2022年考研英語一真題及答案速查版

2022年全國碩士研究生招生考試(以下信息考生必須認(rèn)真填寫)考生編號(hào)考生姓名SectionIUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachB,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s.Theterm“plantneurobiology”was1aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbe2tointelligenceinanimals.3plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat4consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.Butsuchanideaisuntrue,accordingtoanewopinionarticle.Plantbiologyiscomplexandfascinating,butit5sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called6ofplants'intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.Beginningin2006,somescientistshave7thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,8“aplantnervoussystem,9tothatinanimals,”saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaithatplantshave‘brain-likecommandcenters'attheirroottips.”This11makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain,12ittoanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalcomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,”Taizsaid.“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofcomplexityandAndwhat'ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan'trunawayfrom英語(一)試題.1.(共14頁)2.[A]attributed4.[A]copedwith20.[A]humble[B]consistedofSectionⅡReadingComprehensionReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,C英語(一)試題.2.(共14頁)Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.Wandothertrashlittertheplaplasticsareeverywhereanddon'tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They“weep”outadditives.TheymeltintosludgeAllofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Thevariearlyradios,avant-gardealwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavawho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands.“It'slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,”shesays.“Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.”Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.Inthebegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets”—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets—whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherevulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostenchemicals“sunscreens”becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageanddisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten's,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplastics,designedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.professorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthehistory—StoneAge,IronAge,andecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.”英語(一)試題.3.(共14頁)22.VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare23.MuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi'sartworksto24.Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis25.InFerreira'sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts英語(一)試題.4.(共14頁)uptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofaoftheireducationaljourney.Millennialsweretoldthatiuniversal,theybecamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroThankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenerationZseekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtoschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesForthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecifiPostgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenneedtobeconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonaloftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ'scareertrajectory.Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:‘I英語(一)試題.5.(共14頁)[C]reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducation.[D]postponetheirunder27.ThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflects[A]Millennials'opinionsaboutwork.[D]thedesiredrouteofsocialmobility.[D]parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducation.[C]teamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduates.[D]Theywillhavealimitedchoiceo英語(一)試題.6.(共14頁)Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollSuchanencouragingrevisualartiststohelpthemcommunicatethescientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperformedareworkedversionofAntoniaheadofNovember'sUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.respondedtotheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonoteachother'swork.SuchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinMorethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyopeneditsstudies’inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsinterestin,andthereforecouldformthebtechnologyprogressed,anddividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrsimultaneouslylookingtoatimewhenleadingresearcherscouldalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.Nature'spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisassThereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchcommunication,andparticipantsmustnotf英語(一)試題.7.(共14頁)31.AccordingtoParagraph1,art-sciencecollaborations[A]caughttheattent[C]promotedacademicpublishing.32.ThereworkedversionofTheF[B]sciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotions.[C]publicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfuture.[D]artiseffectiv33.Someartistsseemtoworrythatintheart-sciencepartnership[A]theirrolemaybeundere[B]Itexemplifiedvaluableart-scienceal[D]Itsfounderssoughtt35.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthata[A]arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectations.[D]arebecomingmorepopularthanbefore.英語(一)試題.8.(共14頁)ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand'sEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Insteaddismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtofrom“unjustifieddismissals”.Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.LonggonearethedayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnoticeButtheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattestconstrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisaonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailureBetweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.Consequently—andparadoxically—lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunderperformingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers'wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand'sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry'spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA'sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwell-being.AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold”fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers'Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.英語(一)試題.9.(共14頁)36.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto[B]improvetraditionalhiringprocedures.[D]protecttherightsofordinaryworkers.37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thattheprovisionsmay[A]hinderbusinessdevelopment.[B]underminemanagers'authority.[C]affectthepublicimageoft[D]worsenlabor-managementrelations.38.WhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldtheProductivityCommissionsupport?[A]Imposingreasonablewagerestrain[C]Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.[D]Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.39.WhatmightbeaneffectofERA'sunjustifieddismissalprocedures?[A]Highlypaidmanagerslosetheirjobs.[D]Employersneedtohirenewstaff.40.Itcanbeinferredthatthe“high-incomethreshold”inAustralia[B]hasproducedundesiredresults.[C]isbeneficialtobusinessowners.Readthefollowingcommentsonanarticletitled“TheCaseAgainstZoos”byEmmaMarrisandalistofstatementssummarizingthecomments.ChoosethebeststatementfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedname(41-45).Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)(41)TeriByrd:Iwasazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyears.Boththewildlifeparkandzo0claimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.Thisclaimwasfalse.Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionstoanimalresearchorconservation.Theyareprofitableinstitutionswhosebottomlineismuchmoreimportantthantheconditionoftheanimals.Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyou“enhance”enclosures,theydonotallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequateexercise.Animalsendupstressedandunhealthyordead.It'spasttimefortransparencywiththeit'spasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourculture.(42)KarenR.Sime:cruel.Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.Thezoologyprogramatmyuniversityattractsstudentsforwhomzo0visitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren'sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintenseimmersiveandinteractiveexperience.Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos'treatmentofanimalswiththeireducationalpotential.(43)GregNewberry:EmmaMarris'sarticleisaninsultandadisservicetothethousandsofpassionate,dedicatedpeoplewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.Sheusesoutdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationscommittedtoconnectingchil Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowtheycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Ofcourse.Buttheyaretheexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.Adistressedanimalinazoowillgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital英語(一)試題·.11.(共14頁)Asafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.ButIbelievethatwell-runzoos,andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigpurpose.Wereitnotforopportunitiestoobservethesebeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoZoosare,inthatsense,similartonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfyourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreatundisturbedintheirnaturalenvironments.EmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzo0experiencesonhowpeoplethinkabothemselvesandnature,andthedatapointseway,discountwhatisleaZoosaretoolsforthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueofzoosinconnectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoiceforconservationandenvironmentalprotection.Theyaffordanopportunityforpeoplefromallbackgroundstoencounterarangeofanimals,fromdronebeestospringbokorsalmon,tobetterunderstandthenaturalworldwelivein.[A]Zoos,whichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtoforthepreciouscreaturesintheircare.startingyoungpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.[E]Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthe[F]Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals?well-being.[G]Marrisdistortindispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.英語(一)試題.12.(共14頁)ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Writeyouransthesceneofatitanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferentplanes:betweenNapoleon'sFrenchArmyandtheangryinhabitants;betweentheBritish,everkeepthemincheck;betweennewforcesofscienceandmeritocracyandoldonesofconservatismandbirth.(readabouttheperiod,abattlebetweenthosewhomadecode IfirstdiscoveredtheNapoleoniccode-breakingbattleafewyearsagowhenIwasreadingSirCharlesOman'sepicHistoryofthePeninsularWar.Invotha