離合器外文翻譯

TransmissionSystemABasicPartsofthetransmissionsystemThetransmissionsystemappliestothecomponentsneededtotransferthedrivefromtheenginetotheroadwheels.Themaincomponentsandtheirpurposesare(1)Clutch---todisengagethedrive---toprovideasmoothtake-upofthedrive(2)Gearbox---toincreasethetorqueappliedtothedrivingroadwheels---toenabletheenginetooperatewithinagivenrangeofspeedirrespectiveofthevehiclespeed---togivereversemotionofthevehicle---toprovideaneutralpositionsothattheenginecanrunwithoutmovingthevehicle(3)Finaldrive---toturnthedrivethrough90°---toreducethespeedofthedrivebyasetamounttomatchtheenginetothevehicle(4)Differential---toallowtheinnerdrivingroadwheeltorotateslowerthantheouterwheelwhenthevehicleiscornering,whilstitensuresthatadriveisappliedequallytobothwheels.BClutchandClutchServiceInordertotransmitthepoweroftheenginetotheroadwheelsofacar,africtionclutchandachange-speedgearboxarenormallyemployed.Theformerisnecessaryinordertoenablethedrivetobetakenupgraduallyandsmoothly,whilethelatterprovidesdifferentratiosofspeedreductionfromtheenginetothewheels,tosuittheparticularconditionsofrunning,Aclutchperformstwotasks:(1)itdisengagestheenginefromthegearboxtoallowforgearchanging.(2)itisameansforgraduallyengagingtheenginetothedrivingwheels,whenavehicleistobemovedfromresttheclutchmustengageastationarygearboxshaftwiththeengine;thismustberotatingatahighspeedtoprovidesufficientpowerorelsetheloadwillbetoogreatandtheenginewillstart(cometotest).CClutchActionTostarttheengine,thedrivermustdepresstheclutchpedal.Thisdisengagesthegearboxfromtheengine.Tomovethecar,thedrivermustreengagethegearboxtotheengine.However,theengagementofthepartsmustbegradual.Anengineatidledevelopslittlepower.Ifthetwopartswereconnectedtooquickly,theenginewouldstall.Theloadmustbeappliedgraduallytooperatethecarsmoothly.Adriverdepressestheclutchpedaltoshiftthegearsinsidethegearbox.Afterthedriverreleasestheclutchpedal,theclutchmustactassolidcouplingdevice.Itmusttransmitallenginepowertothegearbox,withoutslipping.Theclutchmechanismincludethreebasicparts:drivingmember,drivenmember,operatingmembers.ThedrivingmemberThedrivingmemberconsistsoftwoparts:theflywheelandthepressureplate.Theflywheelisbolteddirectlytotheenginecrankshaftandrotateswhenthecrankshaftturns.Thepressureplateisboltedtotheflywheel.Theresultisthatbothflywheelandpressureplaterotatetogether.ThedrivenmemberThedrivenmember,orclutchdisc,islocatedbetweentheflywheelandpressureplate.Thedischasasplinedhubthatlockstothesplinedinputshaftonthegearbox.Anyrotationoftheclutchdiscturnstheinputshaft.Likewise,anymotionoftheinputshaftmovestheclutchdisc.Thesplinesallowtheclutchdisctomoveforwardandbackwardontheshaftasitengagesanddisengages.Theinnerpartoftheclutchdisc,calledthehubflange,hasanumberofsmallcoilsprings.Thesespringsarecalledtorsionalsprings.Theyletthemiddlepartoftheclutchdiscturnslightlyonthehub.Thus,thespringsabsorbthetorsionalvibrationsofthecrankshaft.Whenthespringshavecompressedcompletely,theclutchmovesbackuntilthespringsrelax.Inotherwords,theclutchabsorbstheseenginevibrations,Fierceness—suddendepartureofthevehicleeventhoughthepedalisbeingreleasedgradually.ETheClutches（supplementarycontract）Aclutchisafrictiondeviceusedtoconnectanddisconnectadrivingforcefromadrivenmember.Inautomotiveapplications,itisusedinconjunctionwithanengineflywheeltoprovidesmoothengagementanddisengagementoftheengineandmanualtransmission.Sinceaninternalcombustionenginedevelopslittlepowerortorqueatlowrpm,itmustgainspeedbeforeitwillmovethevehicle.However,ifarapidlyrotatingengineissuddenlyconnectedtothedrivelineofastationaryvehicle,aviolentshockwillresult.Sogradualapplicationofload,alongwithsomeslowingofenginespeed,isneededtoprovidereasonableandcomfortablestarts.Invehiclesequippedwithamanualtransmission,thisisaccomplishedbymeansofamechanicalclutch.Theclutchutilizesfrictionforitsoperation.Themainpartsoftheclutchareapressureplate,andadrivendisk.Thepressureplateiscoupledwiththeflywheel,whilethedrivendiskisfittedtothediskbythespringssothatthetorqueistransmittedowingtofrictionforcesfromtheenginetotheinputshaftofthetransmission.Smoothengagementisensuredbyslippingofthediskbeforeafullpressureisapplied.Theautomobilesareequippedwithadryspring-loadedclutch.Theclutchistermed“dry”becausethesurfacesofthepressureplateanddrivendisksaredryincontrasttooil-bathclutchesinwhichtheplateanddisksoperateinabathofoil.Itiscalled“springloaded”becausethepressureplateandthedrivendiskarealwayspressedtoeachotherbyspringsandarereleasedonlyforatimetoshiftgearsortobraketheautomobile.Inadditiontotheplateanddisk,theclutchincludesacover,releaselevers,areleaseyoke,pressurespringsandacontrollinkage.Theclutchcoverisasteelstampingboltedtotheflywheel.Thereleaseleversaresecuredinsidethecoveronthesupportingbolts.Theouterendsofthereleaseleversarearticulatedtothepressureplate.Suchaconstructionallowsthepressureplatetoapproachthecoverormoveawayfromit,allthetimerotatingwiththecoverormoveawayfromit,allthetimerotatingwiththeflywheel.Thespringsspacedaroundthecircumferencebetweenthepressureplateandtheclutchcoverclampthedrivendiskbetweenthepressureplateandtheflywheel.Thespringsareinstalledwiththeaidofprojectionsandsocketsprovidedonthecoverandpressureplate.Thepressureplatesocketshavethermal-insulationgasketsforprotectingthespringsagainstoverheating.Theclutchreleasemechanismcanbeoperatedeithermechanicallyorhydraulically.Themechanically-operatedreleasemechanismconsistsofapedal,areturnspring,ashaftwithlever,arodmreleaseyokelever,areleaseyoke,areleaseballbearingwithsupportandaclutchreleasespring.Whentheclutchpedalisdepressed,therodandshaftwithyokeshiftthereleasebearingandsupportassembly.Thereleasebearingpressestheinnerendsofthereleaselevers,thepressureplateismovedawayfromthedrivendiskandtheclutchisdisengaged.Toengagetheclutch,thepedalisreleased,thereleasebearingandsupportassemblyisshiftedbackbythereturnspringthusreleasingthereleaseleverssothatthepressureplateisforcedbyitsspringstowardstheflywheeltoclampthedrivendiskandengagetheclutch.Theclutchhydraulically-operatedreleasemechanismconsistsofaclutchpedal,clutchreleasespring,amaincylinder,apneumaticbooster,pipelinesandhosesandaleveroftheclutchreleaseyokeshaft.Timemaincylinderaccommodatesapistonwithacup.Thepneumaticboosterservestodecreasethepedalforcerequireddisengagetheclutch.Theboosterincludestwohousingswiththeservodiaphragmclampedinbetween.Thehousingaccommodatespneumatic,hydraulicandservoplungers.Whentheclutchpedalispushed,thefluidpressurefromthemaincylinderistransmittedthroughthepipelinesandhosestothehydraulicandservoplungersofthepneumaticbooster.Theservoarrangementisintendedforautomaticchangeoftheairpressureinthepneumaticcylinderproportionallytotheforceappliedtothepedal.Theplungermoveswiththediaphragm,theoutletvalveclosesandtheinletvalveopensthusadmittingthecompressedairtothepneumaticplungerpiston.Theforcescreatedbythepneumaticandhydraulicplungersareaddedtogetherandareappliedthroughthepushrodtothereleaseyokeshaftlever;theleverturnstheshaftandthereleaseyoke,thusdisengagingtheclutch.Aftertheclutchpedalisreleased,theoutletvalveopensandtheairfromthecylinderisletouttotheatmosphere.AutomaticclutcheswereusedincertainU.S.andEuropeancars.AmericanMotors’“E-Stick”clutcheliminatedtheneedforphysicaloperationoftheclutchsystemcalled“Hydrak”,whichconsistedofafluidflywheelconnectedtoasingle,drydiskclutch.Inthe“E-Stick”setup,thepressureplatelevers“engage”theclutchdiskratherthan“release”them.Also,theclutchremainsdisengageduntilaservounitisappliedbyoilpressurewhentheshiftleverisplaced“ingear”withtheenginerunning.The“Hydrak”unitalsobeginsoperationwhentheleveris“ingear”.Thisactivatesaboosterunit,whichdisengagestheclutchdisk.Thehydraulicclutchpartsarebridgedoverbyafree-wheelunit,whichgoesintoactionwhenthespeedoftherearwheelishigherthanthespeedoftheengine.Aspecialdevicecontrolsengagementofthemechanicalclutch,dependingonwhethertherearaxleisintractionorispushedbycarmomentum.Amore-or-lesunusualclutchpressureplateset-upisusedonlatemodelChryslerandAmericanMotorscars.Calledasemi-centrifugalclutch,thepressureplatehassixcylindricalrollerswhichmoveoutwardundercentrifugalforceuntiltheycontactthecover.Asenginespeedincreases,therollerswedgethemselvesbetweenthepressureplateandcoversothatthefastertheclutchrotates,thegreaterthepressureexertedonthepressureplateanddisk.傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)A基本傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的組成部份傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的結(jié)構(gòu)。主要的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的是：(1) 離合器---分離驅(qū)動(dòng)；---平順的接合驅(qū)動(dòng)；(2) 變速器---增加提供給驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的轉(zhuǎn)矩；---使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能夠在給定的速度范圍里面運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)而不考慮的車(chē)速；---使車(chē)輛的作倒退運(yùn)動(dòng)；---提供一個(gè)齒輪的空檔以便發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能不需要移動(dòng)車(chē)輛就運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；(3) 減速器---使驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向90°；---減少一定的驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)速并增大輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩；(4)差速器---當(dāng)車(chē)輛轉(zhuǎn)彎行駛時(shí)允許內(nèi)側(cè)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪比外側(cè)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪慢，同時(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)相等地作用于兩輪。B離合器和離合器功用為了要將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力傳遞到汽車(chē)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪，通常使用磨擦離合器和變速器的組合。前者是為了要逐漸地而且平順地接合并傳遞驅(qū)動(dòng),這是必需的，同時(shí)后者按不同比率減少兩輪轉(zhuǎn)速以適合特殊駕駛情況。離合器運(yùn)行的二個(gè)作用：(1)它將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器分離使其換檔；(2)它可以解釋為逐漸的接合驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)輪與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)；離合器必須以高速的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)來(lái)產(chǎn)生足夠的動(dòng)力，否則會(huì)因負(fù)荷過(guò)大，導(dǎo)致發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火。(進(jìn)入靜止?fàn)顟B(tài))C離合器工作原理為了啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，駕駛員首先得踩下離合器踏板，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器分離。為了使汽車(chē)能夠行駛，駕駛員必須再接合發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器。然而，這種接合得是逐漸進(jìn)行的。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在不工作狀態(tài)時(shí)只能產(chǎn)生極小的動(dòng)力。如果二個(gè)部份連接太快，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)將會(huì)熄火。同時(shí)負(fù)荷必須被逐漸地加載才可以平順地駕駛汽車(chē)。駕駛員踩下離合器踏板并掛檔變速器。在駕駛員松開(kāi)離合器踏板之后，離合器成為一個(gè)結(jié)合裝置，將所有的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)力量傳遞到變速器，而不會(huì)打滑。離合器機(jī)構(gòu)包括三個(gè)基本的部份：主動(dòng)部分，從動(dòng)部分，操縱機(jī)構(gòu)。● 主動(dòng)部分主動(dòng)部分分為兩個(gè)部份:飛輪和壓力盤(pán)。飛輪直接地被閂在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的傳動(dòng)軸上并且隨之一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。壓力盤(pán)被閂在飛輪端面上與飛輪一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)?！?從動(dòng)部分從動(dòng)部分，或離合器盤(pán)，位于飛輪和壓力盤(pán)之間。離合器盤(pán)上有一個(gè)花鍵轂用來(lái)扣在變速器上與從動(dòng)軸連接。離合器盤(pán)的任何轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)都將帶動(dòng)從動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，同樣地，從動(dòng)軸的任何運(yùn)動(dòng)都將傳遞到離合器盤(pán)。從動(dòng)盤(pán)在從動(dòng)軸上的前后移動(dòng)、分離嚙合通過(guò)滑動(dòng)花鍵得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。離合器盤(pán)的內(nèi)部，叫做法蘭盤(pán)轂，有若干的小螺旋彈簧。這些彈簧叫做扭力彈簧。它們讓離合器盤(pán)的中央部份在轂上些微地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，因此彈簧吸收傳動(dòng)軸的扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)。當(dāng)彈簧完全壓縮時(shí)，離合器壓回到原始位置，直到彈簧松開(kāi)。換句話說(shuō)，離合器吸收這些發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)振動(dòng)，防止振動(dòng)影響到驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪●操縱機(jī)構(gòu)這些部份是用來(lái)釋放離合器盤(pán)壓力。操縱機(jī)構(gòu)包括有離合器踏板，離合器回位彈簧，離合器聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置，分離叉和分離軸承。離合器聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置包括離合器踏板和機(jī)械的或液壓系統(tǒng)用來(lái)聯(lián)動(dòng)另外的操縱機(jī)構(gòu)。當(dāng)離合器踏板被踩下的時(shí)候，離合器聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置操縱著分離叉。分離叉，或者叫釋放叉，使分離軸承反向于壓力盤(pán)的分離杠桿移動(dòng)。然后這些杠桿壓縮彈簧將飛輪和離合器盤(pán)緊緊地?fù)伍_(kāi)。此時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)矩還不能夠帶動(dòng)變速器傳動(dòng)軸。變速器檔位可能會(huì)因此加高或者導(dǎo)致車(chē)輛停止。當(dāng)離合器踏板被松開(kāi)的時(shí)候，壓力盤(pán)強(qiáng)制性的將飛輪與離合器盤(pán)分開(kāi)。在離合器回位彈簧的幫助下踏板逐漸的升起。D離合器功用離合器的主要部份在正常的服務(wù)期間不需要維護(hù)或者是潤(rùn)滑。然而，所有的聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置部份在接點(diǎn)處是需要潤(rùn)滑的。聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置本身需要一定的調(diào)整從而避免發(fā)生與離合器盤(pán)的磨損?！?自由行程調(diào)整你只能在離合器聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置上作一個(gè)調(diào)整——自由行程的調(diào)整。自由行程是存在于離合器盤(pán)分離杠桿和分離軸承中允許的空間里的一段行程。這個(gè)空間是非常重要的，因?yàn)樗艿种聘軛U上的壓力從而組織離合器的嚙合。換句話說(shuō)，分離軸承些微地離開(kāi)壓力盤(pán)杠桿使軸承不產(chǎn)生作用于杠桿的壓力。另一方面，在軸承和杠桿之間又不能有太多的自由行程。如果有太多的間隙，即使當(dāng)駕駛員將離合器踏板踩死，離合器也不能夠完全的起到分離作用。在大部份的情形下，你應(yīng)該在離合器踏板上測(cè)量自由行程，而不是在外殼。在踏板遇到阻力之前，在剛踩下踏板的時(shí)候，自由行程允許一些移動(dòng)發(fā)生。當(dāng)距離隨著壓力盤(pán)的類型的改變而改變時(shí)，核對(duì)服務(wù)手冊(cè)來(lái)確定自由行程。通常自由行程應(yīng)該是大約20到25毫米在由穿杠和鎖緊螺母組成的離合器聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置的地方自由行程可以被調(diào)整。最接近分離叉的竿是最常用的調(diào)整點(diǎn)。從在車(chē)輛之下尋找竿和鎖緊螺母的位置開(kāi)始。然后決定選一種調(diào)整螺母的方法來(lái)獲得正確的踏板自由行程。如果它仍然有一些移動(dòng)，你能通過(guò)移動(dòng)分離叉來(lái)粗糙估計(jì)一個(gè)自由行程。調(diào)整的最好方式是松開(kāi)鎖緊螺母并且旋轉(zhuǎn)螺帽。然后在踏板上核查自由行程。繼續(xù)這樣調(diào)整下去，直到你獲得正確的自由行程。當(dāng)自由行程調(diào)整到制造廠的規(guī)格時(shí)，勒緊鎖緊螺母。每六個(gè)月檢查自由行程并且作一些調(diào)整。離合器需要時(shí)常調(diào)整，因?yàn)樽杂尚谐虝?huì)些微地減少比如與離合器盤(pán)的磨損。然而，頻繁的調(diào)整那就意味著離合器機(jī)構(gòu)本身已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題了。在分離軸承和壓力盤(pán)分離杠桿之間一定有自由行程。而毛病可能起因于對(duì)離合器的“消遣”。駕駛員將一支腳擱在離合器踏板上使分離軸承與離合器分離杠桿產(chǎn)生摩擦。如此結(jié)果，分離軸承磨損的越來(lái)越快。同時(shí)由于部份裝置沒(méi)有完全嚙合，因此離合器盤(pán)也因?yàn)榛瑒?dòng)而被磨損。離合器故障下列各項(xiàng)是主要的故障:打滑——表面附者不充分造成從動(dòng)片回轉(zhuǎn)的比發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪更慢：離合器很熱而且發(fā)出氣味。自轉(zhuǎn)或咬死——當(dāng)換檔時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)之間分離失敗造成變速器的噪音：其中發(fā)生最多的是在汽車(chē)不動(dòng)的時(shí)候。顫抖——振動(dòng)發(fā)生在離合器剛接合的時(shí)候，也就是當(dāng)車(chē)輛不動(dòng)的時(shí)候。猛烈——車(chē)輛的突然啟動(dòng)即使踏板正逐漸松開(kāi)。E離合器綜述（補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明）離合器是一個(gè)用來(lái)連接和斷開(kāi)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)力的磨擦裝置。在汽車(chē)的應(yīng)用中，它和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪組合在一起被用于平順地接合和斷開(kāi)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器之間的動(dòng)力傳遞。因?yàn)閮?nèi)燃機(jī)在低轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)力或轉(zhuǎn)矩很小，如果要開(kāi)動(dòng)車(chē)輛，就一定得增加轉(zhuǎn)速。然而，如果一臺(tái)快速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力突然和車(chē)輛驅(qū)動(dòng)輪連接在一起，那么車(chē)輛肯定會(huì)產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)。要讓汽車(chē)有一個(gè)合理和舒服的啟動(dòng)，就必須給發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)逐漸地加載。同時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速也要逐漸減慢。車(chē)輛需要能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)手動(dòng)變速裝置，機(jī)械式離合器就能達(dá)到這個(gè)目的。離合器的工作過(guò)程就是摩擦的利用過(guò)程。離合器的主要部分是一個(gè)壓盤(pán)和一個(gè)從動(dòng)盤(pán)。壓力盤(pán)與飛輪連接，從動(dòng)盤(pán)裝在變速器的動(dòng)力輸入軸上