選A。第六段提到新系統(tǒng)并沒(méi)有給大學(xué)帶來(lái)任何方便，但不能體現(xiàn)D項(xiàng)“釋放大學(xué)的財(cái)政壓力”，排除。隨后提到出版商通過(guò)向作家收取費(fèi)用來(lái)支付其準(zhǔn)備文章的費(fèi)用，從而滿足了他們向讀者免費(fèi)提供產(chǎn)品的要求。這些費(fèi)用從500英鎊到5000美元不等。由此并不能體現(xiàn)“使科學(xué)家發(fā)行刊物更方便”，排除B項(xiàng)。第四句提到訂閱費(fèi)用和這些“文章準(zhǔn)備費(fèi)用”均以高于通貨膨脹率的速度穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)，也就是說(shuō)出版物發(fā)行費(fèi)用并沒(méi)有降低，c項(xiàng)“大大地降低了出版費(fèi)用”與原文表述不符，排除。查看材料30.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?A.Trialsubscriptionisoffered.B.Labourtriumphsoverstatus.C.Costsarewellcontrolled.D.Thefewfeedonthemany.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“scientificpublishingmodel”定位到最后一段。該段第五句提到“Labourisprovidedplacesfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces”，即勞動(dòng)力被免費(fèi)提供以換取地位的希望，而一些經(jīng)營(yíng)市場(chǎng)的大公司則獲得了巨額利潤(rùn)。由此可知，小部分作者免費(fèi)勞動(dòng)，大部分公司盈利，D項(xiàng)為同義替換。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-35題?Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.?ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure“genderparity”onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.?HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardsseatsforwomenby2022.?ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.?TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan“important”policyinterest.BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof“equalprotection.”?Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat??Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.?Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.?WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa“goldenskirt”phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.?Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.查看材料31.【閱讀理解PartA】TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwill???.A.helplittletoreducegenderbiasB.poseathreattothestategovernmentC.raisewomen’spositioninpoliticsD.greatlybroadencareeroptions正確答案：A參考解析：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。縱觀全文，文章一直在論述該法案，第一段提到改革派經(jīng)常支持多樣化的統(tǒng)治，但這樣的政策往往使大多數(shù)有特權(quán)的人受益，對(duì)普通人并沒(méi)有多大幫助。原文還提到Lewis和Haddad發(fā)起的法案就是一個(gè)很好的例證。在最后一段作者提出了自己的想法，若下次有人把企業(yè)配額作為促進(jìn)性別平等的一種方式，請(qǐng)記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺(jué)良好，但其實(shí)并對(duì)普通女性沒(méi)有什么幫助。由此可見，作者對(duì)此法案采取否定態(tài)度，A項(xiàng)“對(duì)減少性別偏見沒(méi)什么幫助”概括了作者的觀點(diǎn)，符合題目要求，故選A。查看材料32.【閱讀理解PartA】WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?A.Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.B.ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.C.ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.D.Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.正確答案：C參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Californiameasures定位到原文第五段。該段第二句提到“BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards.…courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatetheconstitutionalguaranteeof‘equalprotection’”,violate表示違反憲法，C項(xiàng)中的against與violate為同義替換，C項(xiàng)正確。查看材料33.【閱讀理解PartA】TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate???.A.theharmfromarbitraryboarddecisionsB.theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranteesC.thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporationsD.theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions正確答案：D參考解析：例證題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Catalyst定位到第七段。關(guān)鍵詞位于第七段，第二句“根據(jù)Catalyst的一項(xiàng)研究，2010年到2015年期間，全球公司董事會(huì)中，女性的比例增加了54％”即為論據(jù)，第一句“Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference”即為論點(diǎn)，在沒(méi)有政府的干預(yù)的情況下，公司董事會(huì)中的女性人數(shù)一直在穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)。D項(xiàng)中theneedlessnessof是原文中without的同義替換，governmentinterventions是原文中g(shù)overnmentinterference的同義替換，故選D。查看材料34.【閱讀理解PartA】Norway’sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto???.A.theunderestimationofelitewomen’sroleB.theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboardsC.theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboardD.thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement正確答案：C參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)Norway定位到倒數(shù)第三段。該段提到將性別作為董事會(huì)成員的主要資格，這一要求必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致私營(yíng)部門董事會(huì)減少。緊接著下一段提到AliceLee認(rèn)為董事會(huì)成員的機(jī)會(huì)越來(lái)越多，卻沒(méi)有合格的女性來(lái)?yè)?dān)任董事會(huì)成員。由此可見，準(zhǔn)入門檻降低，會(huì)有不合格的人進(jìn)入董事會(huì)，c項(xiàng)符合題意。查看材料35.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?A.Women’sneedsinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.B.Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.C.Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.D.Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.正確答案：B參考解析：推斷題。由最后一段可知，下次有人把企業(yè)配額作為促進(jìn)性別平等的一種方式。請(qǐng)記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺(jué)良好，但其實(shí)并沒(méi)有什么幫助。由此可知，該政策并不可取，可行性應(yīng)是決策的首要考慮因素，故選B。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-40題?LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,”meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon—inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.?ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.?TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.?Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.TheyhaveincludedBritain’sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia’sMAAL(multinationalanti-avoidancelaw),andIndia’sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.?Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.?Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization’swork,butFrance’sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.?France’splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.查看材料36.【閱讀理解PartA】TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto???.A.regulatedigitalservicesplatformsB.protectFrenchcompanies’interestsC.imposealevyontechmultinationalsD.curbtheinfluenceofadvertising正確答案：C參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息可以定位到第一段。該段第一句提到“theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax，whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance”，即法國(guó)參議院通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)數(shù)字服務(wù)稅，該稅法將向?yàn)榉▏?guó)消費(fèi)者或用戶提供數(shù)字服務(wù)的大型跨國(guó)公司征收一項(xiàng)全新的稅收。c項(xiàng)中的impose是原文信息復(fù)現(xiàn)，levy是tax的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，techmultinationals是digitalservices的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。因此C為正確答案，其余選項(xiàng)均未體現(xiàn)。查看材料37.【閱讀理解PartA】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax???.A.maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFranceB.isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroadC.aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensionsD.willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance正確答案：A參考解析：推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段。該段第二句提到“Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy….