measurement and scaling concepts測量縮放概念

Session4MeasurementandScalingConcepts——WuDanGoodstory&Goodconstruct——ZhaoPanConstructClarity——WangZiweiWarmingupWhatistobemeasured?Howtomeasureit?Goodorbad?conceptCorporatesocialresponsibilityOperationaldefinitionIsyourCSRhighorlow?Weareenvironment-friendly.WecareabouttheLaid-offandtheunemployed.Weoftendonate.RuleofmeasurementAssignthenumbers1through7accordingtohowyouagreewiththisstatement.For1meansstronglyagreeand7meansstronglydisagree.AnexampleWarmingupWhatistobemeasured?Howtomeasureit?Goodorbad?Matching-typesofscales1.Nominalscale2.Ordinalscale3.Intervalscale4.Ratioscale

a.ascalehavingabsoluteratherthanrelativequantitiesandpossessinganabsolutezerowherethereisanabsenceofagivenattribute.b.ascalethatnotonlyarrangesobjectsaccordingtotheirmagnitudesbutalsodistinguishesthisorderedarrangementinunitsofequalintervals.c.ascaleinwhichthenumbersorlettersassignedtoobjectsserveaslabelsforidentificationorclassification.d.ascalethatarrangesobjectsoralternativesaccordingtotheirmagnitudes.

e1.Money

e2.Nationalitye3.Academic

performancee4.FahrenheittemperatureWarmingupWhatistobemeasured?Howtomeasureit?Goodorbad?Threecriteria

reliabilityRepeatability:test-retestmethodInternalconsistency:split-halfmethod&equivalent-formvalidityContentvalidity,criterionvalidity：concurrentvalidity&predictivevalidityconstructvalidity：convergentvalidity&discriminantvaliditysensitivityInstrument’sabilitytoaccuratelymeasurevariabilityinstimuliorresponses.ArgumentsoftheorybuildingEisenhardt:BuildingtheoriesfromcasestudyresearchDyer&Wilkins:Betterstories,notconstructs,togeneratebettertheoryEisenhardt:Betterstoriesandbetterconstructs:thecaseforrigorandcomparativelogicEisenhardt:Multiplecasespermitreplicationandextensionamongindividualcases.TheimportanceofmethodologicalrigorDyer&Wilkins:Hybrid,ParadoxicalFocusesonconstructsandtheirmeasurability,misscontextNeglectssomeofstrengthsofclassiccasestudyComparisonsEisenhardt’sapproachStudyofmultiplecasesSurfacedescriptionCreatinggoodconstructsClassiccasestudyIn-depthstudyofasinglecaseDeepdescriptionTellinggoodstoriesQuestion:Doyouagreewiththetrade-offbetweenthenumberofcasesandthedepthofcasestudy?Ifso,howtodealwithit?Asareader/researcher/editor,goodstoryandgoodconstruct,whichdoyouvaluemore?Eisenhardt:Dyer&Wilkins’rationaleshouldbebasedontheinherentadvantagesofsinglecase,ratherthananumberofclassiccasestudies.Aresingle-casesuperior?Impressiveclassicmultiple-settingstudiesexist,too.Classicsingle-settingstudiessucceeded:thefortuitoustimingintheearlystagesofthefieldandtheirauthors’skills.Numberofcases:newinformationfromincrementalcasesTrulysingle-casestudy?Sometimessinglecasestudyisactuallymultiple-casestudy.e.g.Whyte’s;Gouldner’s;Dalton’sTrulysingle-casestudy?Classiccasestudiesrelyonrigorousmethodology.e.g.ITU;MenandWomenoftheCorporationFalsedichotomy?Thetrade-offbetweenstoriesandconstructsarisesfrompagelimitsandeditorialconstraints.Stories:cognitivebias(overvaluingofstories)Questions:Afterreadingthetwosides’opinion,whichonedoyouappreciatemore?Whatcanwelearnfromthisargument?ConstructClarityWhatisit?Whyisitimportant?Howdoesitvary?Weneedmoreconversationaboutit!WhatisConstructClarityRobustcategories,sharpdistinctions,comprehensibleDefinitionsScopeconditionsRelationshipswithotherconstructsCoherenceDefinitionAccuratelyabstractempiricalphenomenaintorobustconceptualgeneralizationsCapturetheessenceAvoidtautologyorcircularityBeparsimoniousNarrowVs.BroadAccuracyVs.GeneralizationScopeconditionsWithconstructssensitivetoandcontingentoncontextualconditions,usescopeconditionstoavoidovergeneralization.Space(differenttypes/levels/cultures…)Time(incremental/suddenchanges)Value(maybederivedfromtheformertwo)RelationshipsbetweenconstructsConstructexistinreferentialrelationships.Nomologicalnetwork/systemofsignificationNewconstruct&historicallineageNewconstruct&extantrelatedconstructsConstructsembeddedinprocessCoherenceTheconstruct,itsdefinition,itsscopeconditions,itsrelationshipwithotherconstructsallhangtogetherinalogicallyconsistentmanner.LatentmodelAggregatemodelProfilemodelConstructismorethorough,flexibleandresilient,plausibleamongdifferentcontexts.WhatisConstructClarityAtheoryshouldprovideanswerstoWhattheconstructsareHowandwhytheyarerelatedWhotheconstructsapplytoWhenandwheretheyareapplicableWhyweneedConstructClarityClarityfacilitatescommunicationExchangeideas,seehowoverlapordiffer,buildknowledgeontheworkofpriorresearchersClarityassistsempiricalanalysisHelptocreateclearclassificationsofphenomenatostructureexperienceintomeaningfulcategoriesClarityenhancescreativityBettercapturetheessenceofphenomenaandtherelationshipandhelptostimulateinsightsHowdoesconstructclarityvaryEis