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Climateriskstoessentialcommodities:
Whatbusinessleadersneedtoknow
SpecialreportforAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationeconomies
pWC
/climaterisks
2PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
TableofContents
Executivesummary03
Keyfindings04
Chapter1:
Climateriskstocommodityproductionin08
APECeconomies
Chapter2:
Urgentactionsforbusiness19
Endnotes27
Acknowledgements28
3PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
ExecutiveSummary
Companiesdependonsixessentialcommodities:lithium,cobalt,copper,iron,zinc,andaluminium.
It’snotjustmanufacturingorindustrialcompaniesthatrelyonthem.Thesecommoditiesarecriticalinputsfortechnology,energysystems,electronics,transport,construction,infrastructure,consumerproducts,
andmore.
Asweexplaininthisreport,productionofthesesixcommoditiesmaybeincreasinglydisruptedby
acceleratingclimatechange.1Evenmodestdeclinesincommodityproductioncancascadethroughsupplychains,affectingpricesandavailability.2Therefore,businessleadersshouldbeawareofclimate-driven
threatstosuppliesofessentialcommoditiesandtakestepstoprotecttheiroperations.
Buildingono
urearlierworktha
tidentifiedsevereclimateriskstoglobalproductionofmanyessential
commodities,thisreportdrillsdowntoclimateriskstocommodityproductioninselectedeconomies(US,
Canada,China,Australia,Peru,Chile,Mexico)thatarepartoftheAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationgroup(APEC)asaspecialreportfortheglobalAPECCEOSummitinNovember2024.
4PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
APECeconomiesareleadingproducersofallsixcommodities.Inthecasesoflithium,copper,andzinc,theworld’stop3producersareallAPECeconomies.Asaresult,climate-drivendisruptiontocommodityproductioninAPECeconomiescouldhavesignificantimpactsonsupplychainsacrosstheworld.
Weexaminetwoimpactsofclimatechangeknowntobedetrimentaltoproductionofthesecommodities:heatstresswhichcanmakeittoohotforworkerstoworkoutside,anddroughtwhichcanbeproblematicbecauseminingandprocessingthesecommoditiesoftenrequiresalotofwater.
Thegoalofthisreportistoencouragebusinessleaders-bothproducersandconsumersofthese
commodities-tounderstandgrowingclimaterisksandsubsequentlytakestepstomanagetheserisks
andbuildresilientsupplychains.Thereport’sfinalchapter,‘UrgentactionsforBusiness,’offersarangeofpracticalstepsbusinessleaderscantakeillustratedbycasestudiesfromacrosstheworld.
Keyfindings:
TheworldreliesonAPECeconomiesforsixessentialcommodities.APECeconomiesincluding
Australia,China,Peru,ChileandCanadaareamongtheworld’stopthreeproducersofallsix
commoditiesinourstudy.Inthecasesoflithium,copperandzinc,theworld’stop3producersareallAPECeconomies.
CopperminesinChileandPeru,theworld’s#1and#2copperproducers,facesteeplyrising
droughtriskseveninanoptimisticscenarioinwhichtheworldsharplyreducescarbonemissions.
Inthisoptimisticscenario,41%ofPeru’scopperproductionwillbeexposedtosignificantdroughtriskby2050,upfrom0%today.Similarly,droughtrisktoChileancopperproductionmorethantriplesby2050.
LithiumminesinAustraliaandChina,theworld’s#1and#3lithiumproducers,facehugeincreasesindroughtrisksevenifcarbonemissionsrapidlydecline.68%ofAustralia’slithiumproductionand
70%ofChina’swillbeexposedtosignificantdroughtriskby2050,upfrom0%inbothcountriestoday.
Australiaistheworld’s#1producerofironandbauxite,and#2producerofzincandcobalt.
Australianproductionofallthesecommoditiesfacessteeprisesindrought,heatstress,orboth.
Forexample,by2050inahighemissionsscenario,46%ofAustralianbauxiteproductionfaceslevelsofheatandhumiditythataredangeroustooutdoorworkers(upfrom0%today).
Futureemissionsreductionswillnotprotectbusinessesfromachangingclimate.Eveninan
optimisticlowemissionsscenario,manycommoditieswillseerisinglevelsofriskfromheatstressanddrought,highlightingtheimportanceofadaptingtoachangingclimatewhilewestrivetoreducecarbonemissionstopreventclimatechangefrombecomingevenmoresevere.
Insomecases,risksarerisingsharplyfromlowlevels,underliningtheneedforbusinessleaders
topreparetomanageincreasingrisksthat,insomecases,theymayhavelittleexperienceinmanaging.
Whatthismeansforbusinessleaders:takethreestepstoprepareforthegrowingrisksof
disruption.First,enhanceresiliencebyidentifyingandmanagingclimaterisksthroughoutthesupplychain.Next,capitaliseontheopportunitiestodeliverproducts,services,orbusinessmodelsthat
helpcompaniesandcommunitiesbecomemoreresilientandadapttothechangingclimate.Finally,
joinforceswithstakeholdersfromgovernmentstocommunitiestoshapecollaborativeoutcomesandenhanceadaptationatapolicyandsystemiclevel.Weofferexamplesandcasestudiesinthe‘Urgentactionsforbusiness’chapter.
5PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Chapter1:
Climaterisksto
commodityproductioninAPECeconomies
TheworldreliesonAPECeconomies’productionofsixessentialcommodities
Sixcommoditiesareessentialtotheglobaleconomy:
Threecriticalminerals:cobalt,copper,andlithiumthatareintegraltoelectronics,technology,energysystems,andasuccessfultransitiontoalowcarboneconomy.
Threevitalmetals:iron,aluminium,andzincthatarewidelyusedinmanufacturing,transport,infrastructure,construction,consumerproducts,andmore.4
FromAustralia’slithiumminestoChile’scoppermines,APECeconomiesaresomeoftheworld’slargestproducersoftheseessentialcommodities.APECeconomiesincludingAustralia,China,Peru,ChileandCanadaareamongtheworld’stopthreeproducersofallsixcommoditiesinourstudy.
Inthecasesoflithium,copperandzinc,theworld’stop3producersareallAPECeconomies.
6PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
APECeconomiesareleadingproducersofsixessentialcommodities
Shareofglobalproduction(2020)
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
●
Vitalmetals
BauxiteIron
Zinc
Australia
Guinea
Brazil
Brazil
Australia
China
China
Australia
Peru
Australia
Chile
China
Lithium
Cobalt
Copper
DemocraticrepublicofCongo
Can
Aus
China
Chile
Peru
Criticalminerals
●
■Remainingtop10producingcountriesSource:CapIQ,FAO,PwCanalysis
WeanalyseclimateriskstoproductionofselectedcommoditiesinsevenAPECeconomies:Australia,US,China,Peru,Chile,CanadaandMexico
Hereishowwechosewhicheconomiesandcommoditiestoinclude.WeexamineanAPECeconomy’sproductionofagivencommodityif:
Thecountryproducesatleast1,000metrictonsofthecommodityeachyear.
Aminimumoffourdifferentmineowningcompaniesproducethecommodityinthecountry.Ourgoalisdiscussingrisksatanationallevel,notidentifyingrisksforindividualproducers.Sowedonotdiscussclimaterisksforcommoditiesthathavethreeorfewerproducersinagivencountry.Thatiswhythis
reportdoesnotincludeclimateriskstolithiumproductioninChileorcobaltproductioninCanada.Therearetoofewproducers.
Followingthesecriteria,weareabletoanalyseclimateriskstoselectedcommoditiesinsevenAPECeconomies.
7PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
WelocatedminesinAPECeconomies,andthenidentifiedhowmucheachlocationwillbeincreasinglyaffectedbyheatstressanddrought
Tocarryouttheclimateriskanalysis,welocatedtheminesthatproducethesecommoditiesinAPEC
economies.Wenotedtheamountofthecommoditythateachmineproduces.Next,weanalysedthe
degreetowhicheachminewillincreasinglybesubjecttotwoclimateimpactsknowntobedetrimentaltoproduction:heatstressanddrought.Heatstresscanmakeitdifficultorevenlife-threateningforworkerstoworkoutside.Droughtcanharmminingwhichcanbeheavilydependentonwater(forexample,itcantakethousandsoflitresofwatertoproduceonekilogramoflithium).5
Weclassdroughtandheatstressrisksassignificant,highorextreme.
DroughtRiskLevels
RiskCategory
RiskLevels/DurationofSevereDrought
Significant
20%oftimeinseveredrought,overthe20yearspancentredoneachyearbeinganalysed
High
40%oftimeinseveredrought,overthe20yearspancentredoneachyearbeinganalysed
Extreme
80%oftimeinseveredrought,overthe20yearspancentredoneachyearbeinganalysed
Note:Thetermsignificantasweuseitherehasnorelationshiptostatisticalsignificancetesting.
Severedrought:Definedasvaluesbelow-1.5ontheStandardisedPrecipitation-EvapotranspirationIndex,amultiscalardroughtindex.
HeatstressRiskLevels
RiskCategory
RiskLevels/Duration
Impact
Significant
Atleast10daysperyearwithan
averagedailyWBGTof26.3°C.TotaldayswithWBGTatthislevelmaybehigher.
Reduceslabourproductivitybyatleast25%
High
Atleast10daysperyearwithan
averagedailyWBGTof28.9°C.TotaldayswithWBGTatthislevelmaybehigher.
Reduceslabourproductivitybyatleast50%
Extreme
Eachyear,anaveragedailyWBGTof32.2°Coccursononeormoredays.
Reduceslabourproductivitybyatleast75%andisdangeroustooutdoorworkers.
Sourceforlabourproductivityimpact:RockefellerFoundationResilienceCenter,‘Extremeheat:EconomicandsocialconsequencesfortheUS,’’2021WBGT=WetBulbGlobeTemperature,ameasureofheatandhumidity
OuranalysisrevealstheproportionofAPECcommodityproductionthatwillbeexposedtosignificant,highorextremelevelsofheatstressanddroughtriskatcurrentlocationsofproduction.6
8PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Werevealhowclimateriskschangeinbothlowandhighemissionsscenarios
Weidentifyclimaterisksatthepresentday(basedon2020),in2035,andin2050.Wedemonstratehow
climateriskswillvaryaccordingtohowmuchprogresstheworldmakesinreducingemissionsusingthesetwoscenariosdefinedbytheUN’sIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange:
Alow-emissionsscenarioinwhichsubstantiveactionistakentocurbemissions,keepingglobalaveragetemperatureincreasebelow2°C(ScenarioSSP1-2.6).
Ahigh-emissionsscenarioinwhichnoactionistakentofollowalow-emissionspathway,resultinginacatastrophicriseinglobalaveragetemperatureof4.4°Cby2100(ScenarioSSP5-8.5).
Weanalyselowandhighemissionsscenariosforthelatestyearinouranalysis,2050,becauseastime
passestheeffectsofdivergentpathsbecomemoreapparent.Formoreinformationonourmethodology,
pleaseseeour
earlierreport
onclimaterisktoglobalcommodityproduction.
Ouranalysisprovidesinsightforbusinessesseekingtoprotecttheiroperations(andpolicymakersseekingtoprotecttheireconomies)fromacceleratingclimatechange.
Assumptionsandlimitations
Weassumeproductionlevelsandlocationsremainthesame.Wedonotseektopredicthowthelocationsandvolumesofcommodityproductionwillchangeinthefuture.Therefore,weusetoday’slocationsandvolumesofcommodityproductioninouranalysis.Thisapproachallowsustoforecasthowtoday’sAPEC-basedcommodityproductionmaybeincreasinglyaffectedbyclimatechange.
Ouranalysisrevealsriskexposures,notactualdisruptionstosupply.Weestimatetheshareof
totalsupplythatcouldbeexposedtosignificant,high,orextremelevelsofheatstressordrought.Wedonotquantifythepotentialdisruption,suchashowmuchproductionvolumescouldfall.Commodityproducerscouldtakeactiontoprotecttheiroperationsfromclimatedisruption,andtheywouldbewisetodoso.
Belowwesummarisetheresultsofouranalysisandsomeofthelessonstheseofferforcommodityproducersandconsumers.
AustraliaandChinafaceincreasesinclimaterisktoallcommoditiesanalysed
Australia’sproductionofallsixcommoditiesfacesgrowingrisksofheatstress,drought,orboth.Inthecaseofdrought,risksarerisingfromverylowlevelswhichmaymeanthatminingcompaniesareless
accustomedtomanagingtheserisks.Today,noneofthesixcommoditiesproducedinAustraliafaceasignificantlevelofdroughtrisk(aswedefinesignificant),butby2050allsixcommoditieswillfacesomedegreeofsignificantdroughtrisk-evenunderanoptimisticlowemissionsscenario.
Perhapsthemostextremecaseisthatoflithium(Australiaistheworld’s#1lithiumproducer).Noneof
Australia’slithiumproductionfacessignificantdroughtrisktoday,butthisrisesto68%by2050eveninanoptimisticlowemissionsscenario(inotherwords,68%ofAustralia’slithiumwouldbeproducedatminesthatfacesignificantdroughtrisk).
Lithium
100
80
60
40
9PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Australia:Commodityproductionatrisk
20
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
0
DroughtHeatstress
Cobalt
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
Copper
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk
Source:ProtectingPeopleandProsperity
10PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
100
80
60
40
20
Zinc
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
0
DroughtHeatstress
Iron
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
Aluminium
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk
Source:ProtectingPeopleandProsperity
Chartsshowthe%ofAustralia’stotalvolumeofproductionofagivencommoditythatisatrisk(notthe%ofAustralianminesatrisk).
Lithium
100
80
60
40
20
11PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
China’scommodityproductionfacesparticularlysteepincreasesindroughtrisk.Allcommoditiesthat
weanalysedforChinafacerisingdroughtrisks-includingthecommoditiesforwhichChinaisoneof
theworld’stopthreeproducers:lithium,copper,andiron.Forexample,theproportionofChineselithiumproductionfacingsignificantorhigherdroughtriskrisesfrom0%todayto70%assoonas2035.
China:Commodityproductionatrisk
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
0
DroughtHeatstress
Cobalt
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
Copper
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk
Source:ProtectingPeopleandProsperity
12PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
100
80
60
40
Zinc
20
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
0
DroughtHeatstress
Iron
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk
Source:ProtectingPeopleandProsperity
13PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Peru,Canada,USandMexicofacenewandunprecedentedlevelsofdroughtrisk
Peruisamongtheworld’stopthreeproducersofcopperandzinc.Ouranalysisshowsnoincreasein
heatstressrisktoPeru’scopperandzincproduction(aswedefineheatstressrisk),butsizableincreasesindroughtrisk.41%ofPeru’scopperproductionand10%ofitszincproductioncouldbeexposedto
significantorhigherdroughtriskassoonas2035-upfrom0%ofeachcommoditytoday.
Peru:Commodityproductionatrisk
100
80
60
40
20
0
Copper
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
Zinc
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk
Source:ProtectingPeopleandProsperity
14PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Canada,similarly,facesnoincreaseinheatstressrisk(aswedefineheatstressrisk)butnotablerisesin
droughtrisk.34%ofCanada’scopperproductionand38%ofitszincproductionfacessignificantdroughtriskby2050inahighemissionsscenario-upfrom0%today.
Canada:Commodityproductionatrisk
100
80
60
40
20
0
Copper
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
Zinc
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
Iron
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk
Source:ProtectingPeopleandProsperity
15PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Mexico,too,facesunprecedentedlevelsofdroughtriskwhichissettorisesharplyfromnear-zerotoday.By2050,inahighemissionsscenario,52%ofMexico’szinc,65%ofitsiron,and87%ofitscopper
productioncouldfacesignificantdroughtrisk,upfrom0%today.Inaddition,heatstressrisktoMexico’sironproductionmorethandoublesby2035.
Mexico:Commodityproductionatrisk
Copper
100
80
60
40
20
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
0
DroughtHeatstress
Zinc
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
Iron
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk
Source:ProtectingPeopleandProsperity
16PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
WhileUSzincseessmallrisesindroughtriskinthecomingyears,droughtrisktoUScopperrisesfrom
near-zerotodayto98%ofcopperproductionathighdroughtriskina2050highemissionsscenario.
SignificantdroughtrisktoUSironproductionrisesfrom0%ofproductionatrisktodayto83%atriskassoonas2035(though,aswewillseebelow,thisdroughtriskcoulddeclineafter2035inahighemissionsscenariobecauseasclimatechangegetsmoresevereitmaytendtocauseincreasedprecipitation).
SomereadersmaybesurprisedbythelowlevelsofheatstressriskshownforUScommodities.For
example,UScopperisminedinstateslikeArizona,Nevada,andNewMexicothatfrequentlyexperiencehightemperatures.Inthisreport,weuseaheatstressmetricthatcapturesthecombinedeffectsof
temperatureandhumidity(wetbulbglobetemperature).Asthesestatesarerelativelyarid,theirriskofheatstressaswedefineitislow.Thatdoesnotmean,however,thathightemperaturesarenotan
issueintheselocations.
US:Commodityproductionatrisk
Copper
100
80
60
40
20
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
0
DroughtHeatstress
Zinc
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
Iron
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk
Source:ProtectingPeopleandProsperity
ThecaseofUSirondemonstratesthatclimaterisksmostlyincrease-butcansometimesdecrease
LookcloselyatourriskprojectionsforUSironandapuzzlingfactemerges.DroughtrisktoUSironis
actuallylowerina2050highemissionsscenariothanina2050lowemissionsone.ThereasonisthatmuchUSironisproducedintheGreatLakesregionwhichcouldseeincreasedprecipitationasclimatechange
worsens.7ThecaseofUSironisareminderthatclimatechangecandecreaseaswellasincreasetherisksofcertainhazards.8
17PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Chilefacesrisingdroughtrisks-andshowshowsomeproducersareadapting
Themessageofthisreportisthatcommodityproducersshouldpreparetoadapttoawarmingclimate.Chileoffersoneexampleofhowtodoso.
Chileistheworld’slargestproducerofcopper,miningover5milliontonsayear.Assoonas2035,72%ofChile’scopperproductionfaceshighdroughtrisk.InresponsetoworseningdroughtsinChile,someminingcompaniesareincreasingtheuseofdesalinatedseawaterintheiroperations.Todaytherearemorethan20desalinationplantsoperatinginChilewith10moreexpectedtocomeonlineby2025.9
Chile:Commodityproductionatrisk
Anoteonlithium:Chileisalsoamajorproduceroflithium.Wedonot
discussriskstoChileanlithiumproductioninthisreportbecauseChilehasveryfewlithiumminingcompanies.Ourgoalinthisreportisdiscussing
risksatanationallevel,notriskstoindividualcompanies.Therefore,we
confineourselvestodiscussingriskstocommoditiesproducedbyatleastfourdifferentcompaniesinagivencountry.
100
80
60
40
20
0
Copper
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
2020
2035
2050L
2050H
DroughtHeatstress
■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk■Significantrisk■Highrisk■Extremerisk
Source:ProtectingPeopleandProsperity
18PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Conclusions
Ouranalysisleadsustothefollowingconclusions:
Futureemissionsreductionswillnotprotectbusinessesfromachangingclimate.Eveninan
optimisticlowemissionsscenario,commoditieswillseerisinglevelsofriskfromheatstressand
drought,highlightingtheimportanceofadaptingtoachangingclimatewhilewestrivetoreducecarbonemissions.
Insomecases,risksarerisingsharplyfromlowlevels,underliningtheneedforcommodity
producersandconsumerstopreparetomanageincreasingrisksthat,insomecases,theymayhavelittleexperienceinmanaging.
19PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Chapter2:
Urgentactionsforbusiness
Threestepstoadapttoachangingclimate
Businesses-bothcommodityproducersandconsumers-shouldactwithurgencytoprotecttheir
operationsandbuildresilientsupplychains.Howcancompaniestakeactiontoprotecttheiroperations,people,andsupplychainsfromtheeffectsofclimatechange?Below,weexplorethreestepsbusinessescantaketopreparetheirbusinessforwhatliesahead:1.Enhanceresiliencebyidentifyingandmanagingrisks,2.Capitaliseonopportunitiesand3.Shapecollaborativeoutcomes.
20PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Increaserevenue,cost
savingsandsustainability
Capitaliseonopportunities
Leverageproducts,services
andbusinessmodelsthathelpbusinesses,communitiesandecosystemsadapttoandbuildresilience
Pursueadaptationopportunitiesthatcontributetoefficiency,
sustainabiityandclimate
changemitigation
Establishaclimatestrategythatintegratesclimatechangeadaptationandnet-zerotransformation
Mainstreamclimateriskconsiderationsintobusinessdecision-making
Makecomprehensiveandtransparentclimatedisclosures
Workwithsuppliersand
communitiesconnectedtothe
valuechaintoenhancebusiness
resilience
Delivertransformativeprojectstobuildcommunityand
ecosystemresilience
Participateinmultistakeholdereffortsthatpromoteactiononclimatechangeadaptation
Assesstheimpactsofclimaterisksonbusinessandactto
adaptandbuildresilience
Protectcommunitiesandecosystems
Shape
collaborativeoutcomes
Enhanceresilience
Avoideconomiclosses
Enablingactions
Businesscase
Coreactions
Pillars
ThesethreestepscomefromaframeworkthatPwCdevelopedwiththeWorldEconomicForum(WEF)
toacceleratebusinessactiononclimatechangeadaptation.Belowweshareselectedcasestudiesof
companiesthathavesuccessfullyappliedthesesteps.Foramoreextensivesetofcasestudies,weinvitereaderstovisito
urearlierreporton
globalriskstocommodityproductioninalleconomies.
21PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Casestudy:Tesla’sstrategytoprotectitssupplyofcriticalminerals
Teslaisoneofthelargestmanufacturersofelectricvehiclesintheworldandreliesonregularsuppliesoflithiumandcobalttomakethebatteriesforitscars.Bothlithiumandcobaltplayanessentialfunctioninimprovingvehiclerangeandsafetyperformance.
Thecompanyhasthereforeadoptedamulti-prongedstrategytobuildverticalintegrationandhelp
itestablishareliablelithiumsupplychain.ItiscurrentlybuildingitsownlithiumrefineryinTexasand
hassignedagreementswithlithiumandnickelproducersintheUnitedStatesandCanadatogrowits
supplierbase.Itisalsocollaboratingwithotherbatterymakerstofacilitateconsistentsupply.Inadditiontoitsowncellmanufacturingoperations,thecompanycurrentlyusescellsfromfourdifferentsupplierswiththreedifferentbatterychemistries.
TeslaconductsanannualEnterpriseRiskAssessmenttoidentifyphysicalclimate-relatedriskstothebusinessincludingsite-specificreviewsofitsgigafactoriesandothermanufacturingsites.Usingtheresultsfromtheseanalyses,Teslaislookingatwaystoprotectitsmanufacturingactivitiesagainst
medium-termandlong-termclimateimpacts
.Learnmore
22PwCClimateriskstoessentialcommodities
Casestudy:MolsonCoorssupportslocalfarmerstogrowclimate-resilientbarley
USbrewerMolsonCoorshasdevelopedanindustry-leadingbarleyprogramthatproducesallthebarleyitneedsforitsUSproductionand20%ofthebarleyforitsCanadianoperations.
Theprogramwascreatedin1946andhasgro
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