獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)法詳解及例句

獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)AbsoluteStructure概念：當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，用獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，或and加一個(gè)并列句。名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系，表名詞或代詞的狀況、狀態(tài)、動(dòng)作可置于句首、句尾、名中表示的是一個(gè)次要的動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)，主要用于書面語(yǔ)，尤其是描述性語(yǔ)言中。逗號(hào)與主句分開，無(wú)任何連接詞主動(dòng)：現(xiàn)在分詞；被動(dòng)：過分常考項(xiàng)目，在各級(jí)各類考試中多以語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)填空形式出現(xiàn)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)通常為主句的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：名詞（或代詞）+分詞（(現(xiàn)在、過去分詞）：這種結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于連接詞and加上一個(gè)并列句。主動(dòng)：現(xiàn)在分詞，邏輯主語(yǔ)是分詞的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者；被動(dòng)：過去分詞，邏輯主語(yǔ)是分詞的動(dòng)作承受者；名詞（或代詞）+形容詞：（例句中的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)均表伴隨情況）名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語(yǔ)：（例句中的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)均表伴隨情況）名詞（或代詞）+不定式：（例句中的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)均表補(bǔ)充說明）名詞（或代詞）+副詞：（例句1——4中的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)表補(bǔ)充說明）名詞（或代詞）+分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)：這種結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于連接詞and加上一個(gè)并列句。WewentsightseeinginBeijingyesterday.Mr.Wangactingasguide(=andMr.Wangactedasguide)昨天我們?cè)诒本﹨⒂^游覽，王先生當(dāng)向?qū)?。Theboyranquickly,hisfatherfollowing(=andhisfatherfollowed)那個(gè)男孩跑得很快，他的父親在后面緊緊跟著。（表伴隨情況）Themembershipnumbers500,alltold.會(huì)中總共有五百人。（alltold總共）（表說明）Allthefoodwasbad,thefishexcepted.所有的食物都是壞的，魚除外。（表示補(bǔ)充說明）Helayonhisback,hishandscrossedunderhishead(=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead)他臉朝天頭枕著雙手躺著（表伴隨）Thegirlstaringathim(=Asthegirlstaredathim),hedidn”tknowwhattosay.姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。Timepermitting(=Iftimepermits),wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。名詞（或代詞）+形容詞：（例句中的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)均表伴隨情況）Hewassilentforamoment,hislipstight(=andhislipsweretight)他雙唇緊閉，沉默了片刻。Sheturnedtohim,herdarkeyesbrilliantandexcited.她轉(zhuǎn)向他，黑亮的眼睛里露出激動(dòng)的神情。（turnto轉(zhuǎn)向）Thesmallchildenteredtheroom,hisnoseredwithcold這個(gè)小孩鼻子凍得通紅地走進(jìn)房來。Thegirlsatonabench,herfacepalewithpain.姑娘坐在一條長(zhǎng)凳上，臉由于痛苦而發(fā)白。Thesentrycamein,hisearsredwithcold哨兵走進(jìn)來，耳朵都凍紅了。Anairaccidenthappenedtotheplane,nobodyalive.那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難，無(wú)一人生還。Somanypeople+absent,themeetinghadtobecalledoff.這么多人缺席，會(huì)議不得不取消。注：此結(jié)構(gòu)可以理解為省掉了現(xiàn)在分詞being的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：Thechildrenwerewatchingtheacrobaticshow,theireyes(being)wideopen.孩子們?cè)谟^看雜技表演，眼睛睜得大大的。Everything(being)ready,westartedfortheconstructionsite.一切都準(zhǔn)備好后，我們動(dòng)身朝工地走去。名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語(yǔ)：（例句中的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)均表伴隨情況）Hewasabletowalkwhentwomensupportedhim,oneoneachside.(=…,andonewasoneachside)當(dāng)兩個(gè)人一邊一個(gè)扶著他時(shí)，他能走路。Shestoodthere,(her)book(being)in(her)hand.(=…，andherbookwasinherhand.)他站在那里，手里拿著書。Thestudentstoodatthebus-stopwaiting,hishandsinhispockets.那個(gè)學(xué)生雙插進(jìn)褲包里，站在公共汽車站等車。Clubinhand,thepolicemanranafterthepickpocket.那警察手拿警棒追趕那個(gè)扒手。Thesoldersmarcheddowntheroad,theirrifles+ontheirshoulders.戰(zhàn)士們扛著步槍，行進(jìn)在公路上。Theoldmansatatthedoor,hispipe+inthemouth.老人嘴銜煙斗，坐在門口ThemayorofHiroshimastrodeataleisurepacetowardthepuzzledjournalist，abunchofflowers+inhishands．廣島市市長(zhǎng)雙手捧著一束鮮花，邁著方步走向那個(gè)迷惑不解的記者。stride:striderstrodestriddenstridingstridesn.大步走；一大步；步伐；進(jìn)步vt.跨；跨騎vi.邁大步走；跨過；分腿站立strideat:跨步Everyafternoonaveryoldwomanhobbledpasttheramshacklehouse，avastloadoffirewood+onherback．（每天下午，一個(gè)背著一大背柴禾的老婦人都會(huì)從那間東倒西歪的房屋前蹣跚著走過。）名詞（或代詞）+不定式：（例句中的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)均表補(bǔ)充說明）TheyaretogotoBeijingonashortvisit,someofthem+tostaywiththeirrelativesandothers+tostayatahotel.(=…,someofthemaretostaywiththeirrelativesandothersaretostayatahotel)他們計(jì)劃去北京作短期的參觀訪問，一些人將在親戚家里，另一些人將住在旅館里。Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,one+togohome,theother+togotothebookstore.他們道別后，一個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書店。Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdone+tocomeoutnextmonth.(=…,thethirdoneistocomeoutnextmonth.)這是頭兩卷，第三卷下月出。14jetfightersarescheduledfordeliverythismonth,theremainder+tobesentatalaterdate.十四架噴氣式戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)預(yù)定本月交貨，剩下的晚些時(shí)候交。Heisgoingtomakeamodelplane,someoldparts+tohelp.借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。（強(qiáng)調(diào)一次具體性動(dòng)作）名詞（或代詞）+副詞：（例句1——4中的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)表補(bǔ)充說明）Heputonhissockswrongside+out(insideout)他襪子穿反了。Thewindblewherumbrella+insideout.風(fēng)把她的傘吹翻書了。Theboyturnedeverythingintheroomupsidedown(insideout)那男孩把房間里的一切翻得亂七八糟。Hesatatthedesk,collaroff,headdown,andpeninposition.他坐在書桌旁，敞開領(lǐng)子，低著頭，拿好筆。Summer+over,wereturnedtotheuniversity.(=whensummerwasover….)夏天過后，我們回到大學(xué)里。（表時(shí)間）Themeeting+over,theyallwenthome.會(huì)議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。Thislittleexcitement+over，nothingwastobedonebuttoreturntoasteadfastgazeatmymutecompanion．（一陣小小的興奮過后，除了再去死死地盯著我的啞伴外，別無(wú)它事可干了。）over:prep.在...的上方；遍及地；在...期間adv.穿過；完全覆蓋；結(jié)束；落下n.(板球中)每個(gè)投球手一次連續(xù)所投出的球數(shù)Thisintermezzoover，hefoundhimselfsurroundedbyseveralstunning，

porcelain-facedJapanesewomeninkimonos．（這曲子過后，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己身處幾位穿著和服并且有著嬌好面容的日本女人的包圍之中。）Intermezzo[??nt?'mets??]n.插曲；間奏曲；幕間劇Kimonos[k?'m??n??]n.和服；和服式女晨衣注：獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的分詞還有完成式、被動(dòng)式、完成被動(dòng)式，例如：Springhavingcome,treesbegintogrow.(=whenSpringhascome…)(完成式)春天來時(shí)，樹開始生長(zhǎng)。Thelecturer+havingbeguntospeak,theaudiencelistenedintently.(=when(after)thelecturerhadbeguntospeak….)(完成式)講演者開始講話后，聽眾專心地聽。They+havingcometoterms,thebusinesswillnowprosper.(完成式)（cometoterms達(dá)成協(xié)議）他們達(dá)成協(xié)議之后，生意就會(huì)興旺起來。Themoon+havingrisen,theywenttothefields月亮升起來后，他們下地了。Themothers+havingleftthenursery,thenursestookcareoftheirchildren.母親離開托兒所之后，保姆們便照顧她們的孩子。Theprofessor+havingfinishedhislecture,thestudentslefttheclassroom.教授講完課后，學(xué)生們離開教室。Thisbeingdone,wesatdowntorest.（被動(dòng)式）干完這工作后，我們坐下來休息。Theirresolutionbeingtaken,theysetoutthenextday(被動(dòng)式）（takearesolution下決心）他們下了決心之后，第二天就動(dòng)身了。Thecityhavingbeentaken,theinhabitantsfled.（完成被動(dòng)式）該城被攻占后，居民都逃走了。注：有的分詞短語(yǔ)可以獨(dú)立存在，在句中沒有邏輯主語(yǔ)，叫“懸垂分詞”如：Generallyspeaking,thisfilmisworthseeing.總的來說，這部電影值得一看。（Generallyspeaking邏輯主語(yǔ)在句找不到）Judgingbyheraccent,shemustbefromChengdu.從口音來看，她一定是成都人。Talkingofthevolleyballmatch,whowon?談到排球比賽，誰(shuí)贏了？Therearefiftypeople,notcountingthechildren.有五十人，不算兒童。這類分詞短語(yǔ)往往已變成固定的習(xí)慣語(yǔ)，必須熟記，也可以看作一種獨(dú)立成分。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在句中的作用：只能作狀語(yǔ)用，表示時(shí)間原因條件伴隨動(dòng)作或伴隨狀況補(bǔ)充說明表示時(shí)間Thefriendly+matchbeingover,（名詞或代詞+分詞）theplayersofthetwocountrieswerephotographedwiththePremier.（=when(或after)thefriendlymatchwasover….）友誼比賽結(jié)束后，兩國(guó)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員和總理一起照了相。Theshower+beingover,wecontinuedtomarch.陣雨過后，我們又繼續(xù)前進(jìn)了。Nightcomingon,wegaveupthechase.夜幕降臨時(shí)，我們就停止追了。（comeon開始）Water+changedintoasolid,wecallitice.水變成固體時(shí)，我們把它叫做冰。(bechangedinto變成)This+done,helockedthedoorandwenttobed.(=afterthiswasdone….)這事做了后，他鎖上門去睡覺。Herworkfinished,shepreparedtogohome.她做完工作后，就準(zhǔn)備回家。Thequestionsettled,theywentbacktotheirrespectiveposts.這個(gè)問題解決后，他們回到各自的工作崗位上。Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneagain.(=afterthedarkcloudshaddispersed,…)烏云散去之后，太陽(yáng)開始放射光芒。Theletterhavingbeenwritten,Iputitintoanenvelope.(=aftertheletterhadbeenwritten,…)信定好后，我把它裝進(jìn)信封里。(完成被動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài))Mytaskhavingbeenfinished,Iwenttobed.我的任務(wù)完成后，我就去睡覺。表示原因（itbeing+名詞或代詞）（Therebeing+名詞（代詞））Thefogbeingverydense,theaeroplanewasforcedtoalight.(=asthefogwasverydense…)因?yàn)殪F太大，飛機(jī)被迫降落。Theybeingourfriends,weshouldhelpthem.(=becausetheyareourfriends,….)lTherebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodoitmyself.由于附近沒有別的人，我只得獨(dú)自干。(athand在附近)Theriverbeingtoowide,wecouldn’tswimacross.河太寬，我們無(wú)法游過去。Theweatherbeingfire,Ikeptthewindowsopen.天氣很好，我把窗子一直開著。Itbeingratherlate,wehadtohurryhome.天相當(dāng)晚了，我們不得不匆匆忙忙地趕回家。Itbeingverystormy,shestayedathome.因?yàn)橛斜┯?，所以她呆在家里。ComradeWangbeingawayfromhome,hiswifehadtodothework.王同志不在家，他的妻子不得不干得這工作。Thequestionbeingratherdifficult,wemuchtaketimetoconsideritcarefully.因?yàn)檫@個(gè)問題相當(dāng)困難，所以我們必須花時(shí)間來仔細(xì)考慮。Timebeingshort,wedecidedtoflyhome.由于時(shí)間太短，我們決定坐飛機(jī)回家。注：下面獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的分詞完成形式，也是表示原因的。Therainhavingstopped,theydecidedtosetoffatonce.(=astherainhadstopped)雨停了，他們決定馬上動(dòng)身。Thelasttrainhavingleft,wehadtostaynthetownforthenight.最后一輛火車開了，我們不得不留在城里過夜。Thesunhavingset,wehadbettergohome.太陽(yáng)落山了，我們最好回家吧。Thestormhavingdestroyedtheirhut,theyhadtoliveinacase.暴風(fēng)雨摧毀了他們的茅屋，他們不得不住在山洞里。Myoldonehavingexpired,Ihadtogetanewpassport.我的舊護(hù)照已經(jīng)滿期了，我不得不換個(gè)新的。Whenshewasfiftysheretired,herhealthhavingbeenimpairedbyyearsofoverwork.(….=,becauseherhealthhadbeenimpairedbyyearsofoverwork)她五十歲時(shí)就退休了，因?yàn)樗慕】狄蚨嗄甑倪^度勞累而受到了損害。表示條件Weatherpermitting,we’llgoforanoutingtomorrow.(=ifweatherpermits,…)如果天氣合適，我們明天要出去游玩。Timepermitting,Iwillgoandseemyfriendtomorrow.如果時(shí)間允許，明天我要去看我的朋友.Circumstancespermitting,weshallbegintoworkthisafternoon.如果環(huán)境許可，今天下午我們就開始工作。Everythingconsidered,heisasuitablepersonforthejob.（=ifeverythingisconsidered,…）全面考慮的話，他是干這工作的適當(dāng)?shù)娜诉x。Allthingsconsidered,hispaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.全面考慮的話，他的論文比你的論文更有價(jià)值。Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theplanheputforwardseemedtobemoreworkable.從各個(gè)方面來考慮，他提出的計(jì)劃似乎更可行些。(takesomethingintoconsideration考慮到某事)Givenenoughtime,waterwilldissolvealmostanysubstance.(=ifenoughtimeisgiven,….)假定時(shí)間充分，水能溶解任何物質(zhì)。Givenheath,thiscanbedone.假如身體健康，這事是做得到的。Givenasquarewhoseareais400squarefeet,howlargemustitssidebe?假定一個(gè)正方形的面積是400平方英尺，它的邊長(zhǎng)是多少？注：given用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中，常放在邏輯主語(yǔ)之前。伴隨動(dòng)作或伴隨狀況Heatealoneandwewatched,myfathersittingatoneendofthetable,mymotherwaitingontheguest.(=…,myfathersatatoneendofthetable,andmymotherwaitedontheguest.)他一個(gè)人吃，我們?cè)谂赃吙矗赣H坐在桌子的一端，母親侍候客人。Oneeveningwesatintheshade,themoonslowlycomingupfrombehindthehills.一天晚上我們坐在樹蔭下，月亮慢慢從山后升起。Theywalkedthroughtheforest,anoldhunterleadingtheway.他們由一個(gè)老獵人帶路，穿過樹林。Shelookedup,tearsofjoyrollingdownhercheeks.她抬起頭來，喜悅的淚珠從面頰上滾落下來。Thewriterwroteonanon,hisnosesnifflingallthetime.作家寫呀，寫呀，鼻子不斷地發(fā)出鼻塞聲。Isawhimwalkingdownthehill,hisdogrunningafterhim.我看見他從山上走下來，他的狗跟在后面。Helayonhisback,histeethset,andhisrighthandclenchedonhisbreast.他仰臥著，牙關(guān)緊閉，右手緊握拳頭放在胸前。Clench:v.緊握；緊咬；牢牢地抓?。淮_定n.牢牢抓?。会斁oThewomanlayonthecouch,herfacecoveredwithacloth.那個(gè)女婦躺在床上，臉上蓋著一塊布。Thechildsatmotionless,hiseyesfixedontheguest.那孩子一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐在那里，目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地盯著客人。Hesetoutupthemountainwiththreeyoungmen,ropestiedtotheirbacks.他和三個(gè)年輕人出去去登山，他們背上都栓著繩子。表補(bǔ)充說明Helivedinawoodenhousewithtworooms,onebeingabedroomandtheotherbeinganoffice.（=…,onewasabedroomandtheotherwasanoffice.）他住在有兩個(gè)房間的木屋里，其中一間是寢室，另一間是辦公室。Chinahaspopulationofabout1,100million,mostofthemlivinginthecountryside.(=…andmostofthemliveinthecountryside.)中國(guó)大約有十一億人，其中大多數(shù)住在農(nóng)村。Therearetworoadsbeforeus:oneleadingtothebus-stop,theotherleadingtotherailwaystation.我們面前有兩條路：一條通到公共汽車站，另一條通到火車站。Theyoungdoctorcouldnotsleepatnight,histhoughtsgivinghimnopeace.年輕的醫(yī)生晚上睡不著，各種想法使他不得安寧。Everywhereyouseepeopleintheirholidaydresses,theirfaceshiningwithsmiles.到處你都可以看到人們穿著節(jié)目的盛裝，笑容滿面。Onsummerevenings,hespentlonghourslookingupatthestars,hismindtravellingthroughspace.夏日晚上，他常常長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地仰望星星，他的思想在太空中遨游.Theshopdoestwovoyageseveryyear,eachlastingaboutsixmonths.該船每年航行兩次，每次大約要六個(gè)月。Weshouldarmourselveswithallkindsofknowledge,Englishincluded.(=…,andEnglishisincluded)我們應(yīng)該用各種知識(shí)，包括英語(yǔ)，來武裝我們。Hisfairytalesandfables,manyofthemtranslatedintoEnglish,Russian,JapaneseandKoreanenjoyawidereadershipamongchildren.他的童話和寓言，共中許多已經(jīng)譯成英語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)、日語(yǔ)和朝鮮語(yǔ)，在兒童中擁有眾多的讀者。With/without結(jié)構(gòu)的用法構(gòu)成：with+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)：名詞、名詞詞組、代詞賓格賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：分詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)：表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨動(dòng)作或伴隨情況、補(bǔ)充說明，同上作定語(yǔ)，例如：Thisisaschoolwith(=whichhas)ahighwallaroundit.這是一所四周用高高的圍墻圍起來的學(xué)校。Around:prep.Isthatthehousewiththepolicemanstandingoutside?是不是我頉有警察站崗的那座房子？Ablackcarwithfourofficersinsideitstoppedatthecampgate.里面坐著四個(gè)軍官的一輛黑色大轎車在營(yíng)房門口停下來。Inside:adv.在里面Sheputapieceofpaperwithhernameandaddressonitintoabottle.她把一張寫有姓名的地址的紙放入一只瓶子里。Weliveinahousewithgasandwaterlaidon.我們住在裝有煤氣和自來水的一座房子里。（layon安裝）Itwasadarknightwithnostarstobeseen.那是一個(gè)看不見星星的黑夜。Shesawabookwithredflowersandgreengrassonbothsides.她看見一條兩岸長(zhǎng)著紅花綠草的小溪。Idon’tlikethegardenwithoutanyflowersinit.我不喜歡沒有花的花園。作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間Hehadmewhippedwithallthetownlookingon.(=..whileallthetownwaslookingon)在全城眾目睽睽之下，他叫人把我鞭打了一頓。Thesquarelooksmorebeautifulwithallthelightson.(=whenallthelightsareturnedon)所有的燈都開了時(shí)，廣場(chǎng)顯得格外美麗。Howbeautifulthehillslookwiththewhitecloudsbehindthem.(=…whenthewhitecloudsarebehindthem)山后襯托著白云，山多么美麗呀！Hediedwithhisdaughteryetaschoolgirl.他的女兒還是個(gè)學(xué)生時(shí)，他便死了。Withthisquicklyeaten,hewentoutagain.(=afterthiswasquicklyeaten,…)他很快把這東西吃了后，又出去了。Theywenthomewiththejobcompleted.工作完成后，他們回家了。Withthisexperimentcarriedout,westartednewinvestigations.這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)作完以后，我開始新的調(diào)查。Don’tspeakwithyourmouthfull.吃東西時(shí)，不說話。Weled85---83with20secondstogo.(=whentherewere20secondstogo.)還剩十十秒時(shí)我們以85比83領(lǐng)先。表示原因Withagreatweighttakenoffhismind,hewenttobed.(=..asagreatweightwastakenoffhismind,…..)了卻了一件大心事，他便睡覺了。Withalltheworkdone,wecanhavearest.(=…Sincealltheworkisdone,…)既然所有的工作都做完了，我們可以休息一下。Wearesuretowinthevictory,withsomanypeoplebehindus.(=….becausesomanypeoplearebehindus.)有這么多人支持，我們一定會(huì)取得勝利。Thegardenisprettywithalltheflowerscomingout.所有的花都開了，公園顯得很美麗。Ican’twritewithyoustandingbehindme.你站在我后面，我就寫不出來。Hefeltmoreuneasywiththewholeclassstaringathim.全班同學(xué)都盯著他，所以他感到更不自在了。HowcanIstudywithallthisrowgoingonoutsidemywindows?窗外這樣吵鬧我怎么能學(xué)習(xí)呢？row:n.排；劃船；路；吵鬧Withtheweathersocloseandstuffy,tentooneiswillrain.天氣這樣悶，十之八九要下雨。(tentoone十之八九，非常可能)Itwasdarkoutsidewiththemoonnotyetup.月亮還沒升起，外面一片漆黑，（yetadv.還；已經(jīng)；仍然）Withhimtakengoodcareof,wefeltquiterelieved.因?yàn)樗玫搅撕芎玫恼疹?，所以我們感到很放心。表示條件Evenwithconditionsunfavorable,theywouldsucceed.(=…evenifconditionswereunfavorable,….)即使條件不利，他們也會(huì)成功。Withourforeigntradeexpandingatsuchastempo,thequestionisindeedtofindenoughhandstofillthejobs.(=…ifourforeigntradeexpandsatsuchatemp….)如果我們的對(duì)外貿(mào)易以這樣的速度發(fā)展的話，問題確實(shí)是要能找到足夠的人手來干這些工作。注：和with結(jié)構(gòu)一樣，without結(jié)構(gòu)也是一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，可以用來表示條件。Withouttheairtostopsomeofthesun’sheat,ourearthwouldbetoohotortoocoldtoliveon.(=iftherewerenoairtostopsomeofthesun’sheat,….)如果沒有空氣阻擋住太陽(yáng)的一部分熱，我們的地球就會(huì)熱得來或冷得來不適合我們居住。Sometimesthefoggetssobadthatacarcan’tgoby,itselfwithoutsomebodywalkinginfrontofit,leadingtheway.(=….ifnoonewalksinfrontofit,leadingtheway.)有時(shí)霧這樣大，以致如果沒有人在前面帶路汽車就無(wú)法開動(dòng)）表伴隨動(dòng)作或伴隨情況：with結(jié)構(gòu)可用and加并列句代替。Hesleepswiththewindowsopeneveninwinter.(=…andthewindowsareopeneveninwinter.)即使在冬天他也開著窗戶睡覺。Theministerandhisguesssatatthetable,withtheinterpreterssittingjustbehindthem.(=….andtheinterpreterssatjustbehindthem.)部長(zhǎng)和他的客人們坐在桌旁，譯員們坐在他們的背后。Weate,withtherainstillbeatinghardontheroof.(=weate,andtherainwasstillbeatinghardontheroof)我們吃飯的時(shí)候，雨點(diǎn)仍然噼里啪啦地敲打著屋頂。Wewalkedtoourplaceofwork,withthemonitorleadingtheway.由班長(zhǎng)帶路，我們來到了工作地點(diǎn)。Thewolfwaslookingonwithhismouthwatering.狼流著口水，在旁邊看著。Hesatwithhiseyeshalfclosed.(=hesat,andhiseyeswerehalfclosed.)他半閉著眼睛坐著。Thegirlstoodthere,withherheadbentdown.姑娘低著頭站在那里。Hewasbare-footed,withhistrousersrolledup.他打著赤腳，褲腳卷了起來。Hefellasleepwithhisbodyextendingonthegrass.他伸展著身子躺在草地上睡著了。Iliketoworkwiththeradioplaying.我喜歡開著收音機(jī)邊聽邊工作。表示補(bǔ)充說明ThelastitemwasachoruswithOldWang’sdaughtersingingthelead.(=…andOldWang’sdaughtersangthelead)最后一個(gè)節(jié)目是大合唱，由老王的女兒擔(dān)任領(lǐng)唱。（singthelead領(lǐng)唱）Thesingingcompetitionendedlastweek,withthetopprizesgoingtotwogirlstudents.歌詠比賽上周結(jié)束，兩位女學(xué)生得了頭獎(jiǎng)。Lincolnlikedtolieonthefloor,reading,withhiscoatsandbootsoff.林肯喜歡脫去外衣和靴子，躺在地板上看書。Off:adv.表示狀態(tài)的關(guān)閉或離開Theyshoutedouttoeachotherwithariverbetween.他們隔河互相喊話。Between:adv.在中間Heworkedfrommorningtillnight,withlittletoeatandonlyatinyplacetolivein.他從早干到晚，沒有吃的，住的地主方也很狹窄。特殊例子：Notfarfromtheschooltherewasagarden,_________ownerseatedinitplayingchesswithhislittlegrandsoneveryafternoon.A.itsB.whoseC.whichD.that【分析】此題很容易誤選B，許多同學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)為句中逗號(hào)后是一個(gè)非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句，whose在定語(yǔ)從句中用作定語(yǔ)修飾其后的名詞owner。此分析從表面上看，似乎天衣無(wú)縫，但實(shí)質(zhì)上是錯(cuò)的，原因是空格后根本不是一個(gè)句子，因?yàn)闆]有謂語(yǔ)。盡管句中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，但它們都是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。也許有的同學(xué)認(rèn)為，其中的seated可視為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但是注意，seat用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它總是及物的，其后要么接賓語(yǔ)，要么它就用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，所以若在seated前加上助動(dòng)詞is，則可以選擇B（當(dāng)然若將seated改為sitting，也應(yīng)選擇A）。所以此題最佳答案選A。Hewrotealotofnovels,manyof_________translatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.that應(yīng)選B，而不能選C，是因?yàn)榫渲械膖ranslated是過去分詞(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)，若選C，則該從句無(wú)謂語(yǔ)；Hewrotealotofnovels,manyof_________weretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.that應(yīng)選C，該句是典型的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)樵摼湫揎椀氖乔懊娴膎ovels，即指物，所以只能用which做of的賓語(yǔ)。Hewrotealotofnovels,andmanyof_________weretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.that此題與上面的第(2)題不同，兩句間多了一個(gè)并列連詞and，說明這是一個(gè)并列句，故應(yīng)選B，則不能選C。ThereImetseveralpeople,twoof_________beingforeigners.（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）whichB.themC.whomD.thatThereImetseveralpeople,twoof_________wereforeigners.（非限制性定語(yǔ)從句）whichB.whomC.whoD.thatThereImetseveralpeople,andtwoof_________wereforeigners.（兩個(gè)句子）whichB.themC.whomD.thatThere_________nothingmoretodo,Mr.Goodmanleftforhome.（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）wasB.beingC.tobeD.hadbeing獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)常見出題形式及解題策略獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一?？柬?xiàng)目，在各級(jí)各類考試中多以語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)填空形式出現(xiàn)。例如：Allflights，wedecidedtotakeagreyhound．A．werecanceledB．hadbeencanceledC．havingcanceledD．havingbeencanceledTheproductionsteadily，thefactoryneedsanever-increasingsupplyofrawmaterial．A．hasgoneupB．isgoingupC．havinggoneupD．beinggoneup解題策略：可以概括為“結(jié)構(gòu)分析法”，即首先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷句子缺少的成分，同時(shí)注意主句與其他部分之間有無(wú)連接詞，是否用逗號(hào)隔開。若有逗號(hào)而無(wú)連接詞，則可對(duì)選項(xiàng)部分作如下初步判斷：選項(xiàng)部分可能會(huì)構(gòu)成狀語(yǔ)從句或非限制性定語(yǔ)從句（但二者必須由從屬連詞或關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)）；選項(xiàng)部分可能會(huì)構(gòu)成起狀語(yǔ)作用的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)（但非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)通常為主句的主語(yǔ)）；選項(xiàng)部分可能會(huì)構(gòu)成起狀語(yǔ)作用的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的主語(yǔ)，并可擴(kuò)展為狀語(yǔ)從句或獨(dú)立句子）。初步判斷后，即可聯(lián)系句子，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)，作出選擇。上述例題1）中的選項(xiàng)A和B與Allflights構(gòu)成了句子，但該句沒有任何從屬連詞、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，與主句之間也無(wú)連接詞，因而是錯(cuò)誤的，應(yīng)排除。選項(xiàng)C和D與Allflights都可構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作原因狀語(yǔ)，但根據(jù)題意，應(yīng)選D，因?yàn)椤鞍鄼C(jī)”是“被取消”的。同樣，例題2）中的選項(xiàng)A和B與名詞theproduction構(gòu)成了句子，但該句無(wú)連接詞連接兩個(gè)句子，因而應(yīng)排除。選項(xiàng)C和D與theproduction都可構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作原因狀語(yǔ)，但根據(jù)題意，“產(chǎn)量在穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)”，在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，應(yīng)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，所以應(yīng)選C。此外，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也時(shí)常見于其他諸如ClozeTest等題型中，并能廣泛運(yùn)用于寫作和翻譯之中?？梢?，掌握了獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于學(xué)生提高綜合應(yīng)試能力是大有裨益的。Choosethebestfromthefourchoices．Fordtrieddividingthelabor，eachworkeraseparatetask．A．a(chǎn)ssigningB．a(chǎn)ssignedC．wasassignedD．wouldbeassignedThelecture，helefthisseatsoquietlythatnoonecomplainedthathisleavingdisturbedthespeaker．A．beganB．beginningC．havingbegunD．beingbeginningSuchthecase，therearenogroundstojustifyyourcomplaints．A．beingB．isC．wasD．tobeDarknessin，theyoungpeoplelingeredonmerrymaking．A．setB．settingC．hassetD．wassetWithallfactors，wethinkthisprogrammayexcelalltheothersinachievingthegoal．A．beingconsideredB．consideringC．consideredD．a(chǎn)reconsideredAnewtechnique，theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent．A．tohavebeenworkedoutB．havingworkedoutC．workingoutD．havingbeenworkedoutOnthetopwastheclearoutlineofagreatwolfsittingstill，ears，alert，listening．A．pointedB．pointingC．a(chǎn)repointedD．a(chǎn)repointingWalterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice，butourwork，wedeclinedtheoffer．A．notbeingfinishedB．nothavingfinishedC．hadnotbeenfinishedD．wasnotfinishedTherearevariouskindsofmetals，eachitsownproperties．A．hasB．hadC．tohaveD．havingThearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports，eachonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother．A．makesB．madeC．istomakeD．makingKey：1—5BCABC6—10DAADD練習(xí)題：Anewtechnique____workedout,wesetaboutourproject.A.being B.tobe Chaving D.havingbeenSuchthecase,therewerenogroundstojustifyyourcomplaints.A.was B.being C.hadbeen D.beThere’snocomparisonbetweenthem,oneclearlymuchbetterthantheother.A.being, B.was C.havingbeen D.beThehumanbodyiscomposedoforgans,eachadefinitejobtodo.A.have B.has C.tohave D.having_______,ournextstepastodeterminehowtocarryitout.A.Havingmaketheplan B.TheplanbeingmadeC.Makingtheplan D.Theplanhavingbeenmade_______，thehousewasagoodhut.A.Consideredeverything B.ConsideringeverythingC.Allthingsconsidered D.AllthingsbeingconsideredThedancerssankdownonebyone,_______A.alltheirstrengthexhausting B.alltheirstrengthexhaustedC.alltheirstrengthtobeexhausted D.tobeexhaustedTherearemanykindsofmetals,______A.each