筆譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)（綜合）模擬試卷2（共123題）

筆譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)（綜合）模擬試卷2（共9套）（共123題）筆譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)（綜合）模擬試卷第1套一、必做題(本題共10題，每題1.0分，共10分。)1、Ourworldhasneverbeensosmallorsoflat,thankstotechnologiesthathavealteredourrelationshipwithtimeandspaceinwaysthatwouldstartleevenAlbertEinstein.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：由于技術(shù)改變了我們與時(shí)空之間的關(guān)系，我們的世界從未變得如此之小、如此之平，而這些變化甚至可能讓愛(ài)因斯坦也驚訝不已。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析2、Tobeeffectiveinthe21stcentury,educationalinstitutionswillhavetobecometrulycosmopolitan.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：要在21世紀(jì)有效地發(fā)揮作用，教育機(jī)構(gòu)必須名副其實(shí)地國(guó)際化。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析3、We’reatthemercyoffluctuatinggaspricesalltoooften;wepumptoomanygreenhousegasesintotheair.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：我們時(shí)刻受到油價(jià)波動(dòng)的任意擺布，還向大氣層排放了過(guò)量的溫室氣體。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析4、Whatweneed,then,isasmarttransportationsystemequaltotheneedsofthe21stcentury.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：我們需要的是與21世紀(jì)的需求相匹配的智能交通系統(tǒng)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析5、Thishigh-speedrailsystemisnotsomefanciful,pie-in-the-skyvisionofthefuture.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：高鐵并非是異想天開的未來(lái)幻想。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析6、Morepeopletravelbetweenthosecitiesbyrailthanbycarandairplanecombined.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：乘高鐵來(lái)往于兩地的人數(shù)超過(guò)了駕車和乘飛機(jī)的人數(shù)總和。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析7、Bymakinginvestmentsacrossthecountry,we’lllayanewfoundationforoureconomiccompetitivenessandcontributetosmarturbanandruralgrowth.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：通過(guò)在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)投資，我們將為我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力打下新的基礎(chǔ)，促進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)的巧增長(zhǎng)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析8、We’llcreatehighly-skilledconstructionandoperatingjobs,andgeneratedemandfortechnologythatgivesanewgenerationofinnovatorsandentrepreneurstheopportunitytostepupandleadthewayinthe21stcentury.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：我們將創(chuàng)造需要高技能的建設(shè)和運(yùn)營(yíng)崗位，并增加對(duì)技術(shù)的需求，這將給新一代的創(chuàng)新者和企業(yè)家機(jī)會(huì)，使他們脫穎而出，引領(lǐng)21世紀(jì)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析9、TheElectronMicroscopeThegenerallayoutoftheilluminationsystemandlensesoftheelectronmicroscopecorrespondstothelayoutofthelightmicroscope.Theelectronsareacceleratedbyahigh-voltagepotential(usually40,000to100,000volts),andpassthroughacondenserlenssystemusuallycomposedoftwomagneticlenses.Thesystemconcentratesthebeamontothespecimen,andtheobjectivelensprovidestheprimarymagnification.Thefinalimageintheelectronmicroscopemustbeprojectedontoaphosphor-coatedscreensothatitcanbeseen.Forthisreason,thelensesthataretheequivalentoftheeyepieceinanopticalmicroscopearecalled"projector"lenses.Normally,theelectronmicroscopeisupside-downwhencomparedwiththelightmicroscope,withtheelectrongunatthetopofthecolumnandthefluorescentscreenatthebottom.Thescreenisviewedthroughawindowletintothefront.Thecolumnofthemicroscopeisheldunderhighvacuumtopreventtheelectronspassingthroughitfromstrikingairmoleculesandbeingscattered.Thestrengthofanelectronlensdependsonthecurrentpassingthroughthecoilthatproducesthemagneticfield.Thestrengthofthelenscanbevariedbyalteringthecurrent.Intheelectronmicroscope,therefore,thelensesarefixed,andadjustmentsaremadetomagnificationandfocusbyalteringthecurrentpassingthroughthelenscoils.Thecondenserlensfocusesthebeamofelectronsontothespecimenandaffectstheamountofilluminationonthescreen;theobjectivelensfocusestheimage;andtheprojectorlensesalterthemagnification.Magneticlensessufferfromthesamedefects(chromaticandsphericalaberration)inthesamewayasglasslenses.Butthesamemethodsofcorrectioncannotbeused,becausethereisno"negative"electronlens.Averysmalllensapertureisemployedtocorrectsphericalaberration,butthisseverelylimitsthefinalresolution.Chromaticaberrationisreducedbyusingelectronsofasinglewavelength.Toproducesuchelectrons,theacceleratingvoltagemustbekeptverysteadybecausethewavelengthofthebeamisrelatedtotheacceleratingvoltage.Electron-microscopelensessufferfromthefurtheraberrationofastigmatism,whichaffectslight-microscopelensestoafarlesserdegree.Astigmatismiscausedbythelenshavingtwofocalplanesforaxesatrightanglestoeachother.Nothingcanbedoneaboutastigmatisminanopticalmicroscope.Butinanelectronmicroscopeitcanbecorrected.Astigmatismintheelectronmicroscopearisesfromtwosources:fromthelensesthemselves,andfromdirtyapertures(whichareonly25to50micronsindiameter)intheobjectivelens.Inbothcasestheastigmatismcanbecorrectedbyaskilledoperator.Ineffect,theelectronmicroscopeachievesitssuperiorresolutionmoreinspiteof,thanbecauseof,itslenses.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：電子顯微鏡電子顯微鏡的照明系統(tǒng)和透鏡系統(tǒng)的總體布局與光學(xué)顯微鏡的布局是相似的。電子通過(guò)高壓電動(dòng)勢(shì)(一般為4萬(wàn)一10萬(wàn)伏)來(lái)加速其運(yùn)動(dòng)。電子束通過(guò)一般由兩個(gè)磁透鏡組成的聚光透鏡系統(tǒng)。聚焦透鏡系統(tǒng)把電子束集中到試樣上，由物鏡進(jìn)行初步放大，電子顯微鏡的最后圖像必須要投射到熒光屏上，這樣才能看得見(jiàn)。因此，這些相當(dāng)于光學(xué)顯微鏡的目鏡稱之為投映透鏡。在正常情況下，電子顯微鏡與光學(xué)顯微鏡比較，是上下顛倒的，電子槍在鏡筒的頂端，而熒光屏則在底部。在鏡筒前部開了個(gè)窗洞，通過(guò)它可以看到熒光屏。鏡筒保持高度真空以防止在其中通過(guò)的電子撞擊空氣中的分子，從而被沖散。電子透鏡的聚焦強(qiáng)度取決于通過(guò)磁透鏡線圈的電流，電流通過(guò)線圈產(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng)。透鏡的聚焦能力能夠通過(guò)改變電流進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。因此，在電子顯微鏡內(nèi)，透鏡是固定的，對(duì)放大率和焦距的調(diào)節(jié)是通過(guò)改變磁透鏡線圈內(nèi)的電流而進(jìn)行的。聚焦透鏡把電子束聚焦在試樣上，并會(huì)影響熒光屏的照明度，物鏡聚焦成像，而投映透鏡則改變放大率。電子顯微鏡(磁)透鏡具有與玻璃透鏡同樣的缺點(diǎn)，即產(chǎn)生色散和球面像差，但是卻不能用于對(duì)玻璃透鏡同樣的方法加以糾正，因?yàn)闆](méi)有“負(fù)”電子透鏡。使用很少的透鏡孔徑來(lái)糾正球面像差，但這樣做嚴(yán)重地影響了最終的圖像清晰度。色散可以利用同一波長(zhǎng)的電子來(lái)加以減少。要產(chǎn)生這樣的電子，加速電壓必須保持穩(wěn)定，因?yàn)殡娮邮牟ㄩL(zhǎng)是與加速電子的電壓有關(guān)的。電子顯微鏡磁透鏡還進(jìn)一步受像散的影響，像散對(duì)光學(xué)顯微鏡而言則影響很小，像散的形成，是由于透鏡對(duì)互成直角的兩根軸具有兩個(gè)焦平面。光學(xué)顯微鏡的像散是無(wú)法糾正的，但電子顯微鏡的像散則可以糾正。電子顯微鏡的像散是由兩個(gè)原因造成的，一是由于透鏡本身的原因，二是由于物鏡的孔徑不干凈(孔徑直徑只有25—50微米)。這兩種情況都可以由一位熟練工人來(lái)糾正。實(shí)際上，電子顯微鏡之所以具有高清晰度，與其說(shuō)是由于它的透鏡的緣故，還不如說(shuō)是由于與透鏡無(wú)關(guān)的其他原因。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析10、ElectricTractionItisgenerallyheldthatthemostefficientmethodofrailwayoperation,andultimatelythemosteconomical,givenareasonablycheapelectricitysupply,iswithelectricityasthemotivepower.Theelectriclocomotiveisnotdependent,likeitssteamcounterpart,onthecompetenceofdrivingandfiringorthequalityofthefuelburned.Ontheotherhand,thespeedsthatwillbepossiblewithanygivenloadarecompletelypredictableandapartfromsignalorpermanentwaychecks,orotherdelay-producingcasualties,exactobservanceofscheduletimescanbeguaranteedwithinnarrowlimits.Withsuchaccuratetimetableobservancetrainscanbeoperatedwithshorterturnaroundtimesatterminals,whichmeansthatmoreintensiveusecanbemadeofrollingstockthanisgenerallypossiblewithsteampower.Insuburbanareastherapidaccelerationaffordedbyelectricmotorsfromrestandinrecoveryfromspeedrestrictionsmakesitpossibletoworktrainswithveryfrequentstopsathigherspeedsandacloserheadwaythanwithsteamlocomotives.Multiple-unitworking,whichbringsthemotorsoftwoormoresetsofpassengerstock,ortwoofmorelocomotives,underthecontrolofonemotormanintheleadingdrivingcabin,wouldbeimpossiblewithsteam,foreachsteamlocomotivemustbemannedbyitsowndriverandfireman.Moreover,exceptonthefastestandheaviestpassengerandfreightduties,onwhichitisadvisabletohaveasecondmanattheheadendtoassistintheobservationofsignalsand,ifnecessary,toattendtotheelectricalequipment,theequivalentofthesteamlocomotivefiremanisunnecessary;thusthegreatmajorityofelectrictrainshaveadriveronly,whichmakesforconsiderableeconomiesinstaffing.Somuchforthecreditsideoftheledgerwithelectricoperation.Onthedebitsideistheextremelyhighcostofprovidingallthelineequipmentforsupplyingcurrenttothetrains,andofthesub-stationsforfeedingthecurrenttothelineconductors,hithertothishasbeenthechiefobstacletomorewidespreadelectrification.Thereisalsotheobviousdisadvantagethat,unlikethesteamordieselordiesel-electriclocomotive,theelectricmotive-powerunitcannotrunanywherebeyondthelineorlinesequippedwithconductors.Concentrationofthepowersupplyinlargepower-stations,also,meansthatanyseriousbreakdowninthesupplycanhaveverywidespreadeffects,bringingalargenumberoftrainstoastand,thoughwiththehelpofthemoderngridsystemofcurrentdistributioninacountrylikeBritainalternativesourcesofsupplycangenerallybemadeavailablewithoutmuchdelay.Thereisthefinaldisadvantagethatinhardwinterconditionsicingoftheconductors,whichhindersthepickingupofthecurrent,maycauseseriousdelaystotrains,ashasoftenbeenthecaseonwintermorningsonthesuburbanlinesroundLondon;butsuchtroubleisconfinedmainlytotherailwaysonwhichthecurrentispickedupfromathirdrailratherthanfromoverheadconductors.Theselineshavetobeprovidedwithde-icingtrains,whichpatrolthemintheearlymorningswhenicingconditionsaresevere,spreadingcertainliquidcompoundsontherailsinordertomelticeformations.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：電力牽引一般認(rèn)為，如果能得到合理的廉價(jià)電源，以電能為動(dòng)力便是鐵路運(yùn)輸最有效的、歸根結(jié)底也是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式。電力機(jī)車并不像蒸汽機(jī)車那樣，它不依靠驅(qū)動(dòng)和點(diǎn)火能力或所用燃料的質(zhì)量。此外，電力機(jī)車在裝載任何一定負(fù)荷時(shí)，其可能行駛的速度完全可以預(yù)測(cè)，除了信號(hào)和線路檢查或者嚴(yán)重生產(chǎn)事故引起的晚點(diǎn)之外，能夠嚴(yán)格遵守行車時(shí)間。由于能準(zhǔn)確地按列車時(shí)刻表行車，列車在各車站的周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間縮短了。因此，電力牽引與蒸汽牽引比較，前者更能充分利用機(jī)車車輛。在郊區(qū)，電力機(jī)車由于電動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)后能迅速加速，并能從限制速度迅速恢復(fù)到正常速度，所以與蒸汽機(jī)車比較，在頻繁停站的情況下，行車速度較高，而且連發(fā)列車的間隔距離較短。當(dāng)使用帶電機(jī)的多節(jié)車組的列車時(shí)，兩組或多組客車的電機(jī)或是兩臺(tái)或多臺(tái)機(jī)車，均由在駕駛室的一個(gè)司機(jī)來(lái)控制操作，而蒸汽機(jī)車則不可能如此，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)蒸汽機(jī)車必須由自己的駕駛員和司爐工操作；此外，只有在速度最快，載重量最大的客、貨車上，電力機(jī)車上才需要有第二個(gè)人幫助觀察信號(hào)，并在需要時(shí)，照應(yīng)一下電氣設(shè)備，除此之外，并不需要有如蒸汽機(jī)車的司爐工。因此，大多數(shù)電氣列車只有一個(gè)駕駛員，這就節(jié)省了相當(dāng)多的人力。電力列車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就談到這里。其缺點(diǎn)方面則是面向列車輸送電流的線路設(shè)備和向?qū)щ娋€提供電流的變電站的費(fèi)用非常之高。因此，直到現(xiàn)在，這個(gè)問(wèn)題一直是更廣泛地實(shí)現(xiàn)電氣化的主要障礙。還有一個(gè)明顯的缺點(diǎn)，不像蒸汽機(jī)車、內(nèi)燃機(jī)車或電傳動(dòng)內(nèi)燃機(jī)車，電氣機(jī)車離開了導(dǎo)電線路就不能行駛。而且電源集中在大電站也意味著電源的任何嚴(yán)重故障可能造成很大的影響，使許多列車停駛。不過(guò)在英國(guó)這樣的國(guó)家，用現(xiàn)代化配電網(wǎng)配電，一般可以迅速使用備用電源。最后一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是：在嚴(yán)冬，導(dǎo)線上的結(jié)冰會(huì)妨礙將電源接上車，從而使列車嚴(yán)重誤點(diǎn)，冬天的早晨，倫敦郊區(qū)鐵路通常就是這樣。但是這種問(wèn)題主要產(chǎn)生于從第三軌而不是從高架線得到電力的那些電路。因此，在這些線路上必須有除冰車。冰凍的早晨，破冰車在線路上巡道，把一些液態(tài)化合物撒在軌道上，以便讓冰層融化。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析一、必做題(本題共12題，每題1.0分，共12分。)11、單位GDP能耗同比下降4．2％，碳排放強(qiáng)度下降5％左右，是多年來(lái)降幅最大的。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：TheperunitGDPenergyconsumptiondroppedby4.2percentyearonyear,andcarbonintensitywascutbyabout5percent,thelargestdropinmanyyears.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析12、我們支持推動(dòng)傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)，挖掘綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)、藍(lán)色經(jīng)濟(jì)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)等發(fā)展前景良好的新經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)，走綠色、循環(huán)、低碳和高效發(fā)展之路。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Wesupporttheeffortstopromoteeconomicrestructuringandupgradingintraditionalindustries,explorenewandpromisingeconomicgrowthareassuchastheGreenEconomy,theBlueEconomy,andtheInternetEconomy,andpromotegreen,circular,low-carbonandenergy-efficientdevelopment.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析13、稀土作為不可再生的戰(zhàn)略資源，在新能源、新材料、節(jié)能環(huán)保、航空航天及電子信息等領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用日益廣泛。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Asanon-renewablestrategicresource,rareearthisbeingwidelyusedinnewenergy,newmaterial,energyconservationandenvironmentprotection,aviationandspace,electronicinformationandotherindustries.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析14、在新能源、信息及節(jié)能減排領(lǐng)域，具有自主創(chuàng)新能力的中小企業(yè)發(fā)生了巨大變化。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Innewenergy,informationandenergyconservationandemissionreduction,innovation-orientedSMEshaveundergonetremendouschanges.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析15、據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，將有近10萬(wàn)名科技人員進(jìn)入企業(yè)、進(jìn)入農(nóng)村、進(jìn)入各行各業(yè)，幫助中小企業(yè)渡過(guò)難關(guān)，幫助中小企業(yè)進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)改進(jìn)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Accordingtostatistics,about100,000scientificandtechnologicalpersonnelareworkinginenterprises,ruralareasanddifferentsectorstohelpSMEsovercomedifficulties,makeinnovationsinproductsandpromotethetechnologicalupgrading.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析16、隨著總量擴(kuò)大，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的就業(yè)容量擴(kuò)大了，對(duì)波動(dòng)的容忍度也提高了。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Astheeconomicaggregatecontinuestoexpand,growthwillmeanmorejobsandtherewillbegreatertolerancetofluctuations.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析17、穩(wěn)增長(zhǎng)是為了保就業(yè)，調(diào)控的下限是比較充分的就業(yè)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Thegovernment’simportantgoalofmaintainingstablegrowthistoensureemployment,andtheflooroftheproperrangeistoensurerelativelyadequateemployment.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析18、我們更加關(guān)注結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整等長(zhǎng)期問(wèn)題，不隨單項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的短期小幅波動(dòng)而起舞。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Wefocusedmoreonstructuralreadjustmentandotherlong-termproblems,andrefrainedfrombeingdistractedbytheslightshort-termfluctuationsofindividualindicators.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析19、中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)有巨大韌性、潛力和回旋余地。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：China’seconomyishighlyresilientandhasmuchpotentialandamplespacetogrow.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析20、我們采取的措施既利當(dāng)前、更惠長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)，有能力防范出現(xiàn)大的起伏，更不會(huì)發(fā)生“硬著陸”。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Themeasureswehavetakenaregoodbothfornowandforlonger-terminterests,andwillthereforeenableustopreventmajorfluctuationsandmakea"hardlanding"evenlesspossible.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析21、數(shù)字、模擬和混合計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)是對(duì)離散數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行操作的計(jì)算設(shè)備。它直接對(duì)表示數(shù)字、字母或其它專用符號(hào)的數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。正如數(shù)字表以秒、分來(lái)計(jì)算小時(shí)那樣，數(shù)字處理器也對(duì)離散數(shù)值進(jìn)行計(jì)算以獲得所需的輸出結(jié)果。還存在一種與數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)相反的模擬計(jì)算機(jī)，它不直接對(duì)數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。模擬計(jì)算機(jī)處理在連續(xù)標(biāo)度上測(cè)量的變量并按預(yù)先規(guī)定的精度進(jìn)行記錄。例如：測(cè)量時(shí)，溫度可精確到1／10攝氏度，電壓可精確到1／100伏，壓力可精確到“磅／平方英寸”。模擬計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)常用于控制諸如煉油廠中的流量和溫度測(cè)量過(guò)程。有時(shí)把模擬和數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來(lái)形成一個(gè)混合計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。例如在醫(yī)院重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室中，模擬部件可用于測(cè)量病號(hào)的心功能、體溫和其它生理癥狀。然后把這些測(cè)量信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字并送給系統(tǒng)的數(shù)字部件，該部件用于監(jiān)視病員生理癥狀，當(dāng)檢測(cè)到異常信號(hào)時(shí)，向護(hù)士值班室發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。很明顯，模擬和混合處理器用于完成重要的特定任務(wù)。但絕大多數(shù)商業(yè)和科學(xué)用的計(jì)算機(jī)是數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Digital,Analog,andHybridComputersAdigitalcomputerisacountingdevicethatoperatesondiscretedata.Itoperatesbydirectlycountingnumbers(ordigits)thatrepresentfigures,letters,orotherspecialsymbols.Justasdigitalwatchesdirectlycountoffthesecondsandminutesinanhour,digitalprocessorsalsocountdiscretevaluestoachievethedesiredoutputresults.Incontrasttodigitalprocessors,however,therearealsoanalogcomputersthatdonotcomputedirectlywithnumbers.Rather,theydealwithvariablesthataremeasuredonacontinuousscaleandarerecordedtosomepredetermineddegreeofaccuracy.Temperature,forexample,maybemeasuredtothenearesttenthofadegreeontheCelsiusscale,voltagemaybemeasuredtothenearesthundredthofavolt,andpressuremaybemeasuredtothenearest"poundspersquareinch"value.Analogcomputingsystemsarefrequentlyusedtocontrolprocessessuchasthosefoundinanoilrefinerywhereflowandtemperaturemeasurementsareimportant.Desirablefeaturesofanaloganddigitalmachinesaresometimescombinedtocreateahybridcomputingsystem.Inahospitalintensive-careunit,forexample,analogdevicesmaymeasureapatient’sheartfunction,temperature,andothervitalsigns.Thesemeasurementsmaythenbeconvertedintonumbersandsuppliedtoadigitalcomponentinthesystem.Thiscomponentisusedtomonitorthepatient’svitalsignsandtosendanimmediatesignaltoanurse’sstationifanyabnormalreadingsaredetected.Analogandhybridprocessorsobviouslyperformimportantspecializedtasks.Buttheoverwhelmingmajorityofallcomputersusedforbusinessandscientificapplicationsaredigitaldevices.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析22、地鐵施工在地鐵施工中一直采用深挖法的原因是為了避免妨礙城市底下復(fù)雜的煤氣、水管、電纜、電話線路及下水道系統(tǒng)。為了盡可能使地面上建筑物由于震動(dòng)引起的損失減少到最小程度，地鐵還要盡可能建造在主要街道中間部分的地底下，這就是為什么有些地鐵系統(tǒng)有許多急彎的原因。有些地鐵的大部分線路是靠完全臨時(shí)控制有關(guān)街道建成的，從地面向下挖到鐵路要求的深度，鋪上軌道，然后又將所挖區(qū)域覆蓋，恢復(fù)原來(lái)街道的面貌。這種方法叫做“明挖法”，當(dāng)然這比挖地鐵隧道對(duì)地面的干擾要大得多。與在粘土及類似土壤的機(jī)械化地鐵挖掘截然不同的是在山區(qū)巖層挖掘隧道，這是所有挖掘工程中最花勞力和財(cái)力的。線路的每一英尺都要砸開。工人們使用風(fēng)動(dòng)和電動(dòng)操作的鑿巖機(jī)，在工作面上鑿滿了洞，將炸藥裝進(jìn)去，夯實(shí)，隨后他們必須撤到安全地方，直到通過(guò)電氣插頭把炸藥引爆完畢。然后將砸開的巖石運(yùn)走。接著整個(gè)過(guò)程重復(fù)進(jìn)行，幾乎是無(wú)休無(wú)止的，直到從巖石中開出一條線路來(lái)。巖石越硬，開鑿工作就越困難，盡管如此，也很少有什么巖石堅(jiān)硬到爆破后不用圬工或混凝土進(jìn)行襯砌就可直接形成隧道壁。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：TubeConstructionThereasonwhydeep-levelboringistheinvariablepracticeistoavoidinterferencewiththecomplicatedsystemofgas,waterandelectricitymains,telephoneconduits,anddrainsandsewers,foundunderanygreatcity.Alsothetubesareengineeredasfaraspossibleunderthecenterofmainstreetsinorderthattheremaybeaminimumofpossibledamagebyvibrationtobuildingsabove,andthisexplainsthenumeroussharpcurvesinsometubesystem.Sometubesbuiltmostofitsmileagebyobtaining,temporarily,completepossessionofthestreetsaffected,excavatingdowntotherailwaylevelandlayingtheirtracks,andthenarchingovertheircuttingsandrestoringtheroadways.Thismethodisknownas"cut-and-cover"tunneling,andcauses,ofcourse,farmoresurfacedisturbancethantheboringofatube.Attheoppositeextremefrommechanizedtubetunnelingthroughclayandsimilarsoilsisrocktunnelingthroughthemountains—themostlaboriousandcostlyofalltunnelingoperations.Everyfootofthewaymustbeblastedout.Bymeansofpneumaticallyorelectricallyoperatedrockdrills,thedrillersboreholesallovertheworkingfaceintowhichexplosiveisinsertedandtampedhome;theymustthenretreattoasafedistanceuntilelectriccontactshaveexplodedthecharges,afterwhichtherockblastedawayisremovedandthewholeprocessrepeated,almostendlessly,untilawayhasbeenmadethroughthebarrier.Thehardertherock,somuchthemoredifficultistheworkofdrilling,thoughfewtypesofrockaresufficientlyhardtobeallowedtoremainafterblastingwithoutaliningofmasonryorconcrete.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析筆譯二級(jí)實(shí)務(wù)（綜合）模擬試卷第2套一、必做題(本題共12題，每題1.0分，共12分。)1、ProverbsarethepopularsayingsthatbrightensomuchLatinAmericantalk,theboiled-downwisdomthatyouareasapttohearfromprofessorsasfrompeasants,frombeggarsasfromelegantgirls.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：諺語(yǔ)是凝聚著智慧的通俗話語(yǔ)，它使得拉丁美洲人的言談生動(dòng)活潑。從大學(xué)教授到田野農(nóng)夫，從市井乞丐到摩登女郎，大家都在使用諺語(yǔ)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析2、AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans,whatevertheirorigins,mustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluently,andthattheymustlearntoadaptthemselvestotheAmericanwayoflife.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：同時(shí)，大家一致認(rèn)為，所有的美國(guó)人，無(wú)論來(lái)自哪里，都必須學(xué)會(huì)講清晰流利的英語(yǔ)，都必須學(xué)會(huì)適應(yīng)美國(guó)的生活方式。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析3、Inthemiddleofthe19thcentury,thepeopleoftheUSAwerestillpredominantly"Anglo-Saxon",butevenbeforethefloodofnon-"Anglo-Saxon"immigrants,theAmericanswerealreadyfarmoreAmericanthantheywereBritish.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：19世紀(jì)中葉，美國(guó)人口中“盎格魯一撒克遜人”仍然占絕大多數(shù)，但即使在非“盎格魯一撒克遜”移民涌入美國(guó)之前，早先移居美國(guó)的“盎格魯一撒克遜”族也早已是美國(guó)人而不是英國(guó)人了。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析4、KGBandCIAbothoperatedclandestinelyconcealingtheiractivitiesnotsomuchfromthe"opposition"(theycouldn’t)asfromtheirownpeoples.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：克格勃和中央情報(bào)局都從事秘密活動(dòng)，與其說(shuō)不讓對(duì)方知道(這辦不到)，毋寧說(shuō)不讓本國(guó)人民知道。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析5、MostAmericanshavegreatvigorandenthusiasm.Theyprefertodisciplinethemselvesratherthanbedisciplinedbyothers.Theypridethemselvesontheirindependence,theirrighttomakeuptheirownminds.Theyarepreparedtotaketheinitiative,evenwhenthereisariskindoingso.Theyhavecourageanddonotgiveineasily.Theywilltakeanysortofjobanywhereratherthanbeunemployed.Theydonotcaretobelookedafterbythegovernment.TheaverageAmericanchangeshisorherjobnineortentimesduringhisorherworkinglife.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：多數(shù)美國(guó)人都精力充沛、熱情奔放。他們寧愿自律，而不愿受制于他人。他們?yōu)槟軌颡?dú)立行事、有權(quán)作出自己的決定而感到自豪。他們做事會(huì)采取主動(dòng)，即使要冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也在所不惜。他們有勇氣，從不輕易屈服。他們?cè)敢獾饺魏蔚胤饺プ鋈魏问虑?，而不愿失業(yè)。他們不在乎政府的眷顧。普通的美國(guó)人退休前會(huì)換九至十次工作。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析6、AlthoughnolongerslavesaftertheCivilWar,AmericanblackstooknosignificantpartinthelifeofwhiteAmericaexceptasservantsandlaborers.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：雖然南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以后美國(guó)黑人不再是奴隸，但是他們?cè)诎兹酥髟椎拿绹?guó)社會(huì)生活中，依然無(wú)足輕重，只不過(guò)充當(dāng)仆人和勞工而已。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析7、LifeitselfledJackLondontorejectthisapproachinhiswriting.Asanewsboy,sailor,millhand,stoker,tramp,andjanitor,hecametoknowalltherewastoknowaboutthelifeoftheunderdog.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：生活本身促使杰克-倫敦在寫作中放棄這種方式。作為報(bào)童、水手、工人、鍋爐工、流浪漢、看門人，他深知受苦人的生活。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析8、TheEnglisharrivedinNorthAmericawithhopesofduplicatingtheexploitsoftheSpanishinSouthAmerica,whereexplorershaddiscoveredimmensefortunesingoldandsilver.AlthoughSpainandEnglandsharedapronouncedlustforwealth,differencesbetweenthetwocultureswereprofound.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：英國(guó)人來(lái)到北美時(shí)，希望獲得西班牙人開拓南美洲時(shí)所取得的同樣的業(yè)績(jī)，在此之前西班牙的探險(xiǎn)者在南美洲發(fā)現(xiàn)了大批金銀財(cái)寶。雖然西班牙和英國(guó)都同樣明顯地貪圖財(cái)富，但是兩國(guó)的文化卻存在著深刻的差異。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析9、Notlongago,weAmericanshadaprettygoodideaofwhatfamilymeant.Buttoday,withpeoplelivingtogetherinsomanydifferentcombinations,"family"ismuchhardertodefine.Whenitcomestofamilyvalues,IfindthatAmericansmaybesayingonethinganddoinganother.TherealpictureisthattheAmericanfamilyissufferingacrisisofcollapsing.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：不久前，我們美國(guó)人有很好的家庭觀念?？墒墙裉?，由于人們以多種方式結(jié)合生活在一起，“家庭”的概念已經(jīng)很難界定了。說(shuō)起家庭觀念，我發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)人有時(shí)言不由衷。實(shí)際情況是，美國(guó)家庭正經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)瓦解的危機(jī)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析10、Ireadsomeofmypoetryaloudtothem,butitwascastingpearlsbeforeswine.Theyobviouslydidn’tunderstandawordofitandsoonstartedyawning,lookingattheirwatchesandfidgetingintheirchairs.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：我給他們朗誦了我寫的幾首詩(shī)，可卻是對(duì)牛彈琴。他們顯然一個(gè)字也不懂，不一會(huì)兒他們就開始打哈欠，看手表，在椅子上煩躁不安。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析11、SatiricLiteraturePerhapsthemoststrikingqualityofsatiricliteratureisitsfreshness,itsoriginalityofperspective.Satirerarelyoffersoriginalideas.Instead,itpresentsthefamiliarinanewform.Satiristsdonotoffertheworldnewphilosophies.Whattheydoislookatfamiliarconditionsfromaperspectivethatmakestheseconditionsseemfoolish,harmful,oraffected.Satirejarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantlyshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.DonQuixotemakeschivalryseemabsurd;BraveNewWorldridiculesthepretensionsofscience;AModestProposaldramatizesstarvationbyadvocatingcannibalism.Noneoftheseideasisoriginal.ChivalrywassuspectedbeforeCervantes,humanistsobjectedtotheclaimsofpuresciencebeforeAldousHuxley,andpeoplewereawareoffaminebeforeSwift.Itwasnottheoriginalityoftheideathatmadethesesatirespopular.Itwasthemannerofexpression,thesatiricmethod,thatmadetheminterestingandentertaining.Satiresarereadbecausetheyareaestheticallysatisfyingworksofart,notbecausetheyaremorallywholesomeorethicallyinstructive.Theyarestimulatingandrefreshingbecausewithcommonsensebrisknesstheybrushawayillusionsandsecondhandopinions.Withspontaneousirreverence,satirerearrangesperspectives,scramblesfamiliarobjectsintoincongruousjuxtaposition,andspeaksinapersonalidiominsteadofabstractplatitude.Satireexistsbecausethereisneedforit.Ithaslivedbecausereadersappreciatearefreshingstimulus,anirreverentreminderthattheyliveinaworldofplatitudinousthinking,cheapmoralizing,andfoolishphilosophy.Satireservestoprodpeopleintoanawarenessoftruth,thoughrarelytoanyactiononbehalfoftruth.Satiretendstoremindpeoplethatmuchofwhattheysee,hear,andreadinpopularmediaissanctimonious,sentimental,andonlypartiallytrue.Liferesemblesinonlyaslightdegreethepopularimageofit.Soldiersrarelyholdtheidealsthatmoviesattributetothem,nordoordinarycitizensdevotetheirlivestounselfishserviceofhumanity.Intelligentpeopleknowthesethingsbuttendtoforgetthemwhentheydonothearthemexpressed.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：諷刺文學(xué)或許諷刺文學(xué)最突出的特點(diǎn)是它的清新和視角獨(dú)創(chuàng)。諷刺文學(xué)很少給人以原創(chuàng)的思想，但是它卻將人們熟悉的事情以全新的形式展現(xiàn)出來(lái)。諷刺作家并不給人以新的哲學(xué)理念。他們所做的只是從某一視角來(lái)看待一些為人熟知的事情，在這一視角下，這些事情顯得愚蠢不堪、充滿危害而又矯揉造作。諷刺作品將我們從自鳴得意中震醒，讓我們既愉快又驚詫地看到，我們從未質(zhì)疑、全盤接受的價(jià)值觀中，有很多都是錯(cuò)誤的。《唐吉訶德》使得騎士精神顯得荒謬可笑；《美麗新世界》嘲笑了科學(xué)的自詡；《一個(gè)小小的建議》則建議食用人肉，使饑餓問(wèn)題戲劇化。這些思想中沒(méi)有一條是原創(chuàng)的：在塞萬(wàn)提斯之前就有人懷疑騎士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主義者就反對(duì)宣稱純科學(xué)的至高無(wú)上；在斯威夫特之前人們就已經(jīng)意識(shí)到饑荒問(wèn)題。并不是思想的獨(dú)創(chuàng)而使得諷刺文學(xué)受人歡迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲諷方法使得它趣味橫生、有娛樂(lè)性。人們閱讀諷刺文學(xué)只是因?yàn)樵诿缹W(xué)上它是讓人心滿意足的藝術(shù)品，而不是因?yàn)樗诘赖律嫌幸婊騻惱砩系慕桃?。它激人興奮、爽人身心，因?yàn)樗皇沁\(yùn)用常理通識(shí)、辛言辣語(yǔ)，便將各種幻想和人云亦云的觀點(diǎn)一掃而光。諷刺文學(xué)自心而來(lái)不拘謙恭，它重新調(diào)整視角，將熟悉的事物紊雜地放置在一起，用個(gè)性化的語(yǔ)言而不是抽象的陳詞濫調(diào)表述出來(lái)。諷刺作品之所以存在是因?yàn)槿藗冃枰?。它存續(xù)至今，是因?yàn)樽x者欣賞爽身怡心的刺激和不拘謙恭的告誡，它提醒讀者，他們生活的世界里充滿了陳腐的思想意識(shí)、低俗的道德說(shuō)教和愚蠢的哲學(xué)理念。諷刺作品雖然很少代表真理促成行動(dòng)，但它卻能使人們感悟到真理。諷刺作品常常告訴人們，他們?cè)诖蟊娒襟w中所看到的、聽到的、讀到的大多是偽裝善良、多愁善感或只有部分真實(shí)。生活只在很小的程度上與大眾對(duì)它的印象相符。士兵們很少擁有電影賦予他們的理想，而普通老百姓也決不會(huì)把自己的生命無(wú)私地奉獻(xiàn)給人道主義服務(wù)。聰明人知道這些事實(shí)，但是當(dāng)周圍人不談起時(shí)，他們常常會(huì)忘記掉。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析12、AmericanFolkArtWhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday"folks"who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,essentiallymiddle-classrepublics—whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans—havealwaysshownamarkedtasteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnitedStatescontainedanincreasingnumberofsuchpeople,andoftheartistswhocouldmeettheirdemands.TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts—forthiswasawealthyandpopulousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.WithinafewdecadesafterthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andtheportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternNewYork,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMissouri.Midwaythroughitsfirstcentury2asanation,theUnitedStates’populationhadincreasedroughlyfivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtooriginalthirteen.Duringtheseyears,thedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbycamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,commissionedbythewealthyandexecutedbytheprofessional.Butintheheydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,assuchaportraitist3wascalled.Localcraftspeople—sign,coach,andhousepainters—begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvasses,andbrushesandtotravelthecountryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)我們所說(shuō)的美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)是由普通百姓所擁有、創(chuàng)造并享受的藝術(shù)。隨著財(cái)富和閑暇與日俱增，他們創(chuàng)造了各種藝術(shù)的市場(chǎng)，特別是肖像繪畫。家境殷實(shí)的、主要是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的市民——不管他們是古羅馬人，或是17世紀(jì)荷蘭自治城市富裕居民，抑或是19世紀(jì)的美國(guó)人——都對(duì)肖像繪畫藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)出突出的愛(ài)好。從18世紀(jì)晚期開始，美國(guó)這一群體的數(shù)量不斷增加，而且滿足畫像要求的藝術(shù)家也不斷地增加。勿需驚奇，美國(guó)最早的民間藝術(shù)畫像來(lái)自于新英格蘭地區(qū)——特別是康涅狄格州和麻薩諸塞州——因?yàn)檫@一地區(qū)富裕，人口稠密，而且是濃厚藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的中心。1776年《獨(dú)立宣言》宣布后的幾十年中，人口不斷西徙，在紐約州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利諾伊州、密蘇里州，人們隨處可見(jiàn)肖像畫師繪畫的身影。美國(guó)獨(dú)立后50年間，人口增加了近五倍，原先13個(gè)州又增加了11個(gè)。在這些歲月里，肖像繪畫的需求不斷增長(zhǎng)，直到有了照相機(jī)才算得到滿足。1839年銀版照相法傳人美國(guó)，攝影時(shí)代開始，而且在不超過(guò)一代人的時(shí)間內(nèi)，手工畫像就不再風(fēng)靡了。從此，人物畫像又成了奢侈品——有錢人提出繪畫要求，專業(yè)畫家來(lái)完成繪畫。但是在肖像繪畫的全盛時(shí)期——從18世紀(jì)晚期到19世紀(jì)50年代——任何有一點(diǎn)藝術(shù)才能的人都可以成為“畫家”，當(dāng)時(shí)的肖像畫師就是這么被人稱呼的。當(dāng)?shù)厮嚾恕獦?biāo)牌、馬車、房屋的畫師——也開始畫人物肖像作為一個(gè)賺錢的副業(yè)。有時(shí)候有繪畫天賦的男子或婦女一開始只給家庭成員勾勒畫像，很快在當(dāng)?shù)芈曌u(yù)鵲起，然后很多人前來(lái)要求畫像；藝術(shù)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們收拾起顏料、畫布、畫筆去各地巡游，既做房屋裝飾又畫人物肖像，是一件非常值得的事情。知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析一、必做題(本題共12題，每題1.0分，共12分。)13、黃女士忍不住也往那班人望了一眼，卻看見(jiàn)有兩個(gè)男的正在對(duì)張女士做媚眼，另有兩個(gè)女的和一個(gè)男的在噥噥唧唧議論著——雪白西裝領(lǐng)上一個(gè)油光晶亮的頭和兩個(gè)燙得蓬蓬松松的頭湊成個(gè)“品”字。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：MissHuangcouldn’thelpthrowingalookatthosepeople,andsawtwomenoglingatMissZhangquiteopenly,whiletwowomenandanothermanchatteredinwhispers.Theman’soil-slickhair-combaboveawhiteEuropeanstylecollarandthetwowomen’sfrizzypermanentwavesformedaclosetriangle.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析14、攤主猛地站了起來(lái)，把大蒲扇一摜，憤憤地說(shuō)：“娘，他們哪是叫我削香蕉皮，是要?jiǎng)兾覀冎袊?guó)人的臉皮啊，你知道嗎?”驕陽(yáng)下，柳樹上，回答他的是一片“知了”、“知了”的蟬聲。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Thestand-ownerstoodupabruptly.Throwingawaythecattailleaffan,hesaidwithgreatindignation,"Mother,whattheyaskedmetodowasnottopeelbananas,buttolosefaceforallChinese!Don’tyousee?"Underthescorchingsun,fromthewillowtree,cametheconfirmingreplyofthecicada’schirrup:"(I)see,(I)see,..."知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析15、俗話說(shuō)得好，叫做“殺雞嚇猴”，拿雞子宰了，那猴兒自然害怕。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：Asthesayinggoes,"Killthechickeninordertofrightenthemonkey."Ifthechickeniskilled,themonkeyiscertainlyscared.知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析16、如果我們連黨八股也打倒了，那就算對(duì)于主觀主義和宗派主義最后地“將一軍”，弄得這兩個(gè)怪物原形畢露，“老鼠過(guò)街，人人喊打”，這兩個(gè)怪物也就容易消滅了。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：IfwedestroythestereotypedPartywritingtoo,weshall"checkmate"subjectivismandsectarianismandmakeboththesemonstersshowthemselvesintheirtruecoloursandthenweshalleasilybeabletoannihilatethem,like"ratsrunningacrossthestreetwitheveryoneyelling:Killthem!Killthem!"知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：暫無(wú)解析17、寶玉心中想道：“難道這也是個(gè)癡丫頭，又像顰兒