閱讀理解議論文（重難題型）-2023年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)

考點(diǎn)34閱讀理解議論文（重難題型）

命題趨勢(shì)

議論文是英語中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。

議論文就是說理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、

觀點(diǎn)、提供充分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。議論文的寫法通常

有以下三種形式：

寫法一,正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我認(rèn)為……

寫法二：提出問題，分析問題，解決問題。

寫法三：論點(diǎn)，理由（證據(jù)），重申論點(diǎn)。

議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個(gè)方面。在這類體裁的文章中把

握好論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會(huì)較

多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候，我們要認(rèn)真把握作者的態(tài)度，

領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合理的推斷。

注意事項(xiàng)：

1.避免讀得太快，做題靠印象和直覺。（要求每一道題回到原文去找答案）

2.要先看題目，后讀文章。（與先讀文章，后看題目的比較）

高考材料閱讀方法：先通讀全文，重點(diǎn)讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以

略讀，再審題定位，比較選項(xiàng)，選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。

3.閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號(hào)的有：

（1）標(biāo)志類、指示類的信息。

①表示并列關(guān)系：and,also,coupledwith等；

②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；

③表示因果關(guān)系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等；

④表不遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：inadditionto,even,what'smore,furthennore等；

⑤表示重要性的詞：prime,aboveall,first等。

以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對(duì)文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。

（2）具有感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞：blind盲目的（貶）‘excessively過分的（貶），

objective（客觀）等。

4.常見問題：

（1）讀不懂怎么？

問題本身太空泛，應(yīng)該仔細(xì)分析問題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識(shí)到自身問題所在。

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unconsciousincompetent(無意識(shí)無能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第一階段；

consciousincompetent(有意識(shí)無能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第二階段；

consciouscompetent(有意識(shí)有能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第三階段；

unconsciouscompetent(無意識(shí)有能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第四階段。

從認(rèn)知的第三階段達(dá)到第四階段，是一個(gè)反復(fù)熟練的過程。

(2)讀懂了文章之后還做錯(cuò)題怎么辦？

(3)做完了一■遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦？

(4)做題技巧用不上怎么辦？

能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。

在課堂聽明白之后，還需要回去自己思考，針對(duì)自己的實(shí)際進(jìn)行分析，從而對(duì)癥下藥。

【命題分析】

議論說理類文章就是議論文，是高考閱讀理解題中一種較難的題目。議論說理類文章具

有以下特點(diǎn)：

1.題材多樣化、知識(shí)化，它包括社會(huì)科學(xué)的多種領(lǐng)域，以及和自然科學(xué)交叉學(xué)科，體

現(xiàn)以人為本的特點(diǎn)。具體說來：

⑴一般按提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點(diǎn)問

題、社會(huì)上的重大問題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問題入手，即提出問題。然后，分析利弊，

舉例說明，推理判斷，即分析問題。最后，闡述觀點(diǎn)，提出辦法，即解決問題。

(2)以作者的觀點(diǎn)或情感為核心，對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。

(3)文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點(diǎn)問題、重大問題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問題等。

2.側(cè)重考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章深層意義的理解。通常情況下，深層理解題占多數(shù)，這就要求

學(xué)生讀議論文時(shí)，不能僅限于對(duì)文章的表層理解，只抓一些事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，而且要注重對(duì)文

章的意圖、作者的觀點(diǎn)以及內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的審視。

3.深層理解題的主要表現(xiàn)形式：

(1)主旨性題目：此類題常針對(duì)文章主題、中心思想、標(biāo)題或作者的寫作意圖，通常有以

下提問方式：

a.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

b.Thetextismainlyabout.

c.Fromthepassageweknowthat.

d.Themainideaoftheparagraphis.

e.Thewriter'spurposeofwritingthistextis.

f.Thepassagecouldbetitled.

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g.Thepassagedealswith.

h.Whafsthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?

(2)推理判斷題：此題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的把握，通常有以下出題方式：

a.回答對(duì)why和how的提問。

b.Accordingtothetext,whichofthestatementsistrue/wrong?

c.Fromthetext,wecaninferthat.

d.Wherecanthistextbeselectedfrom?

e.Whatcanyouimaginewillbedealtwith/writteninthefollowingpassage?

f,以短語accordingtothewriterofthetext或inthewriter5sopinion等引出的其他問題。

(3)詞義猜測(cè)題：判斷詞義的詞可能有四種情況，一是詞未學(xué)過，二是詞已學(xué)過，但在該

篇中不是己學(xué)過的詞義，三是某個(gè)代詞it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句話的意思。

方法技巧

議論文體閱讀理解題的應(yīng)對(duì)策略

解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手考慮：

作者在開始敘述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，然后對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋

或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時(shí)要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因一結(jié)果(Cause

&Effect)型。還有一種比較常見的是問題一答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問句提出

一個(gè)問題(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)象)，然后給出該問題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對(duì)文中問題給出

的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。

這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)，答題時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案)，然后從中心、態(tài)

度或利用解答特征等其他角度對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無法解決，則從

中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮。

考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時(shí)，記?。菏紫葟恼w上把握文章中心和作者所持的

態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。

解題方法：

1.把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。止匕外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語言。

2.互推法：在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，

總要抒發(fā)一些議論。考生在理解議論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子

中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。

3.推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章

的字面意思，通過語篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，

作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷?？忌晌淖值谋韺有畔⑼诰虺鑫恼碌纳顚雍x,

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要能透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。

二、解題技巧

歷年全國(guó)高考英語閱讀理解的題型無非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷和

細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。其中，命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測(cè)

題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對(duì)原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控

能力，難度相對(duì)較小，廣大考生除了平時(shí)必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定

的解題技巧對(duì)解答閱讀理解題來說也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說來：

1.主旨大意型

干擾項(xiàng)可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。

干擾項(xiàng)可能是從文中某些（不完全的）事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。

干擾項(xiàng)可能是非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。

正確答案根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實(shí)或以偏概全。

主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考

實(shí)踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生

在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)

行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。

選擇“主題”旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語或

句子來概括。常見的提問方式有：

1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?

2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?

3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

4.Thistextmainlytellsus.

5.Thispassagemainlydealswith.

6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebestexpressedas.

7.Thetopicofthispassageis.

標(biāo)題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個(gè)名詞或名詞

短語充當(dāng)，用詞簡(jiǎn)短、精練。常見的提問方式有：

1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?

3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe.

不管是選擇"主題"還是選擇”標(biāo)題"，實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語篇內(nèi)容，

找出貫穿語篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，都是圍繞一個(gè)主題來展開的。在試題設(shè)

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計(jì)上，3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意

甄別。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型

細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實(shí)的理解能力。它一般包括直接理

解題和語意理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。

這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。

做此類題時(shí)可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原

文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位)，然后進(jìn)行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換)，從而

選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子(有

時(shí)可能是幾個(gè)句子)或段落，然后進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析、推理等，從而找出正確答案。

(1)解題原則：忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。

文章中心是論點(diǎn)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問題常對(duì)文中某個(gè)詞語、某句

子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問，所提問題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。

提問的特殊疑問詞常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。

在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實(shí)和特定細(xì)節(jié)的問題常有以下幾種命題方式：

(DWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?

③Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat.

?Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)?

(2)干擾項(xiàng)：范圍過大、過小；偷換概念；正誤并存，某個(gè)分句是正確的。

閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有以下幾個(gè)原則：

①包含項(xiàng)原則

在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其他三項(xiàng)(或其中某一項(xiàng))的理解，

那么我們就說選項(xiàng)A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如

在"花"與"玫瑰"兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答案肯定是"花"，花包含了玫瑰。

②正反項(xiàng)原則

所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個(gè)相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，

其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng)，

正確答案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中。

③委婉項(xiàng)原則

所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語氣平和、委婉的往

往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達(dá)，如：probably,

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possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,

although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，而含有絕對(duì)語氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：

must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。

④同形項(xiàng)原則

命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細(xì)微變化來考查

考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)中有正

確答案的存在。

⑤常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則

議論文中，那些符合一般常識(shí)、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往

往是正確答案。

⑥因果項(xiàng)原則

閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，

在推理題的選項(xiàng)中，有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理過頭（止于后果），這

就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原則啟示我們：假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過

程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。如果因項(xiàng)可產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)

果，那么答案就是因；如果果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因，那么答案就是果。

解題方法：原文定位法。

查讀法：

（1）帶著問題找答案，把注意力集中在與who,what,when,where問題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。

⑵細(xì)心！

3.詞義猜測(cè)型

閱讀理解的測(cè)試中經(jīng)常有猜測(cè)詞、短語、習(xí)語、句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞

義猜測(cè)題的考查方法呈多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語境推測(cè)詞義將會(huì)越來越多。有時(shí)短文

中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語，后文接著會(huì)出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子，這就是判

斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。

除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but,

however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來確

定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)（；）也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)

因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說，”有因必有果，有果必有因”。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，

根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語、習(xí)語要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義,

單靠平時(shí)積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。

（1）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生）進(jìn)行判斷。

試卷第6頁，共23頁

(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生

詞。

(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。文章中的代詞it,that,he,him或them可以指上

文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。

(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but,however,otherwise等

可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。

(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說，”有因必有果，有果必有因"。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)

結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。

(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時(shí)出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個(gè)同位語，對(duì)前面

的詞進(jìn)行解釋。

(7)利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和提示詞猜測(cè)詞義。分號(hào)還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義；破折

號(hào)表示解釋說明。

常見的問題形式有：

(l)Theword"..."inLine...means/canbebestreplacedby...

(2)Asusedinthepassage,thephrase"..."suggests...

(3)Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase/thesentence"..."is/refersto

/means...

(4)Theword"..."isclosestinmeaningto...

常用應(yīng)對(duì)方法：

同義法：常在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or,它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近

的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可以推測(cè)詞義。

反義法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定?？傊?/p>

反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。

釋義法：對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(從句)、表語，甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并

加以解釋說明。

此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。

做題要領(lǐng)

(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；

(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；

(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。

(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！

4.推理判斷型

試卷第7頁，共23頁

做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過文章表面文字信息推測(cè)文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對(duì)作者

的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固

守自己的看法。常見的命題方式有：

(l)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that.

(2)Wecanconclude(得出結(jié)論)fromthepassagethat.

(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推論)？

(4)Whatisthetone(語氣)oftheauthor?

(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?

(6)Thepassageisintendedto.

(7)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?

模擬檢測(cè)

passage1

It'snosurprisethatJenniferSenior'sinsightfulmagazinecoverstory“IloveMy

Children,IHateMyLife^^isarousingmuchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethe

suggestionthatbringingupachildisnotacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.

Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggests

weneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredby

moment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Even

thoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbeextremelyhard,Seniorwritesthat

“theverythingsthatinthemomentdamageourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensecontent

anddelight."

Themagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonly

Madonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewly

adoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual"'JenniferAniston

ispregnant"news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,

smilingonthenewsstands.

Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation(繁衍),isitanywonderthat

admittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?It

doesn'tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.

Unhappyparentsrarelyareencouragedtowonderiftheyshouldn'thavehadkids,but

unhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemost

importantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthewide-open

試卷第8頁，共23頁

baby-sizeholesintheirlives.

Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUSWeeklyandPeople

presentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.

Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,

singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitisto

raiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearcelebritiestellit,raisingakidontheir

“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.

Itishardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearestupidenoughtowantchildrenbecauseit

lookssofantastic-mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butitisinterestingto

wonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthood

aren'tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththe

actualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingapartoftheway

celebritieslivemightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikethem.

1.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring.

A.verytemporarydelight

B.greatenjoymentinprogress

C.happinessinone'smemory

D?concernoverloveandhatred

2.Paragraph2isintendedtoshowthat.

A.celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.

B.singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.

C.newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.

D.havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.

3.Accordingtothepassage,thosechildlessfolks.

A.arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife

B?arelargelyignoredbythemedia.

C.failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.

D.areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.

B.Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildraising.

C.Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.

試卷第9頁，共23頁

D.Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildraising.

Passage2

WhenIwasyoung,afriendandIcameupwitha"big"plantomakereadingeasy.The

ideawastoboildowngreatbookstoasentenceeach."Moby-Dick“byAmericanwriter

HermanMelville,forinstance,wasreducedto:"Awhaleofataleabouttheonethatgot

away.^^Asitturnedout,thejokewasonus.Howcouldasinglesentenceconveytheessence

（精髓）ofamasterpiecewithoverfivehundredpages?

Blinkist,awebsiteandanapp,nowsummarizesnonfictiontitlesintheformofquick

takeslabeled“blinks."Theendresultismorethanonesentence,butnotbymuch.Sarah

BakewelFs“AttheExistentialistCafS“isbrokeninto11screensofinformation;Michelle

Obama's"Becoming“fills13.

Blinkisthasbeenaroundsince2012.Itcallsitssummaries"15-minutediscoveries^^to

indicatehowlongittakestoreadaBlinkistsummary."'Almostnoneofus,“theeditorsassure

us,“havethetimetoreadeverythingwe'dliketoread."Well,yes,ofcourse,6tSomanybooks,

solittledeclaresaposterIonceboughtatabookmarket.ButIjudgethequalityof

someone'slibrarybythebooksheorshehasyettoread.

Thafsbecauseabookissomethingweoughttolivewith,ratherthanspeedthroughand

categorize.Itoffersanexperienceasrealasanyother.Thepointofreadingabookisnot

accumulatinginformation,oratleastnotthatalone.Themostessentialaspectisthe

communicationbetweenwriterandreader.TheideabehindBlinkist,however,istheopposite:

Readingcanbe,shouldbe,measuredbytheefficientuptake（吸收）ofkeyideas.No,no,no.

What'sbestaboutreadingbooksisitsinefficiency.

Whenreadingabook,weneedtodivein,letittakeoverus,demandsomethingofus,

teachuswhatitcan.Blinkistisinsteadaservicethatchangesbooksforpeoplewhodon't,in

fact,wanttoread.A15-minutesummarymissesthepointofreading;speed-readingwiththe

appisn'treadingatall.

5.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thejokewasonus“inParagraph1mean?

A.Wewereactuallyjoking.B.Wewerelaughedatbyothers.

C.Wewereunderestimatingourselves.D.Wewerejustembarrassingourselves.

6.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?

A.WhatBlinkistis.B.WhyBlinkistispopular.

試卷第10頁，共23頁

C.HowtouseBlinkist.D.WhereyoucanuseBlinkist.

7.Whatismentionedasaproblemaboutreadinginparagraph3?

A.Therearefewnewbooksofquality.B.Manybooksarehardtounderstand.

C.Peopledonothaveenoughtimetoread.D.Peopledonotlikereadingasmuchas

before.

8.Whatisanidealpatternofreadingaccordingtotheauthor?

A.Obtainingkeyideasefficiently.B.Furtherconfirmingourbeliefs.

C.Accumulatinginformationquickly.D.Deeplyinvolvingourselvesinbooks.

9.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetoBlinkist?

A.Positive.B.NegativeC.Uncaring.D.Tolerant.

Passage3

Asituationinwhichthestudentistroubledbyhisparentspressuringhimtogointoajob

areathatmakesgoodmoneybuthedoesn'twanttogointothatcareerarea,isbad.The

questioniswhetherheshouldgointothisjobornot.

Tostartout,youneedtogoforwhatisbestforYOUeveniftherewouldbesome

negativeconsequences.Youcan'tbehappyunlessyoumakedecisionsthatarerightforyou.

Ifyoudonotmakeyourowndecisionsandmakedecisionsthatwillbenefityou,yourlife

wouldbeabiglietoyourself.

Livingaliewouldnotbeaverygoodlife.Thetruthismuchbetterthanlivingalieor

somefantasyworld.Ifyourwholelifeisalie,thenitisnotaverybeautifullifeatall.Inthe

songLyin'Eyes,thewomanislivingaliebypretendingshelovesthisoldman,whenin

reality11sheisjustinitforthemoney.Asaresult,herlifeismiserableandabiglie.

Andfinally,moneycannotbuyhappiness.AgoodexampleofthisisfromthesongLyin,

Eyes.Theonlyreasonthewomanmarriedtheoldmanisforthemoneyandgiftsshewould

receive.Thisresultsinherlifebeingnotatallhappy.Thisjustgoestoshowthatnomatter

howmuchmoneyyouhaveyourlifestillmightnotbehappy.Ittakesalotmorethanabunch

ofgreenpapertomakeyourlifeagoodone

Inconclusion,doingwhatyouwantisbest.Ifyoudon'tdowhatyouwantto,youwon't

behappywithyourlifeandyourcareer.

10.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Thereissomethingmoreimportantthanmoneyinlife

試卷第11頁，共23頁

B.Youngpeopleshouldmaketheirowncareerdecisions

C.Parentsshouldnotpressuretheirchildrentolivealie

D.Youngpeoplearehappytomaketheirowndecisions

11.WhatdoesThesongLyin,Eyestellpeopletodo?

A.todowhattheyareinterestedinB.tobearesponsiblecitizen

C.toliveasimplelifeD.tofacenegativeconsequences

12.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomaninthesong?

A.ShelivedahappylifeB.Shehadahappymarriage

C.ShemarriedarichmanD.Sheoftenliedtoothers

13.WhichofthefollowingisNOTusedtosupportthewriter'sconclusion?

A.Youshouldmakeyourowndecisions.B.Livingaliewouldnotbegood.

C.Wealthdoesn'tmeanhappiness.D.It'swisetodowhatyouwant.

Passage4

Humansarefascinatedbythesourceoftheirfailingsandvirtues.Thispreoccupation

inevitablyleadstoanolddebate:whethernatureornurture（養(yǎng)育）shapesusmore.A

revolutioningeneticshaspoisedthisasamodempoliticalquestionaboutthecharacterofour

society:ifpersonalitiesarehard-wiredintoourgenes,whatcangovernmentsdotohelpus?It

feelsmorallyquestionable,yetclaimsofgeneticselectionbyintelligencearemaking

headlines.

Thisisdownto"hereditarian（遺傳論的）“scienceandarecentpaperclaimed

""differencesinexamperformancebetweenpupilsattendingextraordinaryandordinary

schoolsmirrorthegeneticdifferencesbetweenthem^^.Withsuchanassertion,theworkwas

predictablygreetedbyalotofabsurdclaimsabout“geneticsdeterminingacademicsuccess”.

Whattheresearchrevealedwastheratherlesssurprisingresult:theeducationalbenefitsof

extraordinaryschoolslargelydisappearoncepupils9inbornabilityandsocio-economic

backgroundweretakenintoaccount.Thatistosay,there9snothingtosupportstronglyeither

ahereditaryorenvironmentalargument.

Yetthepaperdoessaychildrenare"'unintentionallygeneticallyselected”bytheschool

system.Centraltohereditarianscienceisatallclaim:thatidentifiablevariationsingenetic

sequencescanpredictanindividuafsabilitytolearn,reasonandsolveproblems.Thisis

problematiconmanylevels.Ateachercouldnotseriouslytellaparenttheirchildhasalow

試卷第12頁，共23頁

genetictendencytostudywhenexternalfactorsclearlyexist.Unlike-mindedacademicssay

theinheritabilityofhumantraitsisscientificallyunsound.Atbestthereisaweakstatistical

associationandnotacausallinkbetweenDNAandintelligence.Yetsophisticatedstatistics

areusedtocreateafrighteningatmosphereofscientificcertainty.

Whilethere9sanundoubtedgeneticbasistoindividualdifference,itiswrongtothink

thatsociallydefinedgroupscanbegeneticallyaccountedfor.Thefixationongenesasdestiny

issurelyfalsetoo.MedicalpredictabilitycanrarelybebasedonDNAalone;theenvironment

matterstoo.Somethingascomplexasintellectislikelytobeaffectedbymanyfactorsbeyond

genes.Ifhereditarianswanttoadvancetheircauseitwillrequiremorebalancedinterpretation

andnotjustactsofadvocacy.Geneticselectionisawayofexertinginfluenceoverothers,

“theultimatecollectivecontrolofhumandestinies,9,aswriterH.G.Wellsputit.Knowledge

becomespowerandpowerrequiresasenseofresponsibility.Inunderstandingcognitive（認(rèn)

矢口的）ability,wemustnotelevatediscriminationtoascience:allowingpeopletoclimbthe

ladderoflifeonlyasfarastheircellsmightsuggest.Thiswillneedamoreskepticaleyeon

thescience.Astechnologyprogresses,weallhaveadutytomakesurethatweshapeafuture

thatwewouldwanttofindourselvesin.

14.Whatdidarecentresearchpaperclaim?

A.Thetypeofschoolstudentsattendmakesadifferencetotheirfuture.

B.Geneticdifferencesbetweenstudentsarefargreaterthansupposed.

C.Students5academicperformanceissomewhatdeterminedbytheirgenes.

D.Theadvantagesofextraordinaryschoolsaretooobvioustoignore.

15.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttherelationshipbetweenDNAandintelligence?

A.Itisoneofscientificcertainty.B.Itisnotoneofcauseandeffect.

C.Itissubjecttointerpretationofstatistics.D.Itisnotfullyexaminedbygene

scientists.

16.Whatdohereditariansneedtodotomaketheirclaimsconvincing?

A.Takeallrelevantfactorsintoaccountininterpretingtheirdata.

B?Conducttheirresearchusingmoresophisticatedtechnology.

C.Gathergenedatafrompeopleofallsocialclasses.

D.Cooperatewithsocialscientistsintheirresearch.

17.Whatdoestheauthorwarnagainstinthepassage?

A.Losingsightofprofessionalethicsinconductingresearch.

試卷第13頁，共23頁

B.Misunderstandingthefindingsofhumancognitionresearch.

C.Promotingdiscriminationinthenameofscience.

D.Exaggeratingthepoweroftechnologyinshapingtheworld.

Passage5

LastweekcamesolidevidencethatlivingintoxicBritaincanseriouslyharmyourhealth.

CardiologistsatQueenMaryUniversityofLondonfoundthatevennsafenlevelsofair

pollutionarelinkedtoheartabnormalitiessimilartothoseseenduringtheearlystagesof

heartfailure.Theirstudyofalmost4,000peoplewasbackedupbyamajorUSstudywhich

showedthathigherexposuretofineparticlesandnitrogenoxidesislinkedtoanacceleration

inthehardeningofthearteries（動(dòng)脈）.

Wehavelongknownthatairpollutionleadstocoughing,shortnessofbreathand

irritationintheeyes,noseandthroat.Itisalsoclearlylinkedtorespiratorydiseasessuchas

asthmaandbronchitis,aswellasdiabetesandsomecancers.Itisnowbeyonddoubtthat

children'shealthisgreatlyaffected,andlinkshavebeenmadebetweenitandParkinson's,

Alzheimer's,dementiaandcongenitalbirthdefects.

Thestatisticsarealarming.IntheUK,morethan2millionpeoplesufferfrom

cardiovascular（心血管的）diseases,andnearlyoneinsevenmenandonein12womenwill

goontodiefromthem.HeartdiseasecoststheUKeconomynearly￡30bnayeartotreat,as

muchasthestatespendsonsecondaryeducation.Itisoneofthegreatestsingledrainsonthe

publicpurse.Britain,however,rejectscommonsense,andshowslittlesignthatitwantsto

seriouslyaddresspollutionanytimesoon.

Despitethemountingevidenceofairpollution'scostsandhealthimpact,Britainhashad

tobedraggedscreamingthroughthecourtstomakeitcomplywithminimalcleanair

guidelinesandlaws.Successivegovernmentshavecontinuallytriedtoevadetheirlegal

responsibilities,spendingmillionsofpoundsfightinginthecourtsandlobbyingtheEUtobe

allowedtocontinuetopollute.

Thegovernmentnowhasanewdraftcleanairstrategyourforconsultationuntil14

Augustandclaimstobeactingfastertotackleairpollutionthanalmosteveryothermajor

developedeconomy.Itpledgestohalvethenumberofpeoplelivinginplacesthatdonotmeet

WorldHealthOrganizationpollutionguidelines,anditproposetoendthesaleofnewdiesel

andpetrolcarsandvansby2040.

試卷第14頁，共23頁

Butintendingtocuttheairpollutionbillbyaround12.5%in12yearsandwaiting20

yearstoberidoftheworstvehiclesseemscriminallyweak.Meanwhile,governmentis

knowinglyforgingaheadwithinfrastructureplansthatwillinevitablyincreaseairpollution.

Theeffectwillinevitablybetomassivelyincreaseairpollutionandhealthcostsformillions

ofBritons.

Socouldthecar-cloggedstreetsofSunder-land,BirminghamandLondon,whereIlived

fbrmanyyears,havecontributedtomydiseaseandthoseofmillionsofothers?Probably.

Couldtheoilcompaniesberesponsibleforfarmorethanclimatechange?Certainly.Could

Britain'smonstrousandmountingbillfbrheartdiseasebepartlyduetothehighlypolluting

dieselcarsthatgovernmentssoscandalouslyencouragedustodrive?Quitepossibly.

Whatiscertainisthatairpollutionisnowaninternationalscandal,andthecauseofa

healthemergencythatgovernmentsandindustryhavefailedtoaddress.Itundoubtedly

threatenslifemorethananywarordisaster.Whenthereareclearalternativestoburning

fossilfuelsthenpoliticianswhodonotacttopreventitmuststandaccusednotjustoffailing

toact,butofcondoningthemasspoisoningoftheirpeople.

18.Accordingtothestudy,isprobablyunrelatedtoairpollution.

A.diabetesB.stomachachesC.AlzheimerD.arteryhardening

19.ThewriterthinksBritainshowslittlesigntotackleairpollutionbecause.

A.Britishgovernmenthasbeenscreamingfbrhelpincourt

B?EUhasdissuadedBritishgovernmentforhelpincourt

C.BritishgovernmenthastriedtohaveEU'spermissionfbrmorepollution

D.Thegovernmentfirmlyrefusedtoactinaccordancewiththecleanairguideline.

20.Whatisthewriter'sattitudetowardthenewdraft?

A.Britainwillimplementitfasterthanothermajordevelopedeconomies.

B.Itpresentsapracticalwaytoendpollutionfromvehicles.

C.Itsgoalwillbeachievedatthepriceofmassivehealthcost.

D.It'saimingtoolowwhenmorepollutionisexpected.

21.Whatcanbeinferredfromthearticle?

A.Governmentofficialsshouldfeeldisgracedfbrnon-actionasleaders.

B.Thegovernmentshouldcoverthebillsfbrairpoll