專題20讀寫綜合概要寫作之議論文-2021年高考英語題型大沖關

高考概要寫作之議論文高考概要寫作之議論文知識導圖知識導圖要要點精析（一）概要寫作的總體要求1.使用意義相同或相近的單詞、短語或句式,或使用不同的句子結構表達同一意思,如改變語態(tài)、肯定變否定等,避免抄襲原文句子。概括議論性或論說文時,則要盡可能客觀簡要地轉(zhuǎn)述閱讀材料的觀點。概括對方觀點首先是要轉(zhuǎn)換視角,即以“第三人稱”或“無人稱”來概括。如果給的閱讀材料是一則故事,應該用最簡練的語言來說明故事講述了什么,不能拖泥帶水講細節(jié),而且最好講出故事給你的啟示或其中的一個道理。如果是說明性或描述性的短文,就必須用概括性的文字說明一個現(xiàn)象。（二）概要寫作的語言微技巧1.要點獲取。要點獲取過程就是文本解讀過程。對于結構比較清楚的段落，可以通過篩選、尋找主題句找到要點，這通常是指能夠概括全文或段落的關鍵句子；對于主題句不明確的文章或段落，可以使用關鍵詞來設計主題句的方法。2.要點轉(zhuǎn)述。要求使用自己的語言來進行自主表述。可以從以下幾個主要方面進行轉(zhuǎn)述：（1）同義替換法，指用相同的單詞、短語替代原文；（2）語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換法，指把句子在主動與被動語態(tài)之間轉(zhuǎn)化；（3）詞性改變法，在寫作時，可以嘗試改變詞性，如將動詞改成名詞，或把形容詞改為名詞等手段變化原文；（4）句子重構，概要寫作語言要求“以簡為貴”，只有掌握多種句式，如定語從句、非謂語動詞等，寫作時就能從容自若，就能化復雜句式為簡單句或整合重組松散句子。3.要點銜接。概要寫作并不是簡單的要點羅列與堆砌，因此，在獲取要點和轉(zhuǎn)述要點之后，應特別關注各要點之間內(nèi)部聯(lián)系和邏輯結構，用適當?shù)你暯訉⒁c進行連接，從而形成一篇結構緊湊的小小短文。寫作中常見的銜接詞如下：1）對立關系包括讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折關系，常見的標志詞和短語：but,however,yet,onthecontrary,bycontrast,unfortunately,although,eventhough,nevertheless,inspiteof,regardlessof,anyhow,insteadof,ratherthan,not…but等。2）因果關系常用的標志詞和短語有：because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so…that,such…that,inorderthat,consequently,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,inresponseto,onaccountof,becauseof,consideringthat,seeingthat,inthat,nowthat,asaresult,forthisreason等。3）并列關系常用的標志詞和短語有：and,or,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso,likewise,similarly,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,same…as等。4）總分關系常用的標志詞和短語有：suchas,forexample,forinstance,toillustrate,asanillustration,totakeanexample,morespecifically等。5）遞進關系常用的標志詞和短語有：then,besides,additionally,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,what’sworse,evenworse等。（三）概要寫作的注意事項1.概要應包括原文中的主要事實，略去不必要的細節(jié)。2.安排好篇幅的比例，概要應同原文保持協(xié)調(diào)，即用較多的文字寫重要內(nèi)容，用較少的文字寫次要內(nèi)容。3.注意要點之間的銜接，要用適當?shù)年P聯(lián)詞語貫通全文，切忌只簡單地寫出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每兩句之間都加關聯(lián)詞語，以免顯得生硬。4.不排斥用原文的某些詞句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的話語表達，至少對原文句子做一些同義詞替換，如果結構上也能有一些轉(zhuǎn)換會更好。5.計算詞數(shù)，看是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。（四）議論文概要寫作技巧議論文（Argumentation）：找出議論文的三要素，即論點、論據(jù)和結論。其關鍵是找出主題句或結論句。而這種文章的整體結構多數(shù)為總分結構、分總結構、平行結構等。因此，我們通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找論點。若文中有一分為二(即對立觀點)的觀點，兩種觀點都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的觀點。（五）議論文概要寫作模板議論文：opinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)（六）議論文概要寫作樣文展示Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

Clicktodownloadteacher①“Bookswillsoonbeobsolete(過時的)inschools,”ThomasEdisonannouncedin1913:theywould,hebelieved,soonbereplacedbysilent?lms.Eachnewwaveofinformationtechnology—radio,television,puters—hasledtosimilarpredictions.Andeachtime,theoldtechnologiesofbooks,classroomsandteachershaveprovedstartlinglyresilient.②Liketeachers,digitaleducationaltechnologyesinmanyforms,fromwonderfultoappalling(糟糕的).But,usedproperly,itnowdeservesmoreprominenceinschools—especiallyinpoorcountrieswherehumanteachersareoftenignorant,absentorboth.③TheUN’sMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsincludedtheambitionthatby2015alltheworld’schildrenwouldpleteprimaryschool.Thishaslargelybeenachieved:nineoutoftenchildrenarenowenrolled.Alas,the?gureisnotasimpressiveasitsounds.Eventhoughmostoftheworld’schildrengotoschool,anawfullotofthemlearnprettymuchnothingthere.④AccordingtoarecentWorldBankstudyofsevensubSaharanAfricancountries,halfofnineyearoldscannotreadasimplewordandthreequarterscannotreadasimplesentence.Thereasonisterribleteaching.Thesamestudyfoundthatonly7%ofteachershadtheminimumknowledgeneededtoteachreadingandwritingeffectively.Whenclassroomswereinspectedtoseewhetherateacherwaspresent,halfthetimetheanswerwasno.⑤Payingteachersmore,inthehopeofrecruitingbetterones,isnottheanswer.Inpoorcountries,teachersarewellpaidbylocalstandards—annualsalariesarefourtimesGDPperpersoninIndiaand?vetimesinKenyaandNigeria.⑥Asforabsenteeism(經(jīng)常無故缺勤),ifexpensiveteachersdonotturnuptoclass,governmentswould,surely,sackthem?Easiersaidthandone.Poorgovernmentsoftenlackthewherewithal(做某事所需的金錢)tocheckonteachersindistantvillages.⑦Severalrecentstudiessuggestedtechcanhelp.Itseemstobringaboutbiggerimprovementsinpoorcountriesthaninrichones.Someofthescarceresourcesbeingspentonteacherscouldthereforebebetterspentonedtech.Thatdoesnotmeandumpingputersonschoolsinthehopethatchildrenwillunderstandhowtousethem.Instead,itmeansprovidingschoolswithsoftwarethatchildrencanusewithminimalhelpfromanadult,thatsendsteacherspromptsaboutwhattheyaresupposedtobeteachingandthatallowstheauthoritiestocheckonwhethertheteacherisintheclassroom.⑧Scepticsmaywonderwhetherthepoorestplaceshavethenecessaryinfrastructure.ButAfricaiselectrifyingapace(飛速地)—inKenya,electricitycoveragehasgoneupfrom27%to55%ofhouseholdsinthreeyears.Wherethegridisnotavailable,solarchargerscanwork.Schoolsdonotneedinternetaccess.Devicescanbetakentowherethereisaconnectiontouploadordownloadthenecessaryinformation.Costdoesnothavetobeahugeproblemeither.Thebiggestissueisthegovernment’smitment:whereitisenthusiastic,thechancesofsuccessaregood.⑨Technologyisnopanacea(萬全之策).Goodtraditionalteachersarenotobsolete,andareneverlikelytobe.Andauthoritiesneedtoholdteacherstoaccount.Butedtechcanhelpgreatly—bymonitoringpupilsandteachersalike,assistingthebestteachersand,mostimportant,makingupforthefailingsoftheworst.【解析指導】1.Mainidea 這是一篇議論文，文章圍繞“edtech”這個話題展開。文章開頭提出觀點：隨著科技進步的發(fā)展，edtech應該受到更多重視，尤其是在一些貧窮國家。接著，文章詳細分析了貧窮國家面臨的一些教育問題。雖然在聯(lián)合國的努力下，許多孩子能夠走進校門了，但是學不到什么東西。在這些國家，教師素質(zhì)不合格，還經(jīng)常缺勤。而edtech能夠很好地解決這些問題。一方面，它可以把課程送進學校，輔助教學；另一方面，政府還可以利用edtech監(jiān)管教師的出勤。有一些人質(zhì)疑edtech在貧窮國家的廣泛應用，因為缺少必須的基礎設施。但是作者認為只要政府決心堅定，這些都不是問題。2.Textstructure 全文可以劃分為四個部分： ①②第一部分：陳述觀點：edtech在一些貧窮國家應受到更多重視。 ③⑥第二部分：貧窮國家面臨的教育問題：師資不合格，教師經(jīng)常缺勤。⑦⑧第三部分：edtech的優(yōu)勢，以及針對edtech的質(zhì)疑。⑨第四部分：總結觀點：edtech不是萬全之策，但是能極大地解決問題。3.Mindmap4.WritingprocedureStep1：細讀全文，明確主題。本文主要是隨著科技進步的發(fā)展，edtech應該受到更多重視。Step2：劃分要點。本文分4個要點。Step3：標主題句或關鍵詞。已在文中用橫線標出每段主題句。Step4：概括。5.SummarywritingEdtechisasolutiontoeducationalproblemsfacingpoorcountries,likepoorteachingqualityandteachers’frequentabsences.Somehavedoubtsaboutitspopularityinbackwardcountrieswhichmightlacknecessaryinfrastructure,butthisconcernisunnecessaryaslongasgovernmentssupportit.Edtechcanmakeabigdifferencebecauseitfacilitatesteachers’workandhelpsregulateteachingquality.(59words)課堂典例課堂典例Summary1Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.Themainreasonthatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurryisthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.Whenpeopledotheirjobsortakeactioninahurry,theycan’tmakeasounddecisionandprobablyregretlater.Asthesayinggoes,“Hastemakeswaste.”Weshouldthinkcarefullybeforemakingadecisionanddoourworklessquickly.Weshouldnotmakemistakesbydoingworkhurriedly.Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Forexample,takingatraintosomeplacecertainlywilltakemoretimethantakingaplane.However,takingatrainmakespeoplehaveenoughtimetogettoknowalotofnewfriends.Besides,itallowspeopletofullyenjoythebeautifulsceneryalongtheway.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.Asisknowntoall,takingactioninahurrybotherspeopleandraisestheirstress.Peoplethinkiftheyarenotinahurry,theywillbeealoserandthatannoysthem.Butbeinginahurrycanhurtpeoplebothphysicallyandmentally.Accordingtosomestudies,peoplewhohaveaslowerpacesufferfewerdiseases,tendtobehappierandlivemuchlongerthanthosewhoselifeistense,eveniftheformerfinishjobsmoreslowlythanthelatter.Inshort,workingquicklywillbringaboutmorematerialbenefitstomakeoursocietymoreadvanced.Yet,muchstresscan’tbringenjoyment,friendsandhealth,whicharemuchmoreimportantthanmoneyandothermaterialadvantages.Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.【寫作指導】知體裁。這是一篇典型的議論文體裁，框架為“總分（總）”即“論點(introductionofthetopic)論據(jù)(bodybyreasoning)結論(conclusionbyrestating,summarizingorsuggesting)”，通過“轉(zhuǎn)折詞”找文章“論點”。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.明論證。根據(jù)文章的discoursemarker“話語標記詞”如”however,therefore”在文中劃出各段“主題句”。1)However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.2)Themainreason（thatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurry）isthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.3)Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.4)Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.5)Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.找論據(jù)。完全用“自己簡潔的語言”準確轉(zhuǎn)述每一個要點（避免重復），可以用“詞性變化或同義詞/反義詞替換”來轉(zhuǎn)述。1.）However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.①Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry/rush.②（Underthestressoffastpacedlife,）itismorebeneficialtoliveaslowerlife.2)Themainreason（thatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurry）isthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.①Themainreasonisthatdoingthingshurriedlywillraise/increasethepossibilityofmakingmistakes.②Peoplearemorelikelytomakemistakeswhendoingthingsinahurry.③Itmaybeeasierforpeopletomakemistakeswheninahurry.④Doingworkhurriedlymayeasilyleadtomistakes.3)Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.①Slowerlifepacecanmakepeople’slifemoreenjoyable.②Livetheirlifeataslowerpacecanbringmoreenjoymenttolife.4)Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.①Slowingdownthepaceoflifecankeeppeoplehealthier.②Livetheirlifeataslowerpacehelpspeoplekeepfit.③Slowerlifepaceisbeneficialto/isofbenefitto/doesgoodtopeople’shealth.合并：①Slowingdownthepaceoflifewillnotonlygivepeoplemorechancestoenjoylife,but(also)offerthembetterhealthconditions.②Notonlydoestheslowerlifegivepeopleenjoymentbutalsoit’sbeneficialtotheirhealth.③Livinglifeataslowerpaceensuresahealthierandmoreenjoyablelife.5)Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.①Thus,slowdownyourlifepace.②Thus,beslowandenjoyyourlife.③Thus,enjoyaslowerlifepace.④Thus,let’sslowdownforahealthierandhappierlife.有效使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結構緊湊連貫?！緟⒖挤段?】Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry.Firstly,peoplearemorelikelytomakemistakeswhendoingthingsinahurry.Secondly,slowerlifepacecanbringmoreenjoymenttolife.Lastly,itisbeneficialtopeople’shealth.So,beslowandenjoylife.【參考范文2】Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry.Themainreasonisthatdoingthingshurriedlywillraisethepossibilityofmakingmistakeswhileslowingdownthelifepacecannotonlymakepeople’slifemoreenjoyablebutalsokeeppeoplehealthier.Thus,let’sslowdownforahealthierandhappierlife.Summary2Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Weseeiteverywhere.Atiredparent,attheendofastressfulday,losesit—andachildsuffers.We’dliketohelpifwecould,butwehesitate.Isitourbusinesstointervene(干涉)?Andifwedo,willweembarrassandoffendtheparent,makinghimorherevenmoreangrywiththechild?Isn’titwisertowalkpastwithoutment?Afterall,noneofusisaperfectparent.Thereseemstobeamonassumptioninoursocietythatinterveningonbehalfofachildinapublicplaceisnecessarilyhurtfulandcritical.Itneedstobeneither.Thereisaworldofdifferencebetweenhurtfulcriticism(“Howdareyoutreatyourchildlikethat?”)andhelpfulinterventiondoneinacaringway(“Itcanbereallyhardtomeettheirneedswhenyou’resobusy.IsthereanythingIcandotohelp?”)Thereisnothingessentialininterventionthatrequiresonetobeoffensive.MyfriendsandIhavewitnessedsomereallyharmfulacts:hitting,severeverbalabuse,hurtfulparisonstobrothersandsisters,andsoon.Thesechildrenacceptthistreatmentbecausetheyaretoohelplessandinexperiencedtostandupforthemselves.Thatemotionalabuse(虐待)leavesnooutwardscarsshouldnotexcuseusfromhelpingthesechildren.Thoseofuswhocanrecognizedamagingtreatmenthaveanobligationtostepin.Thereisonemorereasonforinterveningthatisnearlyalwaysoverlookedinthesediscussions,butwhichIconsidertobethemostsignificant:thelifelongeffectitcanhaveonthechild.Manyadultsincounselingsessionsstillrecallwithgratitudetheonetimethatastrangersteppedinontheirbehalf,andhowmuchitmeant:thatsomeonecared,andthatthechild’sfeelingsofangerandfrustrationwererecognizedandaccepted.Theseadultshavestatedtomethatthisoneinterventionchangedtheirlivesandgavethemhope.Arewetobypasstheopportunitytomakesuchabigdifferenceinthelifeofachild?【寫作指導】通讀全文可以得出文章是作者對父母在身體，語言，情感上虐待小孩子進行積極干預的一篇論述。第一段：引入現(xiàn)象。找中心詞：weseeiteverywhere。關鍵詞It指代的是后文描述的父母因壓力沖小朋友發(fā)脾氣的現(xiàn)象。Childsuffers…butwehesitate….intervene…weembarrassandoffendtheparent.概括起來就是：我們很猶豫去幫助受虐待的小朋友礙于怕尷尬和冒犯父母。peoplemayhesitatetohelpwhentheyseechildrenabusedbytheirparentsinpublicbecausetheyareafraidtoembarrassandoffendtheparent.第二段：提出問題onbehalfofachildinapublicplaceisnecessarilyhurtfulandcritical.Itneedstobeneither.在公共場合為進行干預帶來傷害和批評。但是現(xiàn)在這兩者情況都沒必要。關鍵詞：difference…h(huán)urtfulcriticism…h(huán)elpfulintervention.傷害性的批評(指責父母)和有益的干預(有什么可以幫您嗎?)是大不同的。至此，作者正式提出了他的觀點：對虐待行為采取有益的干預方式。However,interventioncanbedoneinanonoffensiveway.第三段：例證作者及朋友親眼所見的虐待現(xiàn)象同時提出小朋友忍受的原因,關鍵句：toohelplessandinexperiencedtostandupforthemselves…h(huán)aveanobligationtostepin.小朋友太無助，缺乏經(jīng)驗不能為自己發(fā)聲。針對這種狀況我們有義務介入。Sincechildrenaretooyoungtostandupforthemselves,weareobligedtointervene。第四段：作者進一步提出我們?yōu)槭裁匆e極干預?onemorereason…themostsignificant:thelifelongeffectonthechild.對小朋友一生有重大影響。什么影響呢?一位陌生人為他而來關心他理解他，小朋友心懷感激。關鍵句：thisoneinterventionchangedtheirlivesandgavethemhope.改變了受虐待小朋友的一生給予他們希望。mayhavealifelongeffectontheirfuture/growth?！緟⒖挤段摹縋eoplemayhesitatetohelpwhentheyseechildrenabusedbytheirparentsinpublicbecausetheyareafraidtoembarrassandoffendtheparent.However,interventioncanbedoneinanonoffensiveway.Sincechildrenaretooyoungtostandupforthemselves,weareobligedtointervene,whichmayhavealifelongeffectontheirfuture/growth.(58words)Summary3Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Tiredofallthepushinginsupermarkets?Fedupwithwaitinginendlesslinestopayforwhatyouhavebought?Angryatwastingtimeintrafficjamsonlytofindnoparkingspaceswhenyoueventuallyarriveatthestore?Ifthisisyou,thenonlineshoppingistheanswertoyourdreamsoftroublefreeshopping.Onlineshoppingbringsitsownchallenges.Hereareafewthingstobearinmindwhenbrowsingvariouswebsites.Theclaimmadebyonlinesitesisthatshoppingonlineisasafeandsecurewaytomakepurchases.Theevidencechallengesthis.Inanycase,youonlyhavetobethevictimoffraud(欺騙)oncetoexperiencealltheproblemsthatewiththisformofstealing.Useonlysitesthathaveatrustedhistoryandanexcellentreputation.Anotherproblemisthattheappearanceofitemsinrealityisoftenquitedifferentfromwhatyouseeonyourputerscreen.Thismightnotbeaproblemifyouarebuyingwashinguppowderbutcouldbeamajordisappointmentwhenthatbeautifulbluedressyouorderedturnsupingreen.Also,productdescriptionsaresometimessimplyuntrue!Perhapsthewisestplanistopurchaseitemswhosedesignandcolorarenotessentialtocustomersatisfaction.Someevenarguethatonlineshoppingindirectlycontributestoglobalwarming.Yes,yourcarcanstayparkedbuthowareonlinegoodsdelivered?Oftenbysomelargevanpouringoutcarbonmonoxideandaddingtoouralreadydesperatetrafficproblems.Youarealsobynowbeingincreasinglyirritated(使煩惱)bythefactthatthedeliveryislate!【寫作指導】本文是一篇議論文，主要講述了網(wǎng)購的優(yōu)勢及需要注意的幾個問題。第一段引入話題，介紹網(wǎng)購可以為顧客避免很多麻煩。第二段指出存在的挑戰(zhàn)，即可能被欺騙。第三段指出對商品的描述可能名不副實，最后一段指出快遞運輸可能會有助于全球變暖。文章結構清晰，易于概括。【參考答案】(要點一)Onlineshoppingcanfreeyouofthetroubleyoumeetwhenbuyingthingsinstore.(要點二)However,ithaschallenges.Firstly,youshouldbearinmindthatyoumustusesiteswhichdeservetrusting.(要點三)Secondly,youshouldn’tbelieveallthedescriptionsbecausetheymaybeuntrue.(要點四)Lastly,youshouldknowalthoughthedeliverymaybelate,itmaycauseglobalwarming.實戰(zhàn)演練實戰(zhàn)演練SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.FourdayWorkweekIntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafourdayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Ifalawrequiredpaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafourdayworkweekforfourfifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpay,itwouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualpaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasepanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeacplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpaythepanyhastoprepareforthesepeople,becausefourdayemployeeswouldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,panieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderrorprone(容易出錯的)employeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasepanyprofits.Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.Ifmanyfulltimeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredatthe80percentrate.Finally,theoptionofafourdayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.Employeeswhocouldaffordalowersalaryinexchangeformorefreetimecouldimprovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivateinterests,orenjoyingleisureactivities.【參考答案】Workingforfourdaysaweekwithlesspaywouldbebeneficialatthreelevels.First,paniescouldhiremoreenergeticandalertemployeeswithoutincreasingpayrelatedcosts.Second,thecountrywouldhavelowerunemploymentrateswithmorepeopleatwork.Finally,employeeswouldliveabetterqualityoflifewithmorefreetime.Directions:Readthefollowing