高中張道真英語語法課件Chapter-12

Chapter12Non-predicateVerbsNon-predicateVerbsTheinfinitiveThegerundTheparticipleTheInfinitiveA.Classification

a.Infinitive(have“to”)

b.Bareinfinitive(without“to”)B.Functionsinthesentence

a.Predicatee.g.Heseemstobeingoodhealth.

b.Subjecte.g.Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.

c.Objecte.g.Ihopetobebackinacoupleofdays.

d.Complexobjecte.g.Shewantedthismeetingtobeasuccessfulone.

TheInfinitiveB.Functionsinthesentence

e.Attributivee.g.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?

f.Adverbiale.g.Iwasdelightedtoreceiveyourletter.

h.Predicativee.g.Mydutyistogetyouaway,tosaveyou.TheInfinitiveCharacteristicsa.Canhaveitsownobjectse.g.Theyaskedtosee

mypassport.

b.Canhaveitsownadverbiale.g.Shetoldmetogohome.D.Variousforms

Activeform

Passiveform

Presentformtodotobedone

Perfectformtohavedonetohavebeendone

Continuousformtobedoing

PerfectcontinuousformtohavebeendoingTheInfinitiveE.Canhaveitslogicalsubject

e.g.Shetaughtme

toread.

I’llbegradtohelpyou.

Shewassenttheretobetrained

asanastronaut.Thesimplestthingisforhimtoresign.TheinfinitiveusedaspredicateA.Bareinfinitive+auxiliaryverbs

e.g.Will

youpleasecall

backagaininalittlewhile?

Shall

Ihelp

you?B.Bareinfinitive+modalverbs

e.g.We

mustkeepthisinmind.Shemightnotliketheidea.C.Theinfinitive+verbs

e.g.Whattime

is

theplanetotakeoff?Shehappenedtoliveinthesomearea.TheinfinitiveusedaspredicateD.Theinfinitive+adj.→complexpredicate

e.g.Madameissuretoberight.Heisunlikelytoarrivebefore1:00p.m.E.Theinfinitive+passiveforms→complexpredicate

e.g.Thiswasthoughttobeimpossible.Heisknowntobeagreatartist.TheinfinitiveusedassubjectUsually“it”isusedastheformalsubject,andtheinfinitiveusedastherealsubjecttobalancethesentenceorder.A.It+be+adj.+theinfinitive

e.g.It’shard(difficult)

tosaywhichisbetter.

Itisn’tright

towastesomuchmoneyonit.

It’sadvisable

torevisetheplan.B.It+n.+theinfinitive

e.g.It’sanhonor

tomeetyou.Ithinkit’sapity

towastesomuchmoney.

It’smywish

todosomethingforthepublic.TheinfinitiveusedassubjectC.It+verb(object)+theinfinitive

e.g.Itrequirespatience

tobeateacher.

Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.D.It+be+prepositionalobject+theinfinitive

e.g.It’sagainstmyprinciplestocollaboratewiththem.

Itwouldbebeneathhim

toacceptsuchajob.TheinfinitiveusedasobjectA.Aftersomeverbs

(P289)

e.g.Heagreedtopay$4,000forthecar.Theyarepreparing

tobuildafreewaybetweenthetwocities.B.Sometimesaddedwithconnectiveadverborpronountoformobject

e.g.Hediscoveredhowtoopenthesafe.Haveyoudecidedwhattodonext?TheinfinitiveusedasobjectC.Sometimesaddedwithconnectiveadverborpronountoformprepositionalobject

e.g.Hewroteabookon

howtoprotecttheenvironment.Thenthereistheproblemofwhatcoursestooffer.D.Sometimesuse“it”astheformalobject,theinfinitiveastherealobject

e.g.Shetookitonherselftoapologizetome.Ihavelonghaditinmindtoansweryourletter.TheinfinitiveusedasthecomplexobjectA.Verb+noun/pronoun+theinfinitive

e.g.IaskedGeorgetoconveymybestwishestohismother.Theyforbadehertoleavethecountry.Theyaretrainingthesedogstosniffoutdrugs.B.Verb+tobe

e.g.Iconsiderhimtobethebestcandidate.Wediscovered

himtobequiteuntrustworthy.Iknow

himtobealiar.Iconsidered

himtohaveacteddisgracefully.C.Toformcomplexpredicate

e.g.Shewastoldtowaitatthedoor.HewasaskedtotestifyinCongress.Shewasforbiddentostayoutaftermidnight.Theywerethoughttobehidinginthewoods.TheinfinitiveusedasthecomplexobjectD.Verb+bareinfinitive

e.g.Iheardherlockthedoor.Iwon’thavehimcheatmelikethat.

#inthepassiveforms,thereis“to”intheinfinitive

e.g.Achildwasseen

to

enterthebuilding.Hewasoftenmadetorecitepoemsinclass.E.Verb+preposition

e.g.Heshoutedtometocomeover.Theteachercalledon

metoanswerthisquestion.Shelongedfor

himtoaskherout.F.Verb+it+theinfinitive

e.g.Hethoughtitbest

tobeonhisguard.Thejudgedeemeditinadvisable

toheartheappeal.Weconsideritourduty

tosafeguardworldpeace.TheinfinitiveusedasattributeA.Tomodifyathing

e.g.Wehavealotofthings

todotoday.Hemadeadevicetomakethedoorshutbyitself.Therearealotofthingstobedone.B.Tomodifyaperson

e.g.Hewasthesecondmantohearthenews.You’retherightpersontodothisjob.Shewasthefirstpersontobeawardedthisprize.C.Aftersomenouns

e.g.Ihaven’thadachance

tothinkyet.Hisefforts

togetherbackwerevain.TheinfinitiveusedasattributeD.Aftersomecognatenouns

e.g.Hesaidhehadnoplanstoincreasetaxes.Hisability

togetonwithpeopleishischiefasset.InFebruarytheyannouncedtheirwillingness

tosenddelegatestotheconference.E.Sometimessimilartoaattributiveclause

e.g.Soup,andthensteaktofollow,please.Areyougoingtothebanquet

tobeheldonFridayattheembassy?Healsohadarevolverwithwhichtodefendhimself.TheinfinitiveusedasadverbialA.“be+adj.+theinfinitive”

a.be+adj.(indicatingmood)+theinfinitive

e.g.Iwassorry

tohearthatyouwereill.Shewassurprised

toseeGeorgewalkin.Ishallbeglad

tohelpyoufindanewjob.

b.be+adj.(indicatingcondition)+theinfinitive

e.g.Graywasprepared

toleavethecountry.Hewasquick

toofferhiscounter-proposal.

c.be+adj.(indicatingquality)+theinfinitive

e.g.Hewasbrave

toactlikethat.She’sinteresting

totalkto.Thefruitisnotfit

toeat.TheinfinitiveusedasadverbialB.Usedasadverbialofpurpose,reason,result,etc.

e.g.Afriendofminecame

toseemelastnight.Sheshuddered

tothinkofthosedays.Heleft,nevertoreturn.C.Usedasadverbialinvarioussentencepatterns

e.g.Hewassocarelessastoleavehiscarunlocked.Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.Hehadsacrificedsomuchinordertoavoidpain.TheinfinitiveusedasadverbialD.Usedassentenceadverbial

e.g.Tobehonest,Ijustdon’tlikehim.

Tocutalongstoryshort,wesaid“No”.

Tobeginwith,it’stoocold.Besides,we’venomoney.TheinfinitiveusedaspredicativeA.Usedaspredicative,indicatingthecontentofsubject

e.g.Herambitionwas

tobeafilmstar.Hisgoalis

tobeascientist.B.Usedaspredicativeindicatingotherthings,suchaspurpose,etc.

e.g.Theproblemwastofindtherightpeopleforthejob.Theimportantthingisnottowronganyperson.Theperfectform,continuousformandpassiveformoftheinfinitiveA.Theperfectform

Whentheactionshownbytheinfinitivehappensbeforethepredicate,theperfectformoftheinfinitiveisneeded.

a.PredicateIhappenedtohavebeenthereonce.Youaresupposed(oughtto)

tohaveheardofit.

b.SubjectWhatamistakeitistohavecomehere!Itwasmyintentiontohavestoppedthere.Theperfectform,continuousformandpassiveformoftheinfinitiveA.Theperfectform

c.ObjectShepretendednottohaveseenhim.Iremembertohavetoldyouaboutit.

d.AdverbialIamsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Hefeltashamedtohavedonesuchathing.

e.ComplexpredicateHewasknowntohaveworkedfortheInternationalOlympicCommittee.Sheisrumoured

tohaveelopedwithapriest.Theperfectform,continuousformandpassiveformoftheinfinitiveB.Thecontinuousform

a.Heseemedtobedreaming.Yououghttobereviewingyourlessonsnow.b.It’sstrangetobesleepinginthishouseagain.Whatashame(itis)tobewastingyourtimelikethat.c.Themanpretendedtobeweaving.Ihatetobequarrellingwithher.Theperfectform,continuousformandpassiveformoftheinfinitiveB.Thecontinuousform

d.Iwaspleased

tobetalkingwiththem.Shewashappytobeearningherownliving.e.Heisbelieved

tobelivinginMexico.Heisthoughttobehidinginthewoods.Theperfectform,continuousformandpassiveformoftheinfinitiveC.Thepassiveform

a.PredicateSheoughttobepraisedforherheroicdeeds.TheelectionwasduetobeheldinNovember.

b.SubjectIt’sjustmylucktobecaughtinthestorm.Itwashisgoodfortune

nottohavebeeninjured.

c.ObjectSheasked

tobegivenanopportunitytotryhermethod.Hehatestobeflattered.Theperfectform,continuousformandpassiveformoftheinfinitiveC.Thepassiveform

d.AttributiveThesearethemajorproblemstobediscussedatthemeeting.Shewasthefirstonetobeaskedtospeak.

e.AdverbialShewenttothehospitaltobeinoculated.Hewassentabroadtobeeducated.ThelogicalsubjectoftheinfinitiveA.Thesubjectofobjectofthesentence

e.g.Ihadalotofletterstowrite.Herearesomebooksforyou

toread

ontheway.B.“Forsb.”isusuallyaddedwiththeinfinitive

a.SubjectItwon’tbeeasyforyou

tofindanewjob.

Foranoldman

torunfastisdangerous.

b.AttributiveIt’stimeforyou

toreconsideryourdecision.There’snoreasonforus

todoubthiswords.Thelogicalsubjectoftheinfinitive

c.AdverbialHestoodasideforher

topass.Hercircumstanceshadneverbeengoodenoughforherhopes

toberealized.

d.PredicativeThesimplestthingisforhim

toresign

atonce.It’sforyou

todecidewhatweshoulddonext.ThelogicalsubjectoftheinfinitiveC.Insomecircumstances,“of”phrasescanbeusedasthelogicalsubjectoftheinfinitive

Itwaskindofyou(Youwerekind)tohelpus.Itwasselfishofhim

nottodoanythingfortheorphans.It’sunfairofhim

tosaysuchthingsabouther.SomepointsfortheinfinitivestructureA.Theomissionoftheinfinitive

Toavoidrepetition,sometimesthemainverbintheinfinitivecanbeomittede.g.Wouldyouliketocomewithus?—Yes,I’dloveto.Youcangoifyouwantto.Hesayshewillcomeassoonashehasgotachance(to).AllIdidwas(to)pressthebutton.

#Insuchstructuresas“usedto,begoingto,meanto,oughtto,tryto,planto”,whentheinfinitiveisomitted,“to”isusuallyretained.SomepointsfortheinfinitivestructureB.Compoundinfinitive

Whentwoormoreinfinitiveareusedtogether,usually“to”isaddedbeforethefirstinfinitive,while“to”inthesecondisomitted.e.g.Weoughttoreadmoreand

havemorepractice.I’dliketostaywithyou,

helpyouandlearnfromyou.

#Whentherelationshipbetweenthetwoinfinitiveiscontrast,“to”cannotbeomitted.e.g.Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.Hehasn’tdecidedwhethertoquitortostay.SomepointsfortheinfinitivestructureC.Splitinfinitive

Sometimesanadverbcanbeinsertedbetweentheinfinitive“to”andtheverbe.g.Theyhavestartedadriveto

further

improvetheminers’workingconditions.Helikes

tohalf

close

hiseyes.Somepointsfortheinfinitivestructure

D.Sometimestheinfinitivecanbeusedtoformorintroduceasentence

a.Bareinfinitivee.g.Why

bother?

Whynot

waitforacouplemoredays?

b.Theinfinitive(with“to”)e.g.Tothinkhewouldcometoanythinglikethat!AndtothinkthatItrustedhim!Theuseofgerund

A.Generalintroduction

a.Subjecte.g.Dancingboredhim.

b.Predicativee.g.Herhobbyiscollectingstamps.

c.Objecte.g.Pleasestoptalking.

d.Prepositionalobjecte.g.Hewasarrestedforsmuggling.

e.Toformcompoundworde.g.Whowonthesingingcontest?

TheuseofgerundA.Generalintroduction

f.Somesentencese.g.Nosmoking.Noloitering.

g.Verbalnounse.g.Dickensoftengavereadings

ofhisworks.Whodid

the

cooking?Ialwaysenjoyalittlelightreading.Hecouldnotanalyzehisfeelings.Usedassubjectandpredicative

a.Usedassubjecte.g.ReadingFrench

iseasierthanspeakingit.

Growingrosesisherhobby.

b.Sometimes“it”usedastheformalsubject,thegerundwillbeputafterthesentence.e.g.It’sniceseeingyouagain.It’shopelessarguingaboutit.It’sawonder

meetingyouhere.It’sbeenalotoffun

stayinghere.Usedassubjectandpredicative

c.Gerundisusedafter“Thereis+no”tobeusedassubject,meaning‘trytodosth”e.g.Therewas

notellingwhenthismighthappenagain.He’sselfish,there’snodenyingit.

d.Usedaspredicativee.g.Herhobbyispainting.Theirmajoramusementisraisingpigeons.Usedasobject

a.Gerundaftersomeverbsasobjecte.g.Isuggested

bringingtometingtoanend.

Avoid

over-eating.Heconsidered

goingtoseePaulinperson.

b.Aftersomephrasalverbse.g.Theywillputoff

doingituntilnextyear.Shewavedtomeandwenton

sketching.Shedecidedtocutout

smoking.

c.Thedifferencebetweengerundusedasobjectandtheinfinitiveasobjecte.g.Iremembertelling

youaboutit.Remembertotell

himaboutit.Usedasobject

d.Sometimesthereisslightdifferencebetweengerundandtheinfinitiveusedasobject,suchaslike,love,prefer,hate,dread,etc.e.g.Doyoulikereading?Ishouldliketohearothers’views.Ihate

askingfavors.Hewouldhate

todisappointyou.Shedreads

seeingthem.Idread

tothinkwhatmanyhappen.Usedasobject

e.Thereisnodifferencebetweengerundandtheinfinitiveusedasobjectaftersuchverbsasbegin,start,intend,continue,andcease.e.g.Ithasstarted

raining(torain).Heintendedcoming(tocome)backsoon.Thebandbeganplaying(toplay).Shecontinued

working(towork)asifnothinghadhappened.Theyceasedtalking(totalk)andIbeganreading.#Sometimesthereisdifference(P311)Usedasprepositionalobject

a.Afterphraseverbs(formedbypreposition)e.g.Sheinsistedon

writingatonce.Hethoughtof

writingtoher.Idon’tfeellike

goingtothemovie.

b.After“be+adj.+prep.”e.g.Iwasafraidof

makingthemuneasy.Hewasn’tkeenon

buyingacar.Whoisresponsiblefor

lockinguptheschool?

c.After“transitiveverb+object+prep.”e.g.Theyaccusedhimof

playinghisradiotooloudly.

Thankyoufor

doingthisjobforus.Hededicatedhislifeto

fightingcorruption.Usedasprepositionalobject

d.Afterprepositionsasadverbialse.g.After

standinginthequeueforanhour,wegottwotickets.

On

reachingthecity,hecalledupLester.

e.Aftersomeprepositionalphrasese.g.Insteadof

goingtoNewYork,wegotoffatBoston.Hewasafraidtospeakforfearof

makingerrors.

f.Addedwithsomeprepositionstoformattributive

e.g.Heisgoodattheartofmakingfriends.Shedoesn’thavemuchexperienceindealingwithchildren.TowhomdoIhavethehonour

ofspeaking?

Sometimesusedaspredicativee.g.I’m

fordoingnothing

tillthepolicearrive.Thepassiveformandperfectformofgerund

a.Thepassiveform

1)Objecte.g.Henarrowlyescaped

beingrunover.Shedislikedbeingspokentolikethat.2)Prepositionalobjecte.g.Hehopedtogetoutwithout

beingseen.Sheisfarfrom

beingpleasedaboutit.Thepassiveformandperfectformofgerund

b.Theperfectform

1)Objecte.g.Hedenied

havingbeenthere.Idon’trecollect

havingseenhimbefore.2)Prepositionalobjecte.g.Wecongratulatedhimon

havingpassedtheexamination.

Afterhavinghadsomepractice,hedecidedtotryagain.Thelogicalsubjectofthegerund

Usuallyshownbyapossessivepronounorthepossessivecaseofnouns

a.Beforesubjecte.g.Yourcomingtohelp

isagreatencouragementtome.

Jane’snothavingreceivedpropertrainingwastoherdisadvantage.

b.Beforeobjecte.g.Ihateyourgoingaway.Youcan’tpreventhis(him)spendinghisownmoney.

c.Beforeprepositionalobjecte.g.Istronglyobjecttoyoursayingthat.Ineverdreamtofitshurtingyou.They’relookingforward

toMary’scoming.Thecompoundnounformingbygerund(P317-318)a.Gerund+noune.g.swimmingpoolboxingcompetitionwateringcanfishinglineb.Adj.(n.)+gerunde.g.deep-ploughingclose-plantingphysicaltrainingjob-huntingTheuseofpresentparticipleA.Generalintroduction

a.Predicatee.g.Theyaredoingsomepatternpractice.Theyhavebeendesigninganewjetplane.

b.Toformthecontinuousformoftheinfinitivee.g.Heseemstobeworryingaboutsomething.Idon’twantyoutobewastingyourtimelikethis.

c.Predicativee.g.Thesituationisquiteencouraging.Theuseofpresentparticipled.Attributee.g.Hefoundheracharminggirl.e.Complexobjecte.g.Iwatchedthechildrenflyingkites.f.Adverbiale.g.Wespentalldaylookingforyou.g.Participialphrases

1)Addedwithobjecte.g.Hestoodtherefortwohourswatching

thegame.

2)Addedwithadverbiale.g.Isawherspeakingtoaneighbor.TheuseofpresentparticipleB.Thevariousformsofpresentparticiple

Activeform

PassiveformTheindefiniteformdoing

beingdoneTheperfectformhavingdonehavingbeendoneTheuseofpresentparticipleC.Usedaspredicative

a.Usuallythepresentparticiplesindicatingmoode.g.Thedirtystreetisdisgusting.Theplightofthestarvingnativesisappalling.

b.Someparticiplesindicatingconditions,quality,etc.e.g.Thephotographismissing.Theteasmellsinvitingandtastesfresh.TheuseofpresentparticipleD.Usedasattribute

a.Tomodifyoneworde.g.Thoserelationsofhisareboringpeople.Ifoundhimacharmingperson.

b.Thepresentparticipleofsomeintransitiveverbsusedasattributee.g.Theailingeconomyaboomingtownafallingstartheageingpopulation

c.Thepresentparticiplevs.thegerund

Thepresentparticiple:usuallyindicatetheactionsofthemodifiednouns

Thegerund:indicatepurpose,usage,etc.e.g.flyingsauces=asaucethatflies

flyingsuit=asuitonewearswhenflyingTheuseofpresentparticiple

d.Toformcompoundadjectivesusedasattributee.g.close-fittingclothesahard-workingteacher

oil-bearingcropsfine-soundingwords

e.Canbeputafterthenounsusedasattribute,similartotheuseofattributiveclausee.g.Chinastretchesacrossavastareacovering(=whichcovers)

thecold.Wearebrotherssharing

(=whoshare)wealandwoe.Thegirlsitting

(=whowassitting)

nexttomewasmycousin.Thereareafewboysswimming

(=whoareswimming)

inthestream.TheuseofpresentparticipleE.Usedascompoundstructures

a.Toformcompoundobjectaftersomeverbse.g.Didyouheartheclockstriking?He

kept

themworkingallday.

#Aftersomeverbs,thecompoundobjectformedbypresentparticipleindicatestheactionisdoing,whiletheoneformedbybareinfinitiveindicatestheactionhasbeendone.e.g.I

heardabellringing.(Thebellwasringing.)I

heardsomeoneknockatthedoor.(Heknockedatthedoor.)Theuseofpresentparticipleb.Somecanbeusedinthepassiveform,containingacompoundpredicatee.g.Hewasfoundlyingonthefloor.Ihavebeenkeptwaitingforoveranhour.Thepaperswereleftlyingaround.c.Aftersomeprepositionse.g.Hewaslikeanoldtreeblossomingagain.Ican’tmoveaboutinthecitywithout

everybodyknowing.d.“Noun(Pronoun)+presentparticiple”e.g.Ican’tstophimtalkingtothepress.Heinsisteduponasecondmessagebeingsent.TheuseofpresentparticipleF.Usedasadverbial

a.Aftersomeverbsorcompoundpredicatee.g.Hespentalotofmoneymodernizingthehouse.Shewasinthekitchenpreparingsupper.

b.Toindicatetheactionhappenedconcurrently,usuallyseparatedfromthemainpartofthesentencebythecommae.g.

Openingthedrawer,hetookoutabox.Marywalkedroundthetown,lookingatthesights.Thoseyoungsters,shoulderingspadesandhoes,leftmerrilyforthefields.Theuseofpresentparticiplec.Sometimesindicatethereason,thesameastheadverbialclauseofcausee.g.Beingastudent

(=Ashewasastudent),hewasnaturallyinterestedinmuseums.Theywentonwiththeirstruggle,thinkingtheirswasajustcause.d.Toshowthetime,thesameastheadverbialclauseoftime.e.g.Turningaround

(=Whensheturnedaround),shesawanambulancedrivingup.Wewearplimsolls

whendoingphysicalexercisesatschool.Theuseofpresentparticiple

e.Sometimesshowtheresulte.g.Theyopenedfire,killingoneofourpatrolmen.Thesnowlastedaweek,resultinginserioustrafficconfusioninthewholearea.SomepointsinthepresentparticiplestructuresA.Theperfectform

a.Tobeusedasadverbialoftimee.g.Havinggotourtickets,wedrovetotheairporttoboardtheplane.

Havingsentthechildrentoschool,shegotreadytogotowork.

b.Tobeusedasadverbialofreasone.g.Havingbeenillfortwoweeks,shefeltratherweak.

Nothavinggotananswer,Idecidedtowritehimanotherletter.SomepointsinthepresentparticiplestructuresB.AbsoluteconstructionSometimesthepresentparticiplecanhaveitsownlogicalsubject.Itiscalledabsoluteconstruction.e.g.Itbeingaholiday

(=Asitwasaholiday),alltheshopswereshut.

Therebeingiceontheroad,Itoldthedrivertoslowdown.Somepointsinthepresentparticiplestructures

C.Thepresentparticipleusedassententialadverbial

(independentelement)e.g.Strictlyspeaking,thatschoolisnotveryold.Heleadsaveryactivelife,consideringhisage.Theuseofpastparticiple

A.Thegeneralintroduction

a.Predicate

1)Toformperfecttenseorperfectformofnon-predicateverbswith“have”

e.g.Ihaven’tbeenoutmuchrecently.I’msorrynottohavegiven

youenoughhelp.

2)Toformpassivevoiceorthepassiveformofnon-predicateverbswith“be”

e.g.Thechildrenwere

well

lookedafter.Heoughttohavebeentoldaboutit.Theuseofpastparticiple

b.Predicative

e.g.Iamawfullyworried.Daddyisill.c.Attribute

e.g.Shehadaworried

lookonherface.d.Compoundobject

e.g.Shewantedthework

finishedbyFriday.e.Adverbial

e.g.Arousedbythecrash,heleapttohisfeet.PastParticipleusedasPredicative1)Thesameastheadjectives

e.g.Hewasamazedandenchantedatthesight.We