勞動(dòng)力市場和新資調(diào)查報(bào)告2024-2025-49正式版-WN8

LaborMarket&SalaryReport勞動(dòng)力市場和薪資調(diào)查報(bào)告2024|2025AMember-ExclusiveReport–

17thEdition會(huì)員專屬報(bào)告-第17版GETAHEADINYOURCAREERWITHINTERNATIONALBUSINESSSCHOOLSUZHOU西浦國際商學(xué)院助你領(lǐng)先職場西交利物浦大學(xué)西浦國際商學(xué)院開設(shè)各類碩士學(xué)位項(xiàng)目和中短期課程，旨在推動(dòng)終身學(xué)習(xí)和職業(yè)發(fā)展，助力企業(yè)培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)袖，塑造未來。InternationalBusinessSchoolSuzhou(IBSS)atXJTLUoffersarangeofMasterandExecutiveEducationprogrammestoprepareleadersandprofessionalstocopewiththeever-chang-ingbusinessenvironment,learnemerginganalyticaltools,anddevelopaleadershipmindset.非全日制碩士項(xiàng)目Part-timeMasterDegreeProgrammesOurprogrammesareprocessedthroughonlineapplicationsandaretaught100%inEnglish.Thecoremodulesaretaughtonweekendsfor2-3years.GraduatesreceiveaninternationallyrecognizedMaster'sdegreefromtheUniversityofLiverpoolwhichiscertifiedbytheMinistryofEducationinChina.西浦國際商學(xué)院非全日制碩士項(xiàng)目采用申請制，全英文授課，核心課程安排于周末，學(xué)制2-3年。畢業(yè)生可獲得國際認(rèn)可的英國利物浦大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，并可在教育部留學(xué)服務(wù)中心認(rèn)證。國際工商管理碩士管理學(xué)碩士運(yùn)營與供應(yīng)鏈管理碩士項(xiàng)目管理碩士InternationalMBAforExecutivesMScManagementMScOperationsandSupplyChainManagementMScProjectManagement高管教育西浦國際商學(xué)院高管教育結(jié)合中英雙方母校優(yōu)勢，打通文化脈絡(luò)，依托行業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的國際化師資，以及貫穿12個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域超過76門的專業(yè)課程，提供彈性的課程規(guī)劃，以滿足不同企業(yè)和個(gè)人的需求。ExecutiveEducationCombiningthestrengthsofprestigiousuniversitiesinbothChinaandtheUK,weoffertheflexiblecurriculumacrossmorethan76special-izedcoursesin12academicfieldstomeetthediverseneedsofvariousenterprisesandindividuals.工商管理研修班ManagerialAccelerationProgramme(MAP)Target:Middleandseniormanagers,businessownersofrapidlygrowingcompanies,andcompany-selectedexecutivesObjective:Efficientlylearncoremanagementcourseswithin6-8monthstocomprehensivelyenhancestrategicthinkingandpracticalabilitiesunderthethemeofsustainabledevelopment.課程對象：企業(yè)中高層管理者、快速成長期企業(yè)的企業(yè)主、公司選派的委培高管課程目標(biāo)：在6-8個(gè)月內(nèi)高效學(xué)習(xí)管理類核心課程，全方位提升圍繞可持續(xù)發(fā)展主題的戰(zhàn)略思維和實(shí)戰(zhàn)能力短期公開課程Short-termOpenEnrolmentProgramme戰(zhàn)略與發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)與現(xiàn)代商業(yè)金融與財(cái)會(huì)項(xiàng)目管理StrategyandDevelopmentEconomicsandModernBusiness領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力LeadershipFinanceandAccountingProjectManagement談判與策略NegotiationandDecisionMakingOrganisationalManagementMarketing&Sales組織與管理ESG與可持續(xù)發(fā)展數(shù)智化ESGandSustainableDevelopmentDigitalIntelligence市場營銷與銷售運(yùn)營與供應(yīng)鏈管理OperationandSupplyChainManagementPersonalDevelopment個(gè)人發(fā)展CustomisedProgrammeDesignanddeliverhigh-valueexecutiveeducationprogrammestailoredtofirmsacrossdifferentindustries.定制化課程依照不同行業(yè)特點(diǎn)，為企業(yè)制定可持續(xù)高管培訓(xùn)課程方案。AboutIBSSatXJTLU西交利物浦大學(xué)西浦國際商學(xué)院IBSSisthebusinessschoolofXJTLU,ajointventureofXi’anJiaotongUniversityinChinaandtheUniversityofLiverpoolintheUK.IBSShasover200staffmembersandmorethan7,500studentsfromover60differentcountries.IBSSisaTripleCrownAccredited(AACSB,EQUISandAMBA)businessschool,offeringauniqueblendofWesternandChineseacademicpractices.西浦國際商學(xué)院（簡稱IBSS）隸屬于由中國的西安交通大學(xué)和英國的利物浦大學(xué)聯(lián)合創(chuàng)辦的西交利物浦大學(xué)，是全球少數(shù)享有盛名的AACSB、AMBA、EQUIS三冠認(rèn)證的商學(xué)院之一。學(xué)院擁有逾200名員工和來自60多個(gè)不同國家的7500多名學(xué)生，通過融合東西方優(yōu)秀教育傳統(tǒng)的最優(yōu)實(shí)踐，架設(shè)起了中國與世界交流的橋梁。ContactUs聯(lián)系我們FormoreinformationaboutOpenEnrolmentProgramme:Tel電話:Email郵箱:Address地址:更多關(guān)于公開課程信息ibsspgrecruitment@(Part-timeMasterDegreeProgramme非全日制碩士項(xiàng)目)ibssexeced@(ExecutiveEducationProgramme高管教育)IBSSBuilding(SouthCampusofXJTLU),8ChongwenRoad,DushuLakeScienceandInnovationDistrict,SIP,Suzhou,Jiangsu,China215123(Part-timeMasterDegreeProgramme非全日制碩士項(xiàng)目0512-81883236(ExecutiveEducationProgramme中國江蘇蘇州工業(yè)園區(qū)獨(dú)墅湖高教區(qū)崇文路8號(hào)西浦南校區(qū)IBSS大樓高管教育)LABORMARKET&SALARYREPORT2024|2025GERMANCHAMBEROFCOMMERCEINCHINATheGermanChamberofCommerceinChinacurrentlyhasaround2,100membersandistheofficialmemberorganizationforGermancompaniesinChina.IthelpsitsmemberstothriveintheChinesemarketbyprovidingrelevantmarketintelligenceandpracticalguidance.ItoffersaplatformfortheSino-Germanbusinesscommunityandadvocatesforitsmembers'intereststowardstakeholders,includinggovernmentbodiesandthepublic.ContactforpressinquiriesCarinaMingleContactforfurtherinformationAuroraLiuHeadofMediaRelations&CorporateCommunications+86-10-6539-6670EconomicAnalyst+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.demingle.carina@china.ahk.de?2024GermanChamberofCommerceinChina(GCC).Nopartofthiscontentandpublicationmaybereproducedwithoutpriorpermission.Forfurtherquestions,pleaserefertotheprovidedcontactpersons.Whileeveryreasonableeffortismadetoensurethattheinformationprovidedisaccurate,noguaranteesforthecurrencyoraccuracyofinformationaremade.Allmaterialrelatingtoinformation,products,andservices(ortothirdpartyinformation,productsandservices),isprovided'asis',withoutanyrepresentationorendorsementmadeandwithoutwarrantyofanykind,includingtheimpliedwarrantiesofsatisfactoryquality,fitnessforaparticularpurpose,non-infringement,compatibility,securityandaccuracy.Thecontributorsaresolelyresponsibleforthecontentthereof.ViewsexpresseddonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheGermanChamberofCommerceinChina.andtheseentitieswillnotbeliableforanylossordamagewhatsoeverarisingfrominfringementoranydefectofrightsofthecontent.Thisinformationincludeslinkstootherwebsites.Theselinksareprovidedforyourconveniencetoprovidefurtherinformation.Theydonotsignifythatweendorsethewebsite(s).Wehavenoresponsibilityforthecontentofthelinkedwebsite(s).勞動(dòng)力市場和薪資調(diào)查報(bào)告2024|2025中國德國商會(huì)中國德國商會(huì)在中國目前擁有大約2100家會(huì)員企業(yè)，是在華德企官方會(huì)員組織。通過提供相關(guān)市場情報(bào)和實(shí)用指南，中國德國商會(huì)幫助其會(huì)員在中國市場上蓬勃發(fā)展。它為中德商業(yè)社群提供平臺(tái)，并代表其會(huì)員利益向利益相關(guān)者，包括政府機(jī)構(gòu)和公眾進(jìn)行倡導(dǎo)。媒體聯(lián)系人CarinaMingle了解更多報(bào)告信息，請聯(lián)系劉晨曦媒體公關(guān)部高級(jí)總監(jiān)+86-10-6539-6670mingle.carina@china.ahk.de經(jīng)濟(jì)分析師+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.de?2024年中國德國商會(huì)（GCC）。未經(jīng)許可，本內(nèi)容和出版物的任何部分均不得轉(zhuǎn)載。如有其他問題，請聯(lián)系上述聯(lián)系人。我們已盡責(zé)核對所提供信息的準(zhǔn)確性，但對此等信息的及時(shí)性和準(zhǔn)確性不作任何擔(dān)保。涉及信息、產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)（或第三方信息、產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)）的所有材料均“如實(shí)”提供，不作背書，不提供任何擔(dān)保，不保證質(zhì)量滿意、適合特定用途或不侵權(quán)，亦不保證其兼容性、安全性以及準(zhǔn)確性。發(fā)言者、提供者的相關(guān)內(nèi)容由發(fā)言者、提供者自行負(fù)責(zé)。發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)不代表中國德國商會(huì)。因內(nèi)容或活動(dòng)素材侵權(quán)或版權(quán)缺陷遭致?lián)p失的，上述機(jī)構(gòu)概不負(fù)責(zé)。該信息含有鏈接指向其他網(wǎng)址。此等鏈接旨在方便您了解更多信息。但不表示我們認(rèn)可該等網(wǎng)址。對于鏈接網(wǎng)址的內(nèi)容，我們不承擔(dān)任何責(zé)任。LaborMarket&SalaryReport2024|2025ContentExecutiveSummary68I.LaborMarketEnvironment1.1.ChineseEconomy1.2.TotalUnemploymentRate1.3.YouthUnemploymentRate888II.WageDevelopmentsinChina102.1.WageGrowth2.2.MinimumWagesandWageGuidelines1014III.SurveyResults181.EffectiveandExpectedWageDevelopmentsatGermanCompanies2.DetailedWageDevelopments3.WageLevels4.LaborCosts5.HRandRecruitmentChallenges6.ForeignEmployees7.EmployeeTurnoverandAdditionalHRData8.AbouttheSurvey9.ProfileofContributors181823283133353636IV.CompensationData4041.Introduction2.WagesandWageIncreases3.SegmentationVariables4.Region5.East6.North4042424347517.SouthandSouthwest8.CityTierCONTACT9.Industry10.CompanySizeToaccessspecificcompensationdata,pleasecontact:11.TotalCostperEmployee:MedianandPercentilesMs.AuroraLiuEconomicAnalystGermanChamberofCommerceinChina|Shanghai+86-21-5081-2266V.DefinitionsVI.Referencesliu.aurora@china.ahk.de勞動(dòng)力市場和薪資調(diào)查報(bào)告2024|2025目錄內(nèi)容摘要79I.勞動(dòng)力市場環(huán)境1.1.中國經(jīng)濟(jì)1.2.中國整體失業(yè)率1.3.青年失業(yè)率999II.中國工資增長狀況112.1.薪資增長狀況2.2.最低工資及工資指導(dǎo)線1115III.調(diào)查結(jié)果191.在華德企實(shí)際和預(yù)期薪資變化2.詳細(xì)薪資變化3.薪資水平4.勞動(dòng)力成本5.人力資源和招聘挑戰(zhàn)6.外籍員工7.員工流動(dòng)和其它HR數(shù)據(jù)8.關(guān)于本次調(diào)查9.受訪企業(yè)簡況191924293234373737IV.薪酬數(shù)據(jù)4151.簡介2.薪資和薪資漲幅3.細(xì)分變量414356574.地區(qū)5.華東及華中6.華北及東北7.華南和西南8.城市分級(jí)更詳細(xì)的薪酬數(shù)據(jù)，請聯(lián)系：9.行業(yè)10.企業(yè)規(guī)模11.每位員工總成本：中位數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)劉晨曦經(jīng)濟(jì)分析師中國德國商會(huì)

|上海+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.deV.定義VI.參考文件LaborMarket&SalaryReport2024|2025EXECUTIVESUMMARY?

ExpectedSalaryinChina:TheprojectedwagegrowthdevelopmentforGermancompaniesinChinahasbeenonadownwardtrajectory,andthetrendcontinuesitsdescentwithanexpectedgrowthrateof3.81%in2025,markingthefirstprojectionbelow4%(excludingtheanticipationfor2021madein2020,whentheinitialoutbreakofCOVID-19createduncertainty).The2025forecastis0.68PercentagePoint(p.p.)below2024’sexpectation(FigureES.1).Ontheotherhand,DeputyGeneralManagers/BranchManagersreceiveamedianTCEofCNY66,800/month,representingadecreaseofaroundCNY20,000/month.Meanwhile,theTCEofCEOs/GeneralManagersstandsatCNY113,435/month,adecreaseofaroundCNY6,500/month(FigureES.3).FigureES.3:ComparisonofWageLevelbyProductionWorkers,LevelofSeniority&SeniorManagementTotalCostperEmployee/Month,inCNYFigureES.1:ExpectedWageGrowthDevelopmentatGermanCompaniesinChina202320242015-2025,NominalGrowth,in%8.17.16.235.95.995.534.914.884.493.793.8120152016201720182019202020212022202320242025Theexpectedwagegrowthistheaverageofalltheindividualpositions’

expectedwagegrowthcollectedinthesurvey.In2024,withatotalof446companiesand46differentroles,thenumberofobservationscollectedtotaled5,935.CHINAProductionJuniorWorkersMid-LevelSeniorDeputyGM/BMCEO/GMDeputyGM/BM:DeputyGeneralManager/BranchManager.CEO/GM:ChiefExecutiveOfficer/GeneralManager/ManagingDirector.?EffectiveSalaryinChina:Similartolastyear,theeffectivesalaryincreasedidn’tmeettheinitialexpectation.In2024,effectivesalariesexperiencedanaveragegrowthrateof3.9%,0.59p.p.belowtheinitialexpectationof4.49%(FigureES.2).6?

ForeignEmployees:Theproportionofcompanieshiringforeignershasbeendecliningandreached65%in2024.Thisrepresentsasignificantdropofalmost20p.p.comparedtothatin2017.Theproportionfellbelow50%forthefirsttimeinsmallcompanies(43.6%)(FigureES.4).Theprimereasonforreplacingexpatriatestaffwithlocalstaffwaswagelevel.FigureES.2:ExpectedandEffectiveWageIncreasesinChina2024-2025,in%4.49FigureES.4ShareofCompaniesEmployingForeignersCompanySizebyNumberofEmployees,in%3.903.81CHINALessthan5050-250Greaterthan250100%90%80%70%60%50%40%94.489.984.090.689.489.289.382.6Expected2024Effective2024Expected202581.079.977.277.876.278.174.177.874.280.871.473.673.670.869.558.968.865.0?WageLevels:ThemedianTotalCostperEmployee(TCE)continuestoriseandiscurrentlyatCNY19,100/monthin2024.Productionworkers,juniorandmid-levelprofessionalspresentmediancompensationvaluesbelowChina’smedianTCEandtheirTCEsawaminorincreasecomparedto2023.63.262.459.658.356.943.620172018201920202021202220232024勞動(dòng)力市場和薪資調(diào)查報(bào)告2024|2025內(nèi)容摘要?

預(yù)期薪資漲幅：在華德企預(yù)期的預(yù)期薪資漲幅一直呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢，并且這種趨勢目前仍在持續(xù)，2025年的預(yù)計(jì)薪資漲幅為3.81％，首次低于4％（除了2020年疫情初次爆發(fā)時(shí)不確定性引起的對2021年的預(yù)期較低的特例之外）。這一預(yù)期比2024年的預(yù)期薪資漲幅低0.68個(gè)百分點(diǎn)（圖ES.1)。圖

ES.3:在華德企的薪資水平（按產(chǎn)業(yè)工人、資歷級(jí)別和高級(jí)管理層細(xì)分）2024年每位員工總成本

單位：元/月20232024圖

ES.1：

在華德企預(yù)期薪資漲幅狀況2015-2025年，名義漲幅，（單位：

%）8.17.16.235.95.995.534.914.884.493.793.8120152016201720182019202020212022202320242025預(yù)期薪資漲幅是調(diào)查中測得的所有單個(gè)職位的預(yù)期薪資漲幅的平均值。2024年，共有46個(gè)不同的特定職位，收集到的觀察數(shù)據(jù)共計(jì)5,935個(gè)。?

外籍員工被當(dāng)?shù)貑T工取代：在華德企中雇傭外籍員工的公司比例一直在下降，2024年僅有65%。與2017年相比，此比例大幅下降了近20個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。在小型企業(yè)中，該比例首次降至50%以下（43.6%）（圖

ES.4）。用本地員工取代外籍員工的主要原因是工資水平。?

實(shí)際薪資漲幅：與去年相同，2024年的實(shí)際薪資漲幅也未能達(dá)到先前的預(yù)期。2024年，實(shí)際薪資漲幅平均增長率為3.9%，比最初預(yù)期的4.49%低了0.59個(gè)百分點(diǎn)（圖ES.2）。7圖

ES.4外籍員工所占平均百分比企業(yè)規(guī)模（按公司員工劃分），單位：%，占員工總數(shù)的百分比圖ES.2:中國預(yù)期薪資與實(shí)際薪資漲幅2024-2025年，單位：%4.49中國50人以下50–250人超過250人3.90100%90%80%70%60%50%40%3.8194.489.984.090.689.489.289.377.874.282.681.079.977.277.876.278.174.180.871.473.673.670.869.558.968.865.02024年預(yù)期2024年實(shí)際2025年預(yù)期63.262.4?

薪資水平：每位員工成本的中位數(shù)持續(xù)上漲，2024年的中位數(shù)為19100元/月。生產(chǎn)工人、初級(jí)和中級(jí)專業(yè)人員的薪酬中位數(shù)低于全國的薪酬中位數(shù)，與2023年相比，他們的薪酬中位數(shù)略有上升。另一方面，副總經(jīng)理/分公司經(jīng)理的薪酬中位數(shù)為66800元/月，與去年相比減少了約20000元/月。同時(shí)，首席執(zhí)行官/總經(jīng)理的每位員工成本為113435元/月，減少了約

6500元人民幣/月（圖

ES.3）。59.658.356.943.620172018201920202021202220232024LaborMarket&SalaryReport2024|2025I.LABORMARKETENVIRONMENTFigure1.1:GDPGrowthDevelopment2017-2024H1*,GDPinCNYBillionandGrowthRatein%GDPGDPGrowthRate1.1ChineseEconomy1,400,0001,200,0001,000,000800,000600,000400,000200,0001,210,2071,260,5821,143,67016%14%12%10%8%6%4%2%1,013,567986,515919,2816.7832,0366.9China'seconomydemonstratedamixedperformanceinthefirsthalfof2024,withGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)growthdecliningfrom5.3%inthefirstquarterto4.7%inthesecondquarter,resultinginanoverallexpansionof5%forthefirsthalfoftheyeartoreachCNY61.68trillion(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024a).Thisoverallgrowthratealignswiththegovernment'sannualtarget,despitetheevidentslowdowninthesecondquarter.8.1616,8365.06.05.23.02.220172018201920202021202220232024H1*2024H1representsfirsthalfoftheyear2024Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.Industrialoutputgrewby6%,whileretailsalesroseby3.7%.Fixed-assetinvestmentexpandedby3.9%comparedtothepreviousyear(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024b).Whiletheseindicatorsshowresilience,challengesremaininsustaininggrowthmomentumandbalancingdevelopmentacrosssectorsamidglobaleconomicuncertainties.Nevertheless,theGermanChamber‘s

FlashSurvey[1]implementedinJune2024suggestsadegreeofrenewedoptimismintheChinesemarket,with29%ofrespondentsexpectinganimprovedbusinessenvironment-asignificant8p.p.increasecomparedtothepreviousyear.AsChinafocusesonresearchanddevelopmentinitspursuitofaninnovation-driveneconomy,theseeconomictrendsandevolvingbusinesssentimentsarelikelytoinfluencethejobmarket,particularlyintechnology-relatedsectors.Figure1.2:China’sTotalUnemploymentRatevs.YouthUnemploymentRateJanuary-December2020-June2024,in%NationalUrbanUnemploymentRateUrbanUnemploymentRateofthePopulationAgedfrom16to2425%21.320%15%10%5%14.95.00%820202021Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.2022202320241.2TotalUnemploymentRate*InJune2023,thestategovernmentsuspendedreleasingitsnationalyouthunemploymentrates.ThedatawasresumedpublishinginDecember2023;however,relevantmetricswereadjusted,whichexcludedstudentsfromthesample.In2024,China’s

employmentsituationwasstable,asdemonstratedbyaslightimprovementinurbansurveyedemploymentrates.Asreported,theaverageurbansurveyedunemploymentrateforthefirsthalfof2024was5.1%(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024c),markinga0.1p.p.decreasecomparedtothefirstquarteranda0.2p.p.decreasecomparedtothesameperiodlastyear.1.3YouthUnemploymentRateInJune2023,theyouthunemploymentrate(aged16-24)reachedarecordhighof21.3%,afterwhichthegovernmentsuspendeditsrelease.InJanuary2024,thegovernmentresumedpublishingthedata,usingarevisedmethodologythatexcludesschoolstudents(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024d).Underthisnewmetric,theyouthunemploymentratewas14.9%(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024e)inDecember2023,stillaboutthreetimestheoverallunemploymentrate.Thegovernmentaimstoaddressthisissuethroughvariousmeasures,includingpromotingemploymentopportunitiesandprovidingsupportforyoungjobseekers(Figure1.2).勞動(dòng)力市場和薪資調(diào)查報(bào)告2024|2025I.勞動(dòng)力市場環(huán)境圖1.1：

中國GDP增長情況2017-2024H1*，年度數(shù)據(jù)，GDP單位：億元，GDP增速單位：%GDPGDP增速1.1中國經(jīng)濟(jì)1,400,0001,200,0001,000,000800,000600,000400,000200,00001210207126058216%14%12%10%11436708.198651510135672024年上半年，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)呈現(xiàn)出了不同的發(fā)展情況，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）增速從第一季度的

5.3%放緩至第二季度的4.7%，上半年總體GDP增速為5%，達(dá)到61.68萬億元人民幣（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024a）。盡管第二季度增速明顯放緩，但這一總體增速與政府的年度目標(biāo)一致。9192818320366168368%6.96.76.05.26%4%2%0%3.02.25.020172018201920202021202220232024H1（2024上半年），工業(yè)產(chǎn)值同比增長6%，零售額同比增長3.7%，固定資產(chǎn)投資同比增長3.9%（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024b）。雖然這些指標(biāo)顯示了經(jīng)濟(jì)的韌性，但在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)不確定的情況下，保持增長勢頭和平衡各行業(yè)均衡發(fā)展仍充滿挑戰(zhàn)。然而，中國德國商會(huì)于2024年6月實(shí)施的

“快訊調(diào)查”[1]表明，中國市場在一定程度上重新恢復(fù)了樂觀，29%的受訪企業(yè)預(yù)計(jì)中國的商業(yè)環(huán)境將有所改善，與上一年相比大幅增長了8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。隨著中國在追求創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)型經(jīng)濟(jì)的過程中更加注重研發(fā)，這些經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢和不斷變化的商業(yè)情緒很可能會(huì)影響就業(yè)市場，尤其是與技術(shù)相關(guān)的行業(yè)。隨著中國更加重視研發(fā)和發(fā)展創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，這些經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢和不斷變化的商業(yè)情緒很可能會(huì)影響就業(yè)市場，尤其是技術(shù)相關(guān)行業(yè)。*2024H1表示2024年上半年數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。圖1.2：

中國城鎮(zhèn)失業(yè)率與青年失業(yè)率2020-2024年6月，單位：%全國城鎮(zhèn)失業(yè)率全國城鎮(zhèn)16-24歲人口失業(yè)率25%21.320%15%10%5%14.95.00%1.2中國整體城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查失業(yè)率2020202120222023202492024年，中國就業(yè)形勢穩(wěn)中向好，城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查失業(yè)率略有下降。

數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。*2023年

6月，中國政府暫停發(fā)布全國青年失業(yè)率。該數(shù)據(jù)于

2023年

12月進(jìn)行了算法據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2024年上半年城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查失業(yè)率平均為5.1%（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024c），比第一季度下降0.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，比去年同期下降0.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。調(diào)整，將學(xué)生排除計(jì)算范圍外后，恢復(fù)發(fā)布。1.3青年失業(yè)率2023年6月，青年（16-24歲）失業(yè)率達(dá)到21.3%的歷史新高，此后政府宣布暫停發(fā)布該數(shù)據(jù)。2024年1月，政府恢復(fù)公布該數(shù)據(jù)，并采用了將在校學(xué)生剔除在外的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024d）。根據(jù)這一新指標(biāo)，2023年12月的青年失業(yè)率為14.9%（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024e），仍是總體失業(yè)率的三倍左右。政府旨在通過各種措施解決這一問題，包括促進(jìn)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和為青年求職者提供支持（圖

1.2）。userid:529794,docid:172438,date:2024-08-20,LaborMarket&SalaryReport2024|2025II.WAGEDEVELOPMENTSINCHINAFigure2.3:AverageWageandGrowthRatein24ProvincesandCitiesinChina,2023AverageWageofEmployeesinUrbanNon-PrivateAverageWageofEmployeesinUrbanNon-AverageWageGrowth(Nominal)2.1WageGrowthRegionFactor*PrivateSector,Sector,2023.(CNY/month)2022.(CNY/month)BasedonChinesestatistics,in2023,China’s

overallaveragemonthlynominalwagewasreportedatCNY10,058,anincreaseofCNY556fromthepreviousyear(Renshetong,2024a).Theriseinwagesshowcaseda5.8%growthrate,signalingacontinuedimprovementinlaborconditionsandincomelevels.Nevertheless,thisgrowthraterepresentsasubstantialmoderationcomparedtothedouble-digitincreasesseenfiveyearsagoandithasalreadyreachedanall-timelow.Tianjin11,50111,08710,95210,42510,0589,5489,4719,1809,0719,0438,9288,9148,8978,6418,50110,79410,73510,41010,1449,5028,7348,9178,4838,4168,6508,5218,2378,5948,2217,9516.6%3.3%5.2%2.8%5.8%9.3%6.2%8.2%7.8%4.5%7.9%8.2%3.5%5.1%6.9%1.141.101.091.041.000.950.940.910.900.900.890.890.880.860.85ZhejiangGuangdongJiangsuCHINAHainanChongqingSichuanInnerMongoliaFujianFigure2.1:AverageWageandOverallWageGrowth2011-2023,AverageWageinCNY,AverageWageGrowthin%ShandongShaanxiYunnanAverageWageAverageWageGrowth(Nominal)120,00014.416%14%12%10%8%6%4%2%Anhui100,00080,00060,00040,00020,00011.910.9Guizhou10.110.110.09.89.79.58.97.6Gansu8,2608,0858,0157,5737,6187,6729.1%7.0%4.4%0.820.800.806.75.8HunanGuangxiHeilongjiangShanxiHebei7,9797,9197,9027,9117,7337,0137,3537,5417,5627,2697,3316,4698.5%5.1%4.5%8.8%5.5%8.4%0.790.790.790.790.770.70201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202310Note:Annualwagesbasedon12months;allwagesarepre-tax.Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.JilinJiangxiHenanFigure2.2:GDPandWageGrowth2011-2023,in%Note:*Factorrepresentstheratioofregionalwagetonationalaveragefor2023.Monthlywages,basedon12-monthsyearbasis;allwagesarepre-tax.**DataforBeijingandShanghaiwasnotreleased.Source:RenshetongAverageWageGrowth(nominal)GDPGrowth14.411.910.96.610.110.110.06.99.86.19.78.1ThesuddendecouplingbetweenGDPandwagegrowthcanbeattributedtomorerecenteconomicshocks.In2023,Chinasawsignificantlayoffsandsalaryreductionsacrossallsectors,suchastech,automotive,semiconductor,andrealestate,impactingbothlowandhigh-incomeearnersthroughoutthesupplychains[2].Someleadingcompanies–

suchasAlibaba,NIO,Tesla,andCountryGarden–

announcedlayoffsorsalaryreductions,whichreflectsabroadertrendforworkforceoptimizationinthefaceofeconomicheadwinds[3].ThistrendisfurthercorroboratedbydatafromtheNationalBureauofStatistics,whichshowsadecreaseintheemploymentrateofurbanresidentsaged25-59from92.1%in2022to91.6%in2023(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024f).9.58.96.77.62.25.85.26.79.57.97.87.36.93.02011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.Itisworthnoting,however,thatthegrowthtrajectoriesinaveragenominalwagesandGDPhavedivergedin2023.AsshowninFigure2.2,wagegrowthandGDPgrowthhavehistoricallyincreasedintandem;datain2023,however,showsthatGDPhasevidentlydecoupledwiththecurrentwagegrowth.勞動(dòng)力市場和薪資調(diào)查報(bào)告2024|2025II.中國工資增長狀況圖2.3：2023年中國24個(gè)省市城鎮(zhèn)私營單位就業(yè)人員平均月薪資及薪資增長率平均薪資單位：人民幣/月薪資漲幅（%）2.1工資增長狀況省份20232022系數(shù)*根據(jù)中國的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，2023年，中國總體名義平均工資為10058元/月，比上年增加556元（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024e），工資增長率為5.8%，表明勞動(dòng)條件和收入水平持續(xù)改善。然而，與五年前的兩位數(shù)增幅相比，這一薪資增長率已大幅放緩，并已創(chuàng)下歷史新低。天津115011108710952104251005895489471918090719,0438928891488978641850110794107351041010144950287348917848384168650852182378594822179516.6%3.3%5.2%2.8%5.8%9.3%6.2%8.2%7.8%4.5%7.9%8.2%3.5%5.1%6.9%1.141.101.091.041.000.950.940.910.900.900.890.890.880.860.85浙江廣東江蘇中國海南重慶四川內(nèi)蒙古福建山東陜西云南安徽貴州圖2.1：平均薪資及薪資漲幅2011-2023年，單位：人民幣，%平均薪資平均薪資漲幅（%）120,00014.4100,00080,00016%14%12%10%8%6%4%2%11.910.910.110.110.09.89.79.58.97.660,0006.75.840,00020,000甘肅湖南廣西8260808580157573761876729.1%7.0%4.4%0.820.800.8000%2011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023注：平均薪資按12個(gè)月計(jì)算；所有薪資均為稅前薪資。黑龍江山西河北吉林江西河南7979791979027911773370137353754175627269733164698.5%5.1%4.5%8.8%5.5%8.4%0.790.790.790.790.770.70數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。圖2.2：年度GDP及薪資增速2011-2023年，單位：%11平均薪資增速（名義）GDP增速數(shù)據(jù)來源：人社通。14.4城鎮(zhèn)單位從業(yè)人員平均工資，月薪資按12個(gè)月計(jì)算；所有薪資均為稅前薪資。*系數(shù)代表2023年該地區(qū)薪資與國家平均水平的比率。**人社通未發(fā)布北京和上海的數(shù)據(jù)11.910.910.110.110.06.99.86.19.78.19.58.96.77.62.25.85.26.79.57.97.87.36.96.6GDP與工資增長之間的突然分化可歸因于近期的經(jīng)濟(jì)沖擊。2023年，中國科技、汽車、半導(dǎo)體和房地產(chǎn)等各行各業(yè)都出現(xiàn)了大幅裁員和降薪，對整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈中的低收入和高收入者都造成了影響[2]。一些領(lǐng)先企業(yè)，如阿里巴巴、蔚來汽車、特斯拉和碧桂園，宣布裁員或降薪，這反映了在經(jīng)濟(jì)逆風(fēng)下勞動(dòng)力優(yōu)化的大趨勢[3]。國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了這一趨勢，該數(shù)據(jù)顯示25-59歲城鎮(zhèn)居民就業(yè)率將從2022年的92.1%降至2023年的

91.6%（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024f）。3.02011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。但值得注意的是，2023年平均名義工資和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的增長軌跡出現(xiàn)了分化。如圖2.2所示，歷史上工資增長和GDP增長一直同步增長，但2023年的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，GDP增長的增速明顯超過了當(dāng)前的工資增長。LaborMarket&SalaryReport2024|2025Followingthereleaseofthenationalaveragewagedatafor2023,twenty-fourprovincesandcitiesinChinahaveofficiallydisclosedtheiraveragewages(Renshetong,2024b)(Figure2.3).Amongthese,fourregions–

Tianjin,Zhejiang,Guangdong,andJiangsu–standoutwiththeiraveragewagessurpassingthenationalaverage;theseregionswerealsotheones,amongallsurveyedprovinces,reportedwithmonthlywagesexceedingCNY10,000.Amongthetopperformers,TianjinsurpassedotherprovinceswithanaverageannualwageofCNY138,007,aCNY8,465increasefromlastyear.ThistranslatestoamonthlyaverageofCNY11,501.ZhejiangfollowswithanaverageannualwageofCNY133,045.Notably,Hainan,Gansu,Sichuan,andShaanxiexperiencedthemostsubstantialgrowthrates,rangingfrom8.2%to9.3%.Figure2.4:GDPGrowthRatebyIndustry,2024Q1GrowthRatein%13.7%10.8%7.3%7.3%6.0%6.0%5.8%5.2%3.8%3.5%-5.4%Wagedevelopmentin2023showsadifferentiatedpatternacrossindustries(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024g)(Figure2.5).High-techindustriescontinuedtodominatethelabormarketintermsofwagepayment.TheInformationandCommunicationTechnologysectormaintaineditssteadyposition–

incomparisontothe2022ranking—

asthehighest-payingindustrywithanannualwageofCNY231,810;itsrobust13.7%year-on-yearGDPgrowthrecordedin2024Q1furtherunderlinesitsmomentumandpotential(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024h)(Figure2.4).TechnicalServices&ScientificResearch,ontheotherhand,maintaineditsthirdplacewithanannualwageofCNY171,447.Meanwhile,thefinancesectoremergedwithanimpressive13.4%wagegrowth,reachinganannualwageofCNY197,663(Figure2.5).Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.Figure2.5:WageDevelopmentsbyIndustry,2023Rankedbasedon2023AnnualWagesIndustry20232022GrowthFactor*IT231,810197,663171,447143,818143,594135,025127,334124,362124,067122,705120,698220,418174,341163,486135,222132,964121,522121,151115,408120,422115,345114,0295.2%13.4%4.9%6.4%8.0%11.1%5.1%7.8%3.0%6.4%5.8%1.921.641.421.191.191.121.051.031.031.021.00FinanceServicesTechnicalServices,R&DHealthcareUtilitiesMiningConversely,therealestatesectorcontinuedtofaceheadwinds,withamere1.8%wagegrowthrateandanannualwageofCNY91,932(Figure2.5).Whilethetransitionfromnegativetopositivegrowthsignalspositivechange(in2022,thegrowthrateofwagedevelopmentinrealestatewas-0.9%)[4],thesectorwastheonlyindustryexperiencinganegativeyear-on-yearGDPgrowthin2024Q1.Thisreflectsthesector’s

ongoingchallenges,includingconservativepurchasingduetomacroeconomicuncertaintyandshrinkingprofitmarginsfacedbydevelopers(Figure2.4).12CultureWholesale&RetailEducationTransport&LogisticsCHINAPublicManagement&SocialOrganizations117,108117,440-0.3%0.97BusinessServicesManufacturingRealEstate109,264103,93291,93285,804106,50097,52890,34678,2952.6%6.6%1.8%9.6%0.910.860.760.71ConstructionThehospitalityindustryhasreboundedremarkablyfromtheanti-pandemicmeasuresandrealizeda7.3%year-on-yearGDPgrowthin2024Q1(Figure2.4).Itsannualwagealsowitnesseda7.6%increase,reachingCNY58,094annually.Furthermore,themanufacturingsectorshowedresiliencewitha6.6%wagegrowth,underscoringitscontinuedimportancetotheChineseeconomy(Figure2.5).ResidentialServicesWater&EnvironmentAgriculture68,91968,65662,95265,47868,25658,9765.3%0.6%6.7%0.570.570.52Hospitality58,09453,9957.6%0.48Note:*Factorrepresentstheratioofindustry-specificaveragewagestonationalaveragewagefor2023.Annualwagesbasedon12months.Allwagesarepre-tax.Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.reducedbudgetaryallocationforpublicsectorwages,resultinginstagnantorevendecliningsalariesinthissector.Notably,thepublicmanagement&socialorganizationssectorexperiencedanaveragewagedecline,witha-0.3%growthrate(Figure2.5).ThenegativegrowthcouldbeattributedtotheChinesegovernment’s

fiscaltighteningmeasurestomanagedebt