初中英語語法精講課件 代詞

代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。2.1人稱代詞（1）、人稱代詞是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、我們“、”你們“、”他們“的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變下表：數(shù)單數(shù)復數(shù)格主格賓格主格賓格第一人稱Imeweus第二人稱youyouyouyouhehimtheythem第三人稱shehertheythemitittheythem如：Heismyfriend.他是我的朋友。It'sme.是我。（2）主格形式作主語，賓語形式做賓語。（3）代詞的順序：1.單數(shù)按照2.3.1人稱排序，復數(shù)按1.2.3人稱排序You，heandIaregoodfriends.We,youandIaregoodfriends.(4)It的特殊用法1.作代詞Whatisinthepicture?Itisacat.2.作形式主語Itiseasytoclimbthehill.ItisnousearguingwithhimItisclearthatsheisthebeststudentintheclass.3.作形式賓語IfounditnoteasytogetonwellwithJim4.作為強調(diào)句的引導詞Itis/wasTomwhometyourbrotheryesterday5.其他常用句型Itis…since…()1Thoughitrainedheavily,____werestillplayingontheplayground.A.theyB.themC.theirD.themselves()2Tomand____willgotoseeourteacher,for___isill.A.I;she.B.me;sheC.I;herD.me;her()3Is___aboyorgirl?A.sheB.heC.oneD.it()4Only____knowit.A.IandheB.heandyouC.heandID.Iandyou()5Theyasked___todothework.A.you,heandIB.you,himandmeC.I,youandheD.me,youandhim2.2物主代詞物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞二種，其人物和數(shù)的變化見下表。數(shù)單數(shù)復數(shù)人稱第一第二第三第一第二第三人稱人稱人稱人稱人稱人稱形容詞性myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir物主代詞名詞性mineyourshis/hersitsoursyourstheirs物主代詞如：Ilikehiscar.我喜歡他的小汽車。Ourschoolishere，andtheirsisthere.我們的學校在這兒，他們的在那兒。()1Isaw___playinginthestreetatthattime.A.themB.theyC.theirD.theirs2Jimwillgive____ashorttalktomorrow.A.weB.usC.ourD.ours()3Pleaseask____nottoskateonthethinice.A.theyB.themC.theirD.theirs()4Thepenishers.Passitto____,please.A.herB.sheC.hersD.herself()5Letmegoandgivethecoatto____.A.heB.hisC.himselfD.him()6Thebirdbuilt___nestinthetree.A.it'sB.her'sC.hersD.its()7Haveyouseen___pen,ablackone?A.theseB.myC.youD.hers()8SorryIhaveforgot____telephonenumber.A.yoursB.himC.youD.his()9.Ourroomisbig,but____isbiggerthan____.A.their;ourB.their;oursC.theirs;oursD.theirs;our()10Theyaren'tourbooks.Arethey____?A.yourB.hisC.herD.their()11Ourroomisbiggerthan___.A.youB.yourC.yoursD.her()12Youhaveagoodroom,Ishouldsay.Butit'snotasbigas___.A.IB.myC.meD.mine2.3反身代詞表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我們自己”、“你們自己”和“他們自己”等的代詞如：Shewastalkingtoherself.她自言自語?！境Ｓ迷~組積累】MakeoneselfunderstoodteachoneselfEnjoyoneselfhelponeselftoMakeyourselfathomesaytooneself()1We____atthepartylastSunday.A.enjoyedmyselfB.enjoyedourselvesC.enjoymyselfD.enjoyedourself()2"Make____athome."hesaidtohisfriends.A.yourselfB.yourselvesC.youD.yours()3LetTonydoitby____.HeisnolongerakidA.himB.hisC.himselfD.he()4Youaretwelvenow.___mustlookafter___.A.You;yourselfB.Your;yourselfC.You;yourD.You're;yourself()5Sheandhermotherenjoyed___attheparty.A.herB.themC.herselfD.themselves2.4指示代詞表示“那個”、“這個”、“這些”、“那些”等指示概念的代詞。指示代詞有this，that，these，those等。如：Thatisagoodidea.那是個好主意。【注意點】1.有時為了避免重復提到過的詞，用that或those替代。ThelifeinJapanisdifferentfromthatinAmerica.2.this或that可以表示程度，相當于soIdon’twantthatmuch3.替代不可數(shù)名詞Thisnewsisbetterthanthat()1Who'sthatatthedoor?____isthepostman.A.SheB.ThisC.ItD.He()2-Who'sthatinthepicture?A.It'smeB.That'sIC.ThisisaboyD.It'sI()3-Look,whoiscoming?-___mustbeourEnglishteacher.A.SheB.HeC.ItD.This()4Someoneisknockingatthedoor,butwhocan____be?A.oneB.heC.sheD.it()5___waslatesummerandtheweatherwasveryhot.A.ThatB.ItC.ThisD.It's()6Whattimeis____now?AitB.allC.thisD:that()7___is200kilometresfromheretothenaturalpark.Wehavetogotherebycar.A.ThereB.ItC.ThisD.Theplace2.5相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫相互代詞，有eachother和oneanother兩組，前者用于兩者之間，后者用于三者或以上事物之間。YouandIknoweachotherverywell。Allthechildrenherearefondofoneanother。()1Heandsheareexactlyastallas____.A.themselvesB.themC.theirD.eachother()2Peopleusuallyputsmallpresentsin____stockingonChristmasEve.A.eachotherB.eachothersC.eachother'sD.eachothers'()3Thestudentsoftenhelp___.A.onetheotherB.eachtheotherC.oneanotherD.twoanother()4-Howmanyapplesdidyourmothergiveyou,LucyorLily?A.EachoneB.OneeachC.OneeveryoneD.Onemore()5-Haveyouacomputer?-Yes,Ihaveagood____.A.someB.oneC.itD.that()6Hehasonebluepenandtwored____.A.one'sB.thoseC.oneD.ones()7Isthisstoryasinterestingas__A.theoneB.someonesC.thatoneD.one2.6疑問代詞疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句。疑問代詞都可用作連接代詞，引導名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句）如：Tellmewhoheis.告訴我他是誰。()1____isthebestseasonoftheyear?A.WhenB.WhatC.WhichD.Whattime()2-____isyoursister?-Sheisanurse.A.WhatB.WhichC.HowD.Who()3-___colourareyournewshoes?-Theyarebrown.A.AnyB.WhoseC.WhichD.What()4-___isyourclassmateJohnlike?-He'sverytall.A.HowB.WhatC.WhoD.Which()5.___hashappenedand____didit?A.Who;whoB.What;whoC.What;whatD.Who;what()6-_____isthatmanoverthere?-He'sMrGreen.A.WhatB.WhichC.HowD.Who()7-___istheboystandingthere?-Heismybrother.A.WhichB.WhatC.HowD.Who2.7關(guān)系代詞（1）關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引導從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。它們在定語從句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語等；另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語從句所修飾的那個名詞或代詞（通稱為先行詞）。如：Heisthemanwhomyouhavebeenlookingfor.他就是你要找的那個人。（2）關(guān)系代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中，that可指人也可指物，見表：限定性非限定性限定性指人指物指人或指物主格whowhichthat賓格whomthatthat屬格whoseofwhich/whoseofwhich/whoseThisisthepencilwhosepointisbroken.(whose指物，在限定性定語從句中作定語)Hecamebackforthebookwhichhehadforgotten.（which指物，在限定性定語從句中作賓語，可以省略）（3）關(guān)系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子，例如：Hesaidhesawmethere,whichwasalie.他說在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。()1____onedoyoulike,theblueoneortheredone?A.WhatB.WhichC.ThatD.This()2-___isbigger?-Theyellowone.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.It()3___ofyouwouldliketogowithus?A.WhoB.WhichC.AllD.Both()4-_____bagisthis?-It'sJack'sA.WhatB.WhichC.WhoseD.Who's()5-___pencilsarethese?-Theyaretheirs.A.WhichB.WhoseC./D.These()6___houseisbeingrepaired?A.WhatB.WhereC.WhoD.Whose()7Pleasefindout____heislookingafterathome.A.whoB.whichC.whomD.when()8____doyouthinkyoushouldhelp?A.WhoseB.WhichC.WhatD.Whom()9Hetoldme___hewassentfor.A.whomB.thatC.bothD.where2.8不定代詞不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見的不定代詞有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代詞，如anybody，something，noone。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，但none和由some，any，no等構(gòu)成的復合不定代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語；every和no只能作定語。如：---Doyouhaveacar?--你有一輛小汽車嗎？---Yes，Ihaveone.--是的，我有一輛。---Idon'tknowanyofthem.他們，我一個也不認識。（1）不定代詞包括all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no以及some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,none,everybody,everyone.等。（2）不定代詞的用法1.除every和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞，也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。Ihavenoideaaboutit.2.all都，指三者以上。all的主謂一致：all的單復數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復數(shù)決定。Allgoeswell.一切進展得很好。all通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如：不說allthebook，而說thewholebook。但all可與表時間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如allday，allnight，alltheyear；但習慣上不說allhour，allcentury。all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用，如allChina，allthecity，allmylife，alltheway3.both都，指兩者。a.both與復數(shù)動詞連用，但both…and…可與單數(shù)名詞連用。b.both,all都可作同位語，其位置在行為動詞前，be動詞之后。如果助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面的實義動詞省去，則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之前。WhocanspeakJapanese?Weboth(all)can.4.neither兩者都不a.neither作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)b.作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用，但neither…nor用作并列連詞，可與復數(shù)名詞連用。其謂語采用就近原則。c.可用于下列句型，避免重復。Shecan'tsing，neither(can)he.neither與nord.如前句是否定式從句，則主句用neither，而不用nor。Ifyoudon‘tdoit，neithershouldI.如果你不干，我也不干e.如后連續(xù)有幾個否定句式，則用nor，不用neither。Hecan'tsing，nordance，norskate.5.none無1)none作主語，多與of構(gòu)成短語noneof。在答語中，none可單獨使用。Arethereanypicturesonthewall?None.2)none作主語，謂語動詞單復數(shù)均可。但如做表語，則其單復數(shù)與表語一致。Itisnoneofyourbusiness.6.few一些，少數(shù)few作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)，多用于肯定句。7.some一些1)可與復數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。2)當做“某一”解時，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。（=acertain）Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.總有一天，你會后悔這件事的。Acertain(some)personhasseenyoubreaktherule.某些人不同意你的看法?！咀⒁恻c】(1)在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑問句中：說話人認為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時。Wouldyoulike句式中，表委婉請求或建議，如：Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?b.在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時，如：Ifyouneedsomehelp，letmeknow.c.some位于主語部分,Somestudentshaven'tbeentherebefored.當否定的是整體中的部分時，some可用于否定句。如：Ihaven'theardfromsomeofmyoldfriendstheseyears.這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。8.any一些1)any多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。當句中含有任何的意思時，any可用于肯定句。Herearethreenovels.Youmayreadany.9.one,ones為復數(shù)形式ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前，則用some,any，而不用ones。Haveyouboughtanyrulers?Yes，I'veboughtsome.【辨別】1.one，that和itone表示泛指，that和it表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it與所指名詞為同一個。Ican'tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同類但不同個)你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。Ican'tfindmyhat.Idon'tknowwhereIputit.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。2.one/another/theotherone…theother只有兩個some…theothers有三個以上one…another，another…some…others，others…others=otherpeople/thingstheothers=therest剩余的全部1)泛指另一個用another。2)一定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物)，一個用one，另一個用theother。3)一定范圍內(nèi)三者，一個用one，另一個用one(another)，第三個可用theother，athird。4)一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用theothers。5)泛指別的人或物時，用others當在一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部時，也用others。3.both,either,neither,all,any,none這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be動詞之后，行為動詞之前或第一助動詞之后。1)both(兩者都)，either(兩者中任何一個)，neither(兩者都不)。以上詞使用范圍為兩個人或物。Neitherofthetwoboysisclever.兩個男孩都不聰明。2)both，eitherboth與復數(shù)連用，either與單數(shù)連用。Boththeboysareclever.兩個男孩都很聰明。Eitherofthetwoboysisclever.兩個男孩都很聰明。Thereareflowersonbothsidesofthestreet.(兩岸)Thereareflowersoneithersideofthestreet.(岸的兩邊)路邊長滿了野花。Thereareflowersoneithersideofthestreet.(岸的兩邊)路邊長滿了野花。3)all(所有的，全部的人或物)，any(任何一個)，none(都不)。以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。Alltheflowersaregone.所有的花都謝了。Idon'tlikeanyoftheflowers.這些花我都不喜歡。Ilikenoneoftheflowers.這些花我都不喜歡。注意：all與none用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞，用單數(shù)動詞；跟復數(shù)名詞，用復數(shù)動詞。Allofthestudentsarethere.所有的學生都在那。All(of)themilkisthere.所有的牛奶都在那。4.few,little,afew,alittle(a)few+可數(shù)名詞,(a)little+不可數(shù)名詞afew/alittle為肯定含義，還有一點few/little為否定含義，沒有多少了。Hehasafewfriends.他有幾個朋友。Hehasfewfriends.他幾乎沒有朋友。Westillhavealittletime.我們還有點時間。Thereislittletimeleft.幾乎沒剩下什么時間了。【固定搭配】onlyafew(=few)notafew(=many)quiteafew(=many)manya(=many)Manybooksweresold.Manyabookwassold.賣出了許多書。()1.Thereareshopson_____sideofthestreet.________ofthemdonotclosetill12atnight.A.both;AllB.every;NoneC.either;SomeD.other;Many()2Theboyrunsfasterthan_______inhisclass.,A.anyoftheboyB.anyboysC.anyotherboysD.alltheboys()3Tomisstrongerthan___inhisclass.A.anystudentsB.otherstudentC.anyotherstudentD.anyotherstudents()4Thereisnot___meatinmybowl.Thereis____chickeninit.A.some;anyB.any;someC.any;anyD.some;some()5-Ihaveforgottenmybread.-Nevermind,youcanhave____.A.someofusB.someofourC.someofoursD.manyofours()6-Isthere___teain'thatgreencup?-Yes,thereis____.A.the;someB.any;anyC.some;anyD.any;some()7Couldyoudo___forme,please?A.everythingB.nothingC.somethingD.anything()8Thebottleisempty.Thereis___init.A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything()9-TurnofftheTV,Betty.____iswatchingit.-Oh,no.Mum.I'mwatchingitnow.A.somebodyB.NobodyC.EverybodyD.Anybody()10-Didyoufind___intheroom?-No,wefound___there.A.anybody;nobodyB.somebody;everybodyC.anybody;somebodyD.everybody;anybody()11Ihavealotofworktodo.Ihave___timetoplay.A.notB.anyC.noD.some()12Asweknow,heis___fool.A.notB.noaC.notanD.no()13Iaskedhimforsomeoil,buthehadn't___.A.someB.anyC.anythingD.no()14___ofthefourroadswilltakeyoutothehospital.A.NeitherB.EitherC.BothD.Any()15Wouldyoulendme___ofyourmoney?A.someB.lotC.afewD.any()16Wouldyoulike___morecoffee?A.littleB.anyC.someD.another()17Listentome.Ihave____totellyou.A.anythingnewB.somethingnewC.newsomethingD.nothingnew()18Bytheway,isthere____intoday'snewspaper?A.somethingnewB.anythingnewC.newsomethingD.newanything()19Pleasebequiet.Ihave___totellyou.A.importantsomethingB.nothingimportantC.importantanythingD.somethingimportant()20I'mnotbusy.Ihaven't____todo.A.somethingB.everythingC.nothingD.anything()21____hashappened,Iwantyoutotellmeaboutit.A.SomethingB.EverythingC.AnythingD.Nothing()22Yesterdaymorning___boysbrokeintothegarden.A.anyB.someC.manyD.much()23___twentyboyswereplayingfootballatthattimeyesterday.A.EachB.SomeC.NooneD.Neither()24NowIhave______questions.Let'sgotoaskourteacher.A.anyB.muchC.someD.alot()25CanIhave___bottleoforange,please?A.anotherB.otherC.othersD.theothers()26Thereareforty-fourstudentsinClassOne.Nineteenofthemareboys,___aregirls.A.theotherB.theothersC.othersD.someothers()27MrSmithhastwosons.____isasoldier,___isadoctor.