專業(yè)外語下 教案與講義

第一講computernetwork第一部分課程安排一、教學(xué)目的：掌握新的專業(yè)詞匯及短語。二、教學(xué)要求：能夠結(jié)合專業(yè)知識(shí)理解課文內(nèi)容，獨(dú)立完成課后習(xí)題。三、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：1、新詞匯及短語的理解與記憶；2、課文的理解四、教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：五、教學(xué)方式：采用教師與學(xué)生互動(dòng)的方式，提問問題，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生積極思考六、授課內(nèi)容和課時(shí)安排：七、課后練習(xí)：八、作業(yè)安排：九、本講小結(jié)：十、課后紀(jì)要：第二部分授課內(nèi)容ComputerNetworkAcomputernetworkiscomposedofmultiplecomputersconnectedtogetherusingatelecommunicationsystemforthepurposeofsharingdata,resourcesandcommunication.Forinstance,ahomecomputernetworkmayconsistoftwoormorecomputersthatsharefilesandaprinterusingthenetwork.Thesizeandscalabilityofanycomputernetworkaredeterminedbythehardwareusedaswellaswhichprotocolsarebeingimplemented.1.DefinitionExpertsinthefieldofnetworkingdebatewhethertwocomputersthatareconnectedtogetherusingsomeformofcommunicationsmediumconstituteanetwork.Therefore,someworksstatethatanetworkrequiresthreeconnectedcomputers.Onesuchsource,“Telecommunications:GlossaryofTelecommunicationTerms”statesthatacomputernetworkis“Anetworkofdataprocessingnodesthatareinterconnectedforthepurposeofdatacommunication”.Theterm“network”beingdefinedinthesamedocumentas“Aninterconnectionofthreeormorecommunicatingentities”.Acomputerconnectedtoanon-computerdevice(e.g.,networktoaprinterviaanEthernetlink)mayalsorepresentacomputernetwork,althoughthisarticledoesnotaddressthisconfiguration.Thisarticleusesthedefinitionwhichrequirestwoormorecomputerstobeconnectedtogethertoformanetwork.Thesamebasicfunctionsaregenerallypresentinthiscaseaswithlargernumbersofconnectedcomputers.Inorderforanetworktofunction,itmustmeetthreebasicrequirements,itmustprovideconnections,communicationsandservices.Connectionsreferstothehardware,communicationsisthewayinwhichthedevicestalktoeachother,andservicesarethethingswhicharesharedwiththerestofthenetwork.2.ClassificationofComputerNetworks2.1BynetworklayerComputernetworksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothenetworklayeratwhichtheyoperateaccordingtosomebasicreferencemodelsthatareconsideredtobestandardsintheindustrysuchastheseven-layerOSIReferenceModelandthefive-layerTCP/IPmodel.2.2ByscaleComputernetworksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothescaleorextentofeachofthenetwork,forexampleasapersonalareanetwork(PAN),localareanetwork(LAN),campusareanetwork(CAN),metropolitanareanetwork(MAN),orwideareanetwork(WAN).2.3ByconnectionmethodComputernetworksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothetechnologythatisusedtoconnecttheindividualdevicesinthenetworksuchasHomePNA,powerlinecommunication,Ethernet,orwirelessLAN.2.4ByfunctionalrelationshipComputernetworksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothefunctionalrelationshipswhichexistbetweentheelementsofthenetwork,forexampleactivenetworking,client-serverandpeer-to-peer(workgroup)architectures.2.5BynetworktopologyComputernetworksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothenetworktopologyuponwhichthenetworkisbased,suchasbusnetwork,starnetwork,ringnetwork,meshnetwork,star-busnetwork,treeorhierarchicaltopologynetwork,etc.Topologycanbearrangedinageometricarrangement.Networktopologiesarelogicallayoutsofthenetwork.Theterm“l(fā)ogical”usedheremarksagreatsignificant.Thatmeansnetworktopologiesdependnotonthe“physical’layoutofthenetwork.Nomatterthatcomputersonanetworkareplacedinalinearformat,butiftheyconnectedviaahubtheyareformingastartopology,notthebustopology.Andhereistheimportantfactorwherenetworksdiffer,visuallyandoperationally.2.6ByservicesprovidedComputernetworksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotheserviceswhichtheyprovide,suchasstorageareanetworks,serverfarms,processcontrolnetworks,value-addednetwork,wirelesscommunitynetwork,etc.2.7ByprotocolComputernetworksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothecommunicationsprotocolthatisbeingusedonthenetwork.3.TypesofNetworksBelowisalistofthemostcommontypesofcomputernetworksinorderofscale.3.1PersonalAreaNetwork(PAN)Apersonalareanetworkisacomputernetworkusedforcommunicationamongcomputerdevices(includingtelephonesandpersonaldigitalassistants)closetooneperson.Thedevicesmayormaynotbelongtothepersoninquestion.ThereachofaPANistypicallyafewmeters.PANscanbeusedforcommunicationamongthepersonaldevicesthemselves(intrapersonalcommunication),orforconnectingtoahigherlevelnetworkandtheInternet(anuplink).PersonalareanetworksmaybewiredwithcomputerbusessuchasUSBandFireWire.Awirelesspersonalareanetwork(WPAN)canalsobemadepossiblewithnetworktechnologiessuchasIrDAandBluetooth.3.2LocalAreaNetwork(LAN)Localareanetworkisanetworkcoveringasmallgeographicarea,likeahome,office,orbuilding.CurrentLANsaremostlikelytobebasedonEthernettechnology.ThedefiningcharacteristicsofLANs,incontrasttoWANs(wideareanetworks),includetheirmuchhigherdatatransferrates,smallergeographicrange,andlackofaneedforleasedtelecommunicationlines.3.3CampusAreaNetwork(CAN)CampusareanetworkisanetworkthatconnectstwoormoreLANsbutthatislimitedtoaspecific(possiblyprivate)geographicalareasuchasacollegecampus,industrialcomplex,oramilitarybase.ACANmaybeconsideredatypeofMAN(metropolitanareanetwork),butisgenerallylimitedtoanareathatissmallerthanatypicalMAN.3.4MetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAN)MANisanetworkthatconnectstwoormoreLANsorCANstogetherbutdoesnotextendbeyondtheboundariesoftheimmediatetown,city,ormetropolitanarea.Multiplerouters,switcher&hubsareconnectedtocreateaMAN.3.5WideAreaNetwork(WAN)WANisadatacommunicationsnetworkthatcoversarelativelybroadgeographicareaandthatoftenusestransmissionfacilitiesprovidedbycommoncarriers,suchastelephonecompanies.WANtechnologiesgenerallyfunctionatthelowerthreelayersoftheOSIreferencemodel:thephysicallayer,thedatalinklayer,andnetworklayer.3.6InternetworkInternetworkistwoormorenetworksornetworksegmentsconnectedusingdevicesthatoperateatlayer3(the“network”layer)oftheOSIBasicReferenceModel,suchasarouter.Anyinterconnectionamongorbetweenpublic,private,commercial,industrial,orgovernmentalnetworksmayalsobedefinedasaninternetwork.3.6.1InternetItisaspecificinternetwork,consistingofaworldwideinterconnectionofgovernmental,academic,public,andprivatenetworksbasedupontheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyNetwork(ARPANET)developedbyARPAoftheU.S.Defense–alsohometotheWorldWideWeb(WWW)andreferredtoasthe“Internet”withacapitalTtodistinguishitfromothergenericinternetworks.3.6.2ExtranetExtranetisanetworkorinternetworkthatislimitedinscopetoasingleorganizationorentitybutwhichalsohaslimitedconnectionstothenetworksofoneormoreotherusually,butnotnecessarily,trustedorganizationsorentities.Forexample,acompany’scustomersmaybeprovidedaccesstosomepartofitsintranetthuslycreatinganextranetwhileatthesametimethecustomersmaynotbeconsidered“trusted”fromasecuritystandpoint.Technically,anextranetmayalsobecategorizedasaCAN,MAN,WAN,orothertypeofnetwork,although,bydefinition,anextranetcannotconsistofasingleLAN,becauseanextranetmusthaveatleastoneconnectionwithanoutsidenetwork.IntranetsandextranetsmayormaynothaveconnectionstotheInternet.IfconnectedtotheInternet,theintranetorextranetisnormallyprotectedfrombeingaccessedfromtheInternetwithoutproperauthorization.TheInternetitselfisnotconsideredtobeapartoftheintranetorextranet,althoughtheInternetmayserveasaportalforaccesstoportionsofanextranet.4.BasicHardwareComponentsAllnetworksaremadeupofbasichardwarebuildingblockstointerconnectnetworknodes,suchasnetworkinterfacecards(NICs),bridges,hubs,switches,androuters.Inaddition,somemethodofconnectingthesebuildingblocksisrequired,usuallyintheformofgalvaniccable(mostcommonlyCategory5cable).Lesscommonaremicrowavelinks(asinIEEE802.11)oropticalcable(“opticalfiber’)4.1NetworkInterfaceCardsAnetworkcard,networkadapterorNIC(networkinterfacecard),isapieceofcomputerhardwaredesignedtoallowcomputerstocommunicateoveracomputernetwork.Itprovidesphysicalaccesstoanetworkingmediumandprovidesalow-leveladdressingsystemthroughtheuseofMACaddresses.Itallowsuserstoconnecttoeachothereitherbyusingcablesorwirelessly.4.2BridgesAnetworkbridgeconnectsmultiplenetworksegmentsatthedatalinklayer(layer2)oftheOSImodel.Bridgesaresimilartorepeatersornetworkhubs,devicesthatconnectnetworksegmentsatthephysicallayer,andhowever,abridgeworksbyusingbridgingwheretrafficfromonenetworkismanagedratherthansimplyrebroadcasttoadjacentnetworksegments.4.3HubsAhubisapieceofhardwarewhichprovidestheconnectivityofasegmentofanetworkbydirectingtrafficthroughthenetwork.Itdoesthisinarudimentaryway,itsimplycopiesthedatatoalloftheNodesconnectedtothehub.HubsarecommonlyusedtoconnectsegmentsofaLAN.Ahubcontainsmultipleports.Whenapacketarrivesatoneport,itiscopiedtotheotherportssothatallsegmentsoftheLANcanseeallpackets.4.4SwitchesSwitchesarethedeviceofnetworkingthatdirectstraffictothecorrectnodebyfilteringandforwardingpacketsbetweennodes.Switchesoperateatthedatalinklayer(layer2)andsometimesthenetworklayer(layer3)oftheOSIReferenceModelandthereforesupportanypacketprotocol.LANsthatuseswitchestojoinsegmentsarecalledswitchedLANsor,inthecaseofEthernetnetworks,switchedEthernetLANs.Inacircuit-switcheddatanetwork,aswitchisusedtocreateavirtualcircuitbetweenthepairsofendpoints.Thismeansthatitcreatesapathtothedestinationnodefromthesourcenode.4.5RoutersRoutersarethenetworkingdevicethatforwardsdatapacketsalongnetworksbyusingheadersandforwardingtablestodeterminethebestpathtoforwardthepackets.Routersalsoprovideinterconnectivitybetweenlikeandunlikedevicesonthenetwork.Thisisaccomplishedbyexaminingtheheaderofadatapacket.TheyuseprotocolssuchasICMPtocommunicatewitheachotherandconfigurethebestroutebetweenanytwohosts.Arouterisconnectedtoatleasttwonetworks,commonlytwoLANsorWANsoraLANanditsISP’snetwork.Routersareusuallylocatedatgateways,theplaceswheretwoormorenetworksconnect.ManyhouseholdDSLandModemsarealsorouters.NewWordsnetworkn.網(wǎng)絡(luò)telecommunicationn.電信scalabilityn.可伸縮性protocoln.協(xié)議expertn.專家，行家interconnectionn.互連，互相聯(lián)絡(luò)classificationn.分類，分級scalen.規(guī)模，比例，數(shù)值，范圍，等級workgroupn.工作組logicaladj.邏輯的，邏輯上的linearadj.線性的hubn.網(wǎng)絡(luò)集線器，網(wǎng)絡(luò)中心uplinkn.向上傳輸，上行線，上行鏈路firewiren.火線Bluetoothn.藍(lán)牙privateadj.私人的，私有地，專用的extranetn.外聯(lián)網(wǎng)intranetn.內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)standpointn.立場，觀點(diǎn)properadj.正當(dāng)?shù)?，適當(dāng)?shù)腶uthorizationn.授權(quán)，認(rèn)可portaln.門戶，入口microwaven.微波adaptern.適配器addressingn.尋址trafficn.通信量rebroadcastv.&.轉(zhuǎn)播，重播adjacentadj.鄰近的，接近的connectivityn.連通的packetn.信息包forwardingn.轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)endpointn.端點(diǎn)，終點(diǎn)destinationn.目的地；目的文件，目的單元格interconnectivityn.互聯(lián)通性gatewayn.門，通路，網(wǎng)關(guān)PhrasesBecomposedof由……組成homecomputernetwork家庭計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)consistof由……組成referencemodel參考模型powerlinecommunication電力線通信activenetworking主動(dòng)式網(wǎng)絡(luò)peer-to-peerarchitecture等體系結(jié)構(gòu)busnetwork總線網(wǎng)starnetwork星型網(wǎng)ringnetwork環(huán)型網(wǎng)meshnetwork網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)star-busnetwork星型—總線treetopologynetwork樹狀拓?fù)渚W(wǎng)storageareanetwork存儲(chǔ)區(qū)域網(wǎng)processcontrolnetwork過程控制網(wǎng)value-addednetwork增值網(wǎng)personaldigitalassistant個(gè)人數(shù)字助理，縮寫為PDAinquestion正被討論datatransferrate數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率leasedtelecommunicationline租用通信線路militarybase軍事基地physicallayer物理層datalinklayer數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層AbbreviationOSI開放式系統(tǒng)互連（OpenSystemInterconnect）TCP傳輸控制協(xié)議（TransferControlProtocol）IP網(wǎng)際協(xié)議（InternetProtocol_PAN個(gè)人網(wǎng)絡(luò)（PersonalAreaNetwork）CAN園區(qū)網(wǎng)（CampusAreaNetwork）MAN城域網(wǎng)（MetropolitanAreaNetwork）APPANET阿帕網(wǎng)，美國國防部高級研究計(jì)劃署計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)（AdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyNetwork）IEEE(美國)電氣電子工程師學(xué)會(huì)（InstituteforElectricalandElectronicEngineers）MAC媒體訪問控制（MediaAccesscontrol）ICMP網(wǎng)間控制報(bào)文協(xié)議（InternetControlMessagesProtocol）Exercises[EX.1]根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容回答問題Whatisacomputernetwork?Listtheexamplesofcomputernetworksclassifiedbyscale.Howmanycomputernetworksbeclassifiedexceptbyscale?Whatisapersonalareanetwork(PAN)?WhatdoesLANstandfor?WhatarecurrentLANsaremostlikelytobebasedon?WhatdodefiningcharacteristicsofLANsinclude?Whatisahub?Whatarerouters?【EX.2】根據(jù)下面的英文解釋，寫出相應(yīng)的而英文詞匯（1）：Asystemofcomputersinterconnectedbytelephonewiresorothermeansinordertoshareinformation.(2):Thescienceandtechnologyofcommunicationatadistancebyelectronictransmissionofimpulses,asbytelegraph,cable,telephone,radio,ortelevision.(3):Astandardprocedureforregulatingdatatransmissionbetweencomputers.(4):Agroupofusersworkingonacommonprojectandsharingcomputerfiles,oftenoveralocalareanetwork.(5):Inanetwork,adevicejoiningcommunicationlinesatacentrallocation,providingacommonconnectiontoalldevicesonthenetwork.(6):Inreferencetocomputing,especiallyremotecomputersonanetwork,therightgrantedanindividualtousethesystemanddatastoredonit.第二講DATABASE第一部分課程安排一、教學(xué)目的：掌握新的專業(yè)詞匯及短語。二、教學(xué)要求：能夠結(jié)合專業(yè)知識(shí)理解課文內(nèi)容，獨(dú)立完成課后習(xí)題。三、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：1、新詞匯及短語的理解與記憶；2、課文的理解四、教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：五、教學(xué)方式：采用教師與學(xué)生互動(dòng)的方式，提問問題，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生積極思考六、授課內(nèi)容和課時(shí)安排：七、課后練習(xí)：八、作業(yè)安排：九、本講小結(jié)：十、課后紀(jì)要：第二部分授課內(nèi)容Database(1)Incomputing,adatabasecanbedefinedasastructuredcollectionofrecordsordatathatisstoredinacomputersothataprogramcanconsultittoanswerqueries.Therecordsretrievedinanswertoqueriesbecomeinformationthatcanbeusedtomakedecisions.Thecomputerprogramusedtomanageandqueryadatabaseisknownasadatabasemanagementsystem(DBMS).Thepropertiesanddesignofdatabasesystemsareincludedinstudyofinformationscience.Theterm“database”originatedwithinthecomputingdiscipline.Althoughitsmeaninghasbeenbroadenedbypopularuse,eventoincludenon-electronicdatabases,thisarticleisaboutcomputerdatabases.Database-likerecordshavebeeninexistencesincewellbeforetheindustrialrevolutionintheformofledgers,salesreceiptsandotherbusinessrelatedcollectionsofdata.Thecentralconceptofadatabaseisthatofacollectionofrecords,orpiecesofinformation.Typically,foragivendatabasethereisastructuraldescriptionofthetypeoffactsheldinthatdatabasethisdescriptionisknownasaschema.Theschemadescribestheobjectsthatarerepresentedinthedatabase,andtherelationshipsamongthem.Thereareanumberofdifferentwaysoforganizingaschema,thatis,ofmodelingthedatabasestructure:theseareknownasdatabasemodels(ordatamodels).Themodelinmostcommonusetodayistherelationalmodel,whichinlayman’stermsrepresentsallinformationintheformofmultiplerelatedtableseachconsistingofrowsandcolumns(thetruedefinitionusesmathematicalterminology).Thismodelrepresentsrelationshipsbytheuseofvaluescommontomorethanonetable.Othermodelssuchasthehierarchicalmodelandthenetworkmodeluseamoreexplicitrepresentationofrelationships.Thetermdatabasereferstothecollectionofrelatedrecords,andthesoftwareshouldbereferredtoasthedatabasemanagementsystemorDBMS.Whenthecontextisunambiguous,however,manydatabaseadministratorsandprogrammersusethetermdatabasetocoverbothmeanings.Manyprofessionalsconsideracollectionofdatatoconstituteadatabaseonlyifithascertainproperties:forexample,ifthedataifmanagedtoensureitsintegrityandquality,ifitallowssharedaccessbyacommunityofusersifithasaschema,orifitsupportsaquerylanguage.However,thereisnoagreeddefinitionoftheseproperties.Databasemanagementsystemsareusuallycategorizedaccordingtothedatamodelthattheysupport:relational,object-relational,network,andsoon.Thedatamodelwilltendtodeterminethequerylanguagesthatareavailabletoaccessthedatabase.AgreatdealoftheinternalengineeringofaDBMS,however,isindependentofthedatamodel,andisconcernedwithmanagingfactorssuchasperformance,concurrency,integrity,andrecoveryfromhardwarefailuresIntheseareastherearelargedifferencesbetweenproducts.Varioustechniquesareusedtomodeldatastructure.Mostdatabasesystemsarebuiltaroundoneparticulardatamodel,althoughitisincreasinglycommonforproductstooffersupportformorethanonemodel.Foranylogicalmodel,variousphysicalimplementationsmaybepossible,andmostproductswillofferusersomelevelofcontrolintuningthephysicalimplementation,sincethechoicesthataremadehaveasignificanteffectonperformance.Anexampleistherelationalmodel:allseriousimplementationsoftherelationalmodelallowthecreationofindexeswhichprovidefastaccesstorowsinatableifthevaluesofcertaincolumnsareknown.1.1FlatmodelThismaynotstrictlyqualifyasadatamodel,asdefinedabove.Theflatortablemodelconsistsofasingle,twodimensionalarrayofdataelements,whereallmembersofagivencolumnareassumedtobesimilarvalues,andallmembersofarowareassumedtoberelatedtooneanother.1.2HierarchicalmodelInahierarchicalmodel,Dataisorganizedintoatree-likestructure,implyingasingleupwardlinkineachrecordtodescribethenesting,andasortfieldtokeeptherecordsinaparticularorderineachsame-levellist.1.3RelationalmodelThreekeytermsareusedextensivelyinrelationaldatabasemodel:relations,attributes,anddomains.Arelationisatablewithcolumnsandrows.ThenamedcolumnsoftherelationarecalledAttributes,andthedomainisthesetofvaluestheattributesareallowedtotake.Thebasicdatastructureoftherelationalmodelisthetable,whereinformationaboutaparticularentity(say,anemployee)isrepresentedincolumnsandrows(alsocalledtuples).Thus,the‘relation”In“relationaldatabase”referstothevarioustablesinthedatabase;arelationisasetoftuples.Thecolumnsenumeratethevariousattributesoftheentity(aspecificemployee)thatisrepresentedbytherelation.Asaresult,eachtupleoftheemployeetablerepresentsvariousattributesofasingleemployee.Allrelations(and,thus,tables)inarelationaldatabasehavetoadheretosomebasicrulestoqualifyasrelationsFirst,theorderingofcolumnsisimmaterialinatable.Second,therecan’tbeidenticaltuplesorrowsinatable.Andthird,eachtuplewillcontainasinglevalueforeachofitsattributes.Arelationaldatabasecontainsmultipletables,eachsimilartotheoneinthe“flat”databasemodel.Oneofthestrengthsoftherelationalmodelisthat,inprinciple,anyvalueoccurringintwodifferentrecords(belongingtothesametableortodifferenttables)impliesarelationshipbetweenthosetworecords.Yet,inordertoenforceexplicitintegrityconstraints,relationshipsbetweenrecordsintablescanalsobedefinedexplicitly,byidentifyingornon-identifyingparent-childrelationshipscharacterizedbyassigningcardinality(1:1,(0)1:M,M:M).Tablescanalsohaveadesignatedsingleattributeorasetofattributesthatcanactasa“key”,whichcanbeusedtouniquelyidentifyeachtupleinthetable.Akeythatcanbeusedtouniquelyidentifyarowinatableiscalledaprimarykey.KeysarecommonlyusedtojoinorcombinedatafromtwoormoretablesForexample,anEmployeetablemancontainacolumnnamedlocationwhichcontainsavaluethatmatchesthekeyofalocationtable.Keysarealsocriticalinthecreationofindices,whichfacilitatefastretrievalofdatafromlargetables.Anycolumncanbeakey,ormultiplecolumnscanbegroupedtogetherintoacompoundkey.Itisnotnecessarytodefineallthekeysinadvance,columncanbeusedasakeyevenifitwasnotoriginallyintendedtobeone.2.RelationaloperationsUsers(orprograms)requestdatafromarelationaldatabasebysendingitaquerythatiswritteninaspeciallanguage,usuallyadialectofSQL.AlthoughSQLwasoriginallyintendedforend-users,itismuchmorecommonforSQLqueriestobeembeddedintosoftwarethatprovidesaneasieruserinterface.ManyWebsites,suchasWikipedia,performSQLquerieswhengeneratingpages.Inresponsetoquery,thedatabasereturnsaresultset,whichisjustalistofrowscontainingtheanswers.Thesimplestqueryisjusttoreturnalltherowsfromatable,butmoreoften,therowsarefilteredinsomewaytoreturnjusttheanswerwanted.Often,datafrommultipletablesarecombinedintoone,bydoingajoin.Thereareanumberofrelationaloperationsinadditiontojoin.NewWordscomputingn.計(jì)算，處理queryn.查詢propertyn.性能，功能，特性；參數(shù)originatevi.起源，發(fā)生ledgern.分類帳，分戶總帳receiptn.收據(jù)，收條modeln.樣式，模型laymann.外行terminologyn.術(shù)語，專門名詞hierarchicaladj分等級的unambiguousadj不含糊的，明確的communityn.社區(qū)，團(tuán)體，社團(tuán)，大眾，公眾dealvi處理concurrencyn.并發(fā)性failuren.故障increasinglyadv越來越多地，逐漸增加地，日益地significantadj有意義的，重大的，重要的indexn.索引，指數(shù)upwardadj.向上的linkn&v.鏈接nestingn.嵌接attributen.屬性，特征tuplen.元組enumeratev.列舉instancen.實(shí)例adheren.遵守rulen.規(guī)則qualifyvt.具有資格，證明合格；限制，限定principlen.法則，原則，原理enforcevt.執(zhí)行，堅(jiān)持，強(qiáng)迫explicitlyadv明白地，明確地cardinalityn.基數(shù)性，基數(shù)，集的勢keyn.鍵joinv&n.連接，聯(lián)結(jié)combinev.聯(lián)合，結(jié)合，組合matchn&v.匹配compoundadj復(fù)合的dialectn.行話，方言generatingn.生成，發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生filtervt.過濾n.篩選PhrasesInanswerto回答，響應(yīng)computingdiscipline計(jì)算學(xué)科Industrialrevolution工業(yè)革命relationalmodel關(guān)系模型Hierarchicalmodel層級模型beindependentof與……無關(guān)，不依賴，不受……..限制querylanguage查詢語言Primarykey主鍵adhereto遵守Exercises[Ex.1]根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容回答問題Whatcanadatabasebedefinedasincomputing?Whatisadatabasemanagementsystem(DBMS)?Wheredidthetermdatabaseoriginate?Whatisaschema?Whatdoesitdo?Whatmodelisinmostcommonusetoday?Underwhatconditiondomanyprofessionalsconsideradatabase?Listtheexamples.IsagreatdealoftheinternalengineeringofaDBMSindependentofthedatamodel?Whatisitconcernedwith?Whatdoestheflat(ortable)modelconsistsof?Howisdataorganizedinahierarchicalmodel?Whatarethethreekeytermsusedextensivelyinrelationaldatabasemodels?Howdousers(orprograms)requestdatafromarelationaldatabase?[Ex.2]根據(jù)下面的英文解釋，寫出相應(yīng)的英文詞匯(1)_____________:Asequenceofinstructionsthatrepeatseitheraspecifiednumberoftimesofuntilaparticularconditionprevails.(2)_____________:Theprocessofexatractingdatafromadatabaseandpresentingitforuse.(3)_____________:Acharacteristicattributepossessedbyallmembersofaclass.(4)_____________:Amathematicalorgraphicalrepresentationofareal-worldsituationorobject.(5)_____________:Theinabilityofacomputersystemorrelateddevicetooperatereliablyoroperateatall.(6)_____________:Alistingofkeywordsandassociateddatathatpointtolocationofmorecomprehensiveinformation,suchasfilesandrecordsonadiskorrecordkeysinadatabase.(7)_____________:Anidentifyingtermattachedtoanelementinasystemtofacilitateconnectiontootheridentifiedelements.(8)_____________:Inadatabaserecord,thenameorstructureofafield.(9)_____________:Apatternormaskthroughwhichdataispassedtoweedoutspecifieditems.[6]Yet,inordertoenforceexplicitintegrityconstraints,relationshipsbetweenrecordsintablescanalsobedefinedexplicitly,byidentifyingornon-identiringparent-childrelationshipscharacterizedbyassigningcardingality(1:1.(0)1:M,M:M).本句中，inordertoenforceexplicitintegrityconstraints作目的狀語，byidentifyingornon–identifyingparent-childrelationshipscharacterizedbyassigningcardinality(1:1.(0)1:M,M:M)作方式狀語。在該方式狀語中，characterizedbyassigningcardinality(1:1.(0)1:M,M:M)是一個(gè)過去分詞短語，作定語，修飾和限定parent-childrelationships。第三講CLanguage第一部分課程安排一、教學(xué)目的：掌握新的專業(yè)詞匯及短語。二、教學(xué)要求：能夠結(jié)合專業(yè)知識(shí)理解課文內(nèi)容，獨(dú)立完成課后習(xí)題。三、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：1、新詞匯及短語的理解與記憶；2、課文的理解四、教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：五、教學(xué)方式：采用教師與學(xué)生互動(dòng)的方式，提問問題，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生積極思考六、授課內(nèi)容和課時(shí)安排：第一章信息系統(tǒng)建設(shè)導(dǎo)論第一節(jié)信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃的目標(biāo)和工作內(nèi)容第二節(jié)信息系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃各階段的工作內(nèi)容第三節(jié)業(yè)務(wù)流程的識(shí)別與改革七、課后練習(xí)：八、作業(yè)安排：九、本講小結(jié)：十、課后紀(jì)要：第二部分授課內(nèi)容CLanguagewhatisC?Cisacomputerprogramminglanguage.ItmeansthatyoucanuseCtocreatelistofinstructionsforacomputertofollow.Cisoneofthousandsofprogramminglanguagescurrentlyinuse.Chasbeenaroundforseveraldecadesandhaswonwidespreadacceptancebecauseitgivesprogrammersmaximumcontrolandefficiency.Cisaneasylanguagetolearn.Itisabitmorecrypticinitsstylethansomeotherlanguages,butyougetbeyondthatfairlyquickly.Ciswhatiscalledcompiledlanguage.ItmeansthatonceyouwroteyourCprogram,youmustrunitthroughaCcompilertoturnyourprogramintoanexecutablethatthecomputercanrun.TheCprogramisahuman—readableform,whiletheexecutablethatcomesoutofcompileristhemachine—readableandexecutableform.WhatthismeansisthattowriteandrunaCprogram,youmusthaveaccesstoacompiler.Ifyouareusing