重難點09閱讀理解之說明文2022年中考英語專練原題版

重難點09閱讀理解之說明文中考閱讀理解題主要考查學生的語篇閱讀能力、分析和判斷能力。要求學生能較快地通過閱讀理解短文大意，獲取其中的主要信息，能做出正確判斷，然后根據(jù)試題的要求從A,B,C,D四個選項中選出最佳答案或做出正誤判斷。文章的難易程度和初三課文基本相同，要求閱讀速度為每分鐘4050個詞。主要涉及到記敘文，說明文，應用文等。1.主旨題解題技巧為：找主題句。應先通讀全文，理解大意，充分理解主題句的意義。主題句通常出現(xiàn)在短文第一句或最后一句。2.細節(jié)題解題技巧為：快速捕捉信息，尤其是一些事例、數(shù)字等，劃出相關句子，進行對照。3.推斷題解題技巧為：尋找線索，悟出字里行間的意思。4.猜測詞義題解題技巧為：通過閱讀上下文，斷定該詞的真正含義。說明文熱衷話題有：旅游、環(huán)保、廣告類等。1、（2021·江蘇·南師附中新城初中二模）Haveyoueverfeltyouwerebeingwatched?Somenewtechnologiesmightmakeyoufeelthat

way.Digitalbillboards(電子屏幕)areabletorecognizecertainhumancharacteristics(特征).Theyhavecameraspointedatthepeopleonthestreet,andcanrecognizepeople’sage,amanorawoman.Thenaputerinsidethebillboardusesthisinformationtomakeads(advertisements)forthepeoplewhoarelookingatthebillboard.Forexample,ifamanpassesabillboardshowinganadaboutwomenclothes,theputercanchangetheadtosomethingsuchasmen’ssportingshoes,tocatchtheman’sattention.Althoughadvertisersseethisasagreatchancetoreachtheircustomers,somepeoplefeelthatthisisaninvasion(侵犯)oftheirprivacy.However,advertiserssaythatthebillboardswillnotbeabletorecognizetheirfaceorgetanypersonalinformationaboutthem.Infact,thiskindof“personal”advertisinghasalreadyappearedontheInternet.Searchengines(引擎)likeGoogleandBingcanfollowwhatwesearchfor.Whenwehavesearchedforsomeproductsandservices,paniesthenpaysearchenginestouseitinads.Soifyousearchfortravelinformation,youmayseeadsforairlinesandhotels.Thiskindofadvertisinghasprovedtoworkbetterthantraditionaladvertising.Intoday’sworld,peopleseethousandsofadseveryday,buttheydon’ttakemuchnotice.Advertisersaretryingtochangethatbypersonalizingtheexperienceofseeinganad.Sopayattentionthenexttimeyouseeabillboard—itwouldbetalkingtoyou.1．Whenyouwatchabillboardshowingadsonthestreet,_______.A．peoplewillpaymoreattentiontoyou B．itwillchangeadstocatchyourattentionC．cameraswillrecordwhatyouarewearing D．puterswillstealyourpersonalinformation2．Fromthesecondparagraph,wecanlearnthat_______.A．a(chǎn)goodchancemakesbusinesseasy B．thecustomerisalwaysGodC．eachpersonhashisownopinion D．privateinformationisimportant3．Theunderlinedword“it”refersto_______.A．thetoolcustomersuse B．thetechnologytheydevelopC．theinformationwesearchfor D．thechancepaniesget4．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Theriseofanewadvertising B．TheadvantageofbillboardsC．Thehistoryofadvertising D．Theinventionofbillboards2、（2021·江蘇無錫·中考真題）Makingfriendsatschoolcanbealittletrickybutitdoesn’thavetobe!Tryoutafewofthesemethodstotalktopeopleinyourclassandhangoutwiththemoutsideofschool.Beforeyouknowit,you’llhaveagroupoffriendstohavefunwitheveryday!■Befriendly.Usingproperbodylanguagewillhelp,Standupstraight,makeeyecontactwithpeople,andsmile!Trytoavoidcrossingyourarmsoveryourchestandlookingclosedoff.Themoreopenandfriendlyyoulook,themorepeoplewillwanttogettoknowyou.■Sitatanewtableduring_________.Lookfortableswithanopenseat.Ifyou’refeelingalittlenervous,pickatablethatonlyhasoneortwopeoplesittingdown.Headoverandaskifyoucansitthere,thenjoininontheconversation.Ifyoulikethepeopleyousitwith,askifyoucanjointhemagainthenextday.■Tryoutforasportsteam.Pickasportthatyoulike(itcouldbesoccer,basketball,softball,baseball,oranythinginbetween),andtryoutfortheteam.Overtime,youcouldbeegoodfriendswithsomeoftheotherpeopleonyourteam!Ifyourschooldoesn’thaveasportsteam,trylookingforoneatyourlocalmunitycenter.■Joinanafterschoolclub.Meetfriendswhohavethesamehobbyasyou.Askateacheroryourparentsforalistofafterschoolactivitiesandpick1or2ofthemthatyou’rethemostexcitedabout.Introduceyourselftoeveryonewhenyouattendedyourfirstclubmeetingtomeetnewpeopleandstartafunconversation.5．Whichwordisthemostsuitablefor________?A．holiday B．class C．meeting D．lunch6．Thispassageismainlyabout________.A．howtotalktoastranger B．howtomakefriendsC．howtostartaconversation D．howtochooseactivities7．Thispassageismostprobablywrittenfor________.A．schoolstudents B．schoolteachersC．youngerparents D．olderparents3、（2021·江蘇徐州·二模）Whenyouwanttogosomewhere,youcaneasilyfindyourwaybyusingamapapponyoursmartphone.Yoursmartphone“knows”whereyouareandcantellyouwheretogo.Thisispossiblewiththehelpofsatellitenavigation(satnav)systems.Asatnavsystemusesgroupsofsatellitestofindoutwherepeopleare.Itsendsinformationtoareceiver,suchasasmartphone.Themoresatellitesasystemhas,themoreaccurate(精確的)itis.OnJune23,thelastsatelliteofChina’sBeidouNavigationSatelliteSystemwaslaunchedintospace.Beidou,China’sownsatnavsystemwasfinallypleted.Itisoneoffourglobalnavigationsystems,alongwithUS’GPS,Russia’sGLONASSandtheEuropeanUnion’sGalileo.OnJuly31,Beidoustartedprovidingfullscaleglobalservices.Morethan120countriesandregionsarenowusingBeidouservices.Since2000,Chinahaslaunched59Beidousatellites.Beidoucanbeusedinareasthatincludefarming,publicservicesandbusiness.Ithasapositioning(定位)accuracyofunder10meters.Thissummer,peoplealongtheYangtzeRiverusedBeidoubaseddevicetomonitorfloodwatersinrealtimewithanaccuracyofjustafewcentimeters.8．Beidouisthe________globalnavigationsystem.A．first B．second C．third D．fourth9．WhichofthefllowingisTRUEaboutBeidou?A．ItonlyworksinChina. B．Itsnewestsatellitesaremoreaccurate.C．ItstartedworkingonJune23. D．Itwillhavemoresatellitesinthefuture.10．Whatdoesasatnavsystemdo?A．Ithelpspeopleplantrips. B．Ithelpspeopleshoponline.C．Itletspeoplesendtextnavigate. D．Itmakespeople’sphonessmarter.11．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Beidoucanbeusedinmanyareas. B．BeidoucanmonitoreverythingonEarth.C．There’re60BeidousatellitesaboveEarth D．Beidouwillreplacemobilephonenetworks.4、（2021·江蘇常州·中考真題）Thereareonly24hoursinaday,andusuallyaboutathirdofthatisspentsleeping.Soisitpossibletomakeuseofthistimeandlearnanewskillorevenalanguage?Inotherwords,issleeplearningpossible?Manystudieshavefoundthatabasicformoflearning,calledconditioning,canhappenduringsleep.Ina2012studypublishedinthemagazineNatureNeuroscience,forexample,Israeliresearchersfoundthatpeoplecanlearntoconnectsoundswithsmellsduringsleep.Thescientistsplayedatone(聲音)tosleepingstudyparticipants(參與者)whileputtingsomerotten(腐爛的)fishbesidetheirbeds.Onceawake,whenhearingthetone,thepeopleheldtheirbreathinanticipation(預判)ofabadsmell.“Thiswasaclearfindingshowingparticipantsformednewmemoriesduringsleep,”saidAndrillon,ascientistinthisfield.Althoughthenewmemorywasimplicit(暗示性的),itcouldinfluencehowpeoplebehave,researchersfoundina2014studypublishedintheJournalofNeuroscience.Inthatresearch,afterspendinganightinaroomfullofcigarette(香煙)smellmixedwithrotteneggsorfish,smokersusefewercigarettes.Andrillonandhisteammembershavefoundthatlearninginsleepcanalsogobeyondsimpleconditioning.Intheir2017studypublishedinNaturemunications,participantswereabletopickoutsoundfeaturesthattheyhadheardduringsleep.Learningabilitiesinsleepmayspreadtolearningofwords.InastudypublishedinCurrentBiology,researchersplayedpairsofmadeupwordsandtheirsupposedmeanings,like“guga”meanselephant,tosleepparticipants.Afterthis,whenawake,theparticipantsdidbetterinpickingtherighttranslationofmadeupwordsinamultichoicetest.Sofar,researchsuggestsitmaybepossibletolearnaboutthetoneandpronunciationofalanguageoreventhemeaningofwordswhilesleeping,althoughitistoaweakerlevelthanwhatwedoduringthedaywithoutnoticing.12．Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?A．Toshowthatsleeplearningispossible. B．Tostudyhowtomakeuseofsleeplearning.C．Toreportsomefamousresearchfindings. D．Toprovesleeplearningisimplicitandweak.13．Whatdoesthephrase“newmemories”inthethirdparagraphreferto(指的是)?A．Connectionbetweenparticipantsandscientists. B．Connectionbetweensoundsandsmells.C．Thetone’sinfluenceontherottenfish. D．Therotteneggs’influenceoncigarettes.14．Whatisthemainideaofthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Sleepcandogoodtolearning. B．Languagelearningcanhappeninsleep.C．Peoplelearninsleepinadifferentlanguage. D．Sleeplearningisbetterthandaytimelearning.5、（2021·江蘇蘇州·中考真題）Everybodyhasabrain,butnotmanypeopleknowhowthebrainworks.Somepeoplebelievethatthebrainisliketheharddiskofaputer.Weuseittostorefiles—pictures,language(words,texts,sounds)andsoon.Othersparethebraintoahugecupboardwithlotsofshelvesandboxesinit.Weputinformationintotheseboxesandhopetofinditagainlater.ThebrainisnotAputerdisk,Anditisn’tacupboard.Lookatthepicturehere.Itlooksabitlikeweeds（雜草）inagarden,doesn’tit?Thepictureactuallyshowsachild’sneocortex—apartofthebrainthatcontrolssightandhearing.Youcanguesswhathappens—more“weeds”growasthechildgetsolder.Scientistscalltheseneuronal（神經(jīng)元的）networks.Thenetworksgrowaroundourneurons.Whatmakesthemgrow?Learning!“Learningisbrainchange,”saysProfessorJamesZullfromCaseWesternUniversityinCleveland,Ohio,USA．“Withoutlearning,nothingchangesinthebrain.ForeverynewwordyoulearninyourEnglishlesson,everyproblemyousolveinmaths,everynewsongyoulearntosing,aneuronalnetworkgrowsinyourbrainandthebrainchanges.”Themoreneuronalnetworkswegrow,thebetterwecanthinkandthebetterweremember.Youmaywonderifthereisanythingyoucandotomakethenetworksinyourbraingrowbetter.ProfessorZullsaysyes,thereis.Hesaysthatbrainchangeisstrongestwhena)youareinterestedinandlikewhatyouarelearning,b)youareincontrolofwhatyoulearnandc)yougetchallengingtasksthatmakeyouthinkhard.Understandingachallengingtaskmakesyoufeelgoodanddevelopsyourbrain.15．What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A．Thebrain—afantasticputer. B．Whatpeoplebelieveaboutthebrain.C．Howtomakeyourbrainstronger. D．Ourbrain—agrowingsystem.16．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage2?A．Learningmakesourneuronalnetworksgrow. B．Seeingachallengingtaskdevelopsourbrain.C．Werememberbetterwhenthingsareeasy. D．There’snothingwecandotomakeussmarter.17．What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Interestisthebestteacher B．Meetinglife’schallengesC．Nevertoolatetolearn D．Learningisbrainchange6、（2021·江蘇南通·一模）Howdoweknowthetime?Aclock,awatchoramobilephonecanhelpus.However,manyyearsagotherewerenoclocksandknowingthetimewasnotsoeasy.Overthecenturiespeoplehavedevelopeddifferentwaysoftellingthetime.About5,500yearsago,theEgyptiansinventedthesunclock.Thiswasatallstonebuilding.Itsshadow(影子)showedthemovementofthesun.Sopeoplewereabletoknowmidday.TheEgyptiansmadeasundialabout3,500yearsago.Itwassmallerthanthesunclockandcouldmeasurethetimeforhalfaday.Oncloudydaysoratnightitwasimpossibletotellthetimewithasunclockorasundial.Waterclockswerethefirstclocksnottousethesun.Theideaissimple.Waterflowsfromonecontainertoanother,Whenthewaterreachesacertainlevel,itmovesalever(控制桿)andthisshowsthehours.TheEgyptiansusedwaterclocksabout3,400yearsago.TheseclockswerepopularintheMiddleEastandChina.Buttheyfailedtomakepeopleknowtheexacttime.Inthe13thcentury,themechanicalclockwasinvented.Thiswasmoreexact,butitwasexpensivetomakeone.Overthenextfewcenturies,itwasdeveloped.Forexample,springs(發(fā)條)wereaddedaround1,500.Thisenabledpeopletogetthecorrecttimeandallowedclockstobesmaller.In1936thefirstquartzclockwasdeveloped.Clocksbecamecheapertobuild.It’seasyforordinarypeopletoownaclock,Peoplebegandependingonthenmoreandmoretoranbusiness,marketsandsoon.Morerecently,in1956,camethedigitalclock.Andnowadayssatellitessendourmobilephonesthetimetotheexactsecond.Therehasbeenalotofprogressintimekeeping.Clocksarealwayschangingbutsomethingsneverchange.Manyofusstillhavetroublegettingoutofbedontineandnotmissingappointments.18．Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?A．TheEgyptiansspent100years,moreorless,inventingwaterclocks.B．Withasunclockpeoplewereabletoknowmiddayandmidnightclearly.C．3500yearsago,peopleusedwaterclocksinsteadofsundialsonrainydays.D．Asundialwasnotasbigasasunclock,butitcouldmeasurealongertime.19．Howmanykindsofclocksarementionedinthepassage?A．Four. B．Five. C．Six. D．Seven.20．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?(①=para1②=para2,....)A． B．C． D．21．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．Theimportanceoftime.B．Thehistoryofdigitalclocks.C．Theinventionsofclocks.D．Thedevelopmentoftimekeeping.7、（2021·江蘇連云港·一模）Washingclothesiseasyformostpeoplelivingincities,aswashingmachinesdothejob.However,inmanyrural(農(nóng)村)areasorpoorregions(地區(qū)),peoplehavetowashtheirclothesbyhand,astheydon’thaveelectricityormoneytobuythemachines.Now,anewbamboowashingmachinemighthelpthemsolvethisproblem.Themachineisasimplerversion(版本)ofatraditionalwashingmachine.However,itusesthenaturalflowofwaterinsteadofelectricity.Ithasawoodenrotationshaft(轉軸)inthecenterandabamboodrum(桶)outside.Youjustputthemachineinariverandwaterwillgointothebottomofthemachineandrotatethemaindrum.Thiscreatesaneddy(渦流)thatcleansclothes.A7memberteamfromtheSchoolofDesignatDalianMinzuUniversitycreatedthemachine.Theirdesignwonthe“BestoftheBest”prizeatthe2020RedDotAwards(紅點獎).“Thereare836millionpeoplelivinginextremepoverty(極端貧困)intheworld.Theyhavetospendlotsoftimeandenergydoinglittlethingslikewashingclothes.Wewantthebamboowashingmachinetohelpthemfreeuptheirtimesotheycandomoremeaningfulthings,likefightingpoverty,”saidPanCheng,oneofthedesigners.“Thebestthingaboutthismachineisthatit’scheapandeasytomake,”saidYuYue,anotherdesigner.“Wegivepeopletherotationshaftandteachthemhowtosetupthemachine.Theycanfindbamboolocallyandmakeitintodrums.Ifthereisnobamboo,theycanalsousematerialslikewood.”Thedesignerssaidtheyspentmorethanhalfayearworkingonthemachine.Theyhadcountlessteammeetingsandchangedtheirdesignatleastfourtimes.Butintheend,theywerehappywiththeresults.22．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thisproblem”meaninParagraph1?A．Peopleinbigcitieshavenobamboowashingmachines.B．Peopleinruralareasdon’thaveelectricitytodohousework.C．Peopleinsomepoorregionshavetowashtheirclothesbyhand.D．Peopleinbigcitiesthinkwashingclothesthemselvesisawasteoftime.23．Howdoesthebamboowashingmachinework?①Putthemachineintoariver.②Eddyinthemachinecleansclothes.③Watergoesintothebottomofthemachine.④Waterinthedrumdrivesthewoodenrotationshaft.A．①②③④ B．①③④② C．③①②④ D．③④①②24．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A．Thereare836millionpeoplelivinginextremepovertyinChina.B．Paragraph5mainlyexplainswhatisneededtomakethewashingmachine.C．Thebamboowashingmachinewascreatedforpeoplewholiveinbigcities.D．PanChencameupwiththeideabecausebamboowashingmachineshavenopollution.25．Whatdothedesignersthinkoftheircreation?A．It’ssimple. B．It’shelpful. C．It’simaginative. D．It’suseless.8、（2021·江蘇·淮安市黃集九年制學校一模）OnFebruary18,NASA’sPerseverancerover（“毅力”號火星車）madeahistoriclandingonthesurfaceofMars.ThisisthefifthroverNASAhassenttoMarsanditisfulloffirsts.Itwillbethefirstrovertosearchforsignsofancientlife.Ahelicopter（直升機）willflyontheplanetforthefirsttimeaswell.Theroverisalsobetteratsolvingproblemsonitsownthanprevious（先前的）rovers.LandingaspacecraftonMarsisn’teasy.Ithadtogothroughthe“sevenminutesofterror”（驚險七分鐘）,asNASAcallsthelandingprocess,allbyitself.Sinceittakes11minutesforaradiosignaltotravelfromEarthtoMars,NASAcouldn’tcontrolthecraftduringtheporcess.ThespacecrafthitthetopoftheMartianatmosphere（大氣層）movingat12,000milesperhour（19,300kmperhour）andhadtoslowdownto1.7milesperhour（2.7kmperhour）withinsevenminutesbeforelanding.Drag（空氣阻力）thatwascreatedbytheatmospheresloweditdown.Atthesametime,thesurfaceofthecraftheateduptoabout1,300℃.Thishightemperaturecouldmelt（融化）therover!Butsincethecraft’sheatshield（抗熱涂層）wasabletotakeinmostofthisheat,Perseveranceitselfonlyreachedroomtemperature.Thecraftthenusedbothaparachute（降落傘）andaskycrane（空中吊車）toslowitselfdowntofinallyreachMars.Avideoofthelandingwaslatersharedonline,allowingpeopleallovertheworldtoseetheamazingmoment.TheroverevenrecordedaudioonMarsforthefirsttimejustafterlanding,gettingthesoundsofMartianwind.26．WhywasPerseverancesenttoMars?A．Tomakeavideo. B．Totakeahelicoptertotheplanet.C．Tolookforsignsofancientlife. D．TocheckonNASA’spreviousrovers.27．Whatdidthespacecraftdoduringthe“sevenminutesofterror”?A．Itreachedaspeedof120,000milesperhour.B．Ithadtoslowitselfdowntogetreadyforlanding.C．ItcreateddragthathelpeditlandonMars.D．ItwaitedforaradiosignalfromacontrolroomonEarth.28．Paragraph5tellsustravellingthroughtheMartianatmospherecanbe_______.A．dangerous B．interesting C．simple D．slow29．WhichofthefollowingisTrueaccordingtothepassage?A．Ittakes11minutesforarovertotravelfromEarthtoMars.B．ThehightemperaturemeltedPerseveranceatlast.C．Perseverancehadtogothroughthelandingprocessallbyitself.D．Perseverance’slandingwascoveredlive.30．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Perseverance’slandingprocess B．Perseverance’sfuturetasks.C．Perseverance’sfailure. D．Perseverance’sheat.9、（2021·江蘇鹽城·二模）Ifyoulookatthetopofyourphone,you’llusuallyseealittlesymbolthatsays3Gor4G.The“G”standsforthe“generation”ofyourmobilenetwork.Butthesesymbolswillbeethingsofthepastafter5Gfullyarrives.OnMarch30th,2019,ShanghaivicemayorWuQingmadethefirst5GvideocallonaHuaweiMateXsmartphone,CGTNreported.ShanghaihasalsobeethefirstcityinChinatostarttesting5Gnetworks.Now,4Gtakesabout100to200millisecondstosendandreceivedata.But5Gwillgetitdownto1millisecondorless.ThisbigchangewillnotonlymakeourmobileInternetfaster.Itcanbeusedinmanyotherwaysaswell.Forexample,5Gwillhelptomakeselfdrivingcarssafer.Today’sselfdrivingtestcarshaveoneproblem—lag.Whenthecar“sees”anobstacle(障礙物),itsendsthisinformationtoadatacenterandreceivesinstructions.However,ittakestimetosendandreceivethisinformation.Withthiskindoflag,thecarsmightcrashbecausetheydon’treceiveinstructionsintime.With5G,thislagwillbegreatlylowered,makingthecarssafer,accordingtoCNN.5GcouldalsobeusedtopowertheInternetofThings(IOT).Thisreferstoalargeonlinenetworkthatconnectsallthingsandpeople.FastInternetspeedswillbethekeytodevelopingthistechnology.Forexample,withIOTunder5G,yourfridgecouldautomatically(自動地)placeanorderonlineforeggswhenitfindsthattherearenoeggsleftinside.Allinall,5Gwillshapeeverytypeoftechnologythatittouches.Andyouwon’thavetowaittoolongforthattohappen.31．Thewriterusesselfdrivingcarsasanexampleto________.A．explainhowselfdrivingcarswork B．showustheadvantagesofselfdrivingcarsC．warnaboutthepossibledangersofselfdrivingcars D．explainhow5G’sfastspeedcanbehelpful32．Theunderlinedword“l(fā)ag”probablymeans“________”inChinese.A．延遲 B．迷路 C．暫停 D．耗電33．Thefridgeismentionedto________.A．describetheimportanceofIOT B．encouragepeopletotrythenewproductC．introducehowtousetheInternetofThings D．show5GwouldmakeIOTmorepowerful34．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．Can5Ggoanyfurther? B．5GhaschangedourlifeC．5Gisontheway D．Chinaisleadingtheworldin5G10、（2021·江蘇·揚州市梅嶺中學一模）AEuropeanUnionprogrami