科技英語翻翻譯

3rd

Lecture

StylisticFeaturesofESTTheEnglishofScienceandTechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.WhatisEST?Ofallthescientificfields,weusuallysubdividethemintotwomainvarieties:theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology(ESST專門用途科技英語)andtheEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology(ECST科普英語)ESTisusedinscientificworks,academicthesis,researchpapers,experimentalreports,thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena.InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish,dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology.But,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.ThecommonelementsinvariousESTarticles,papersandthesiscanbeanalyzedintermsoftheirsimilaritiesinlinguisticfeatures.Thiskindofwritingisusuallyformalinstyleandseriousintone.Itdoesnottakeartisticbeautyoflanguageasitsgoal,instead,ittriestoachieveclarityinlogicandaccuracyinmeaning.Ittiestoavoidsubjectiveopinionsorevaluations,ambiguouswordorexpressions.1.Ittendstoemploywordswiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.2.Thesentencesareusuallylongandcompleteandsubordinateappositive(同位語從句)andparentheticalclauses（插入語從句）areoftenused.3.Logicalconnectors,suchashence,insummary,asaresult,appearinESTmorefrequentlythaninothertypesofwriting.GeneralstylisticfeaturesofEST

科技英語的總體特征First,letuscomparethefollowingtwoparagraphsabout“man”:

Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties（天賦）!informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!inaction,howlikeanangel!inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagon(典范)ofanimals.………WilliamShakespeare:Hamlet人類是一件多么了不起的作品！他的理性多么高貴！才能多么無限，動作多么敏捷，體形多么令人贊嘆！行為像天使，悟性像天神！宇宙之至美，眾生之靈長。（莎士比亞《哈姆雷特》）Manismetazoan[met?`z?u?n]（后生動物,多細胞動物）,triploblastic[tripl?’bl?stik]（三胚層的）,vertebrate[‘v?:tibrit]（脊椎動物）pentadactyl[pent?d?ktil]（adj.有五指的）,mammalian[m?‘meilj?n]（哺乳動物）,eutherian[ju:θi?ri?n]（真哺乳亞綱的(動物),primate[‘praimit]（靈長目動物）Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.FromatextbookofbiologyOfthetwopassages,thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork,andthesecond,EST.Bycomparison,wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatterhumanbeing.Thesetwopassagescanbeanalyzedaccordingtothefollowingaspects:1、GraphologicalFeatures語相特征2、LexicalFeatures詞匯特征3、Syntactic∕GrammaticalFeatures句法∕語法特征4.SemanticFeatures語篇特征

Graphologically,inthefirstpassagethetypicalfeatureisthefrequentuseofexclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings);whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation).Lexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,suchas,noble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutheran,primate,etc.Syntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentences（感嘆句）

aswellastwoshortsentencefragments（片語）inordertoexpressfeelings;Whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentences(陳述句)

withthepurposeofgivinginformation.

Semantically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageisusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthemetaphor(pieceofwork),hyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.Whileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Asaresult,theinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.1、GraphologicalFeatures語相特征2、LexicalFeatures詞匯特征3、Syntactic∕GrammaticalFeatures句法∕語法特征4.SemanticFeatures語篇特征

ModelofStylisticAnalysisofEST

科技英語文體特征分析模版Generallyspeaking,ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicaldevices.First,scientiststendtousevisualaids(直觀手段)morethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.語相特征:包括標點，圖表，大小寫，段落的劃分，空格等。1.GraphologicalFeaturesAsfaraspunctuation（標點）isconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop（句號）,thecomma（逗號）,andtheparentheses（括號）.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.AsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.Parentheses（插入語）areusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.ESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:1)commonwords（withspecificmeaning）2)highlytechnicalwords;3)semi-technicalwords;4)nominalization5)compounding6)newlycoinedwords2.LexicalFeatures英語科技文體中的普通詞或稱非技術詞是屬于語言共核部分的詞,通用于各類文體,包括代詞、連詞、數詞、動詞,以及無技術意義的形容詞、副詞、名詞等。在專用語中,非技術詞既有結構上的關聯(lián)作用,又有語義上的補充作用。這類詞匯系指不同專業(yè)都要經常使用的通用詞匯。這類詞的詞義也比較單一,使用范圍較專業(yè)技術詞匯要廣些,在科技英語中出現(xiàn)頻率較高。e.g:frequency(頻率)density(密度)energy(能量)magnetism(磁性)1).commonwords普通詞(非技術詞)【例句】Theprincipleoftheelectronmicroscopeisasfollows;Electronsfromahotcathodeareacceleratedbyapositivepotentialonananode（陽極）andarefocusedsoastoformabeamofhigh-speedelectronswhichfalluponasampletobeobserved.Electronsemergingfromthissamplearefocusedbyanotherelectronlensand,mayformamagnifiedimageonafluorescentscreen.[譯文]電子顯微鏡的原理如下:從熱陰極發(fā)射的電子受到陽極上正電位的加舉作用,并聚集形成一束高速電子,落到要觀察的樣品上。從這個樣品上出來的電子又有另一個電子透鏡聚焦并可在螢光屏上形成一個極大的物像。從上面英文斜體詞可知,這些非技術詞或是連詞造句、連句成段的功能詞,或是具有普通意義的常用詞,即使在正式程度很高的語篇中,非技術詞對其構成也是極為重要的。在專用語文體中,非技術詞的主要特點是除了本身的結構意義或概念意義外,詞義色彩中性,即既沒有貶褒色彩,也沒有感情色彩。這與文學語體截然不同,如以escape一詞為例:【例句】Thehigh-ceilingedrooms,thelittlebalconies,alcoves,nooksandanglesallsuggestssanctuary,escape,creaturecomfort.[譯文]天花板高高的房間,小巧的樓廳,凹進的斗室,僻靜的角落,這一切都使人聯(lián)想到靜謐的圣殿,遁世避俗的處所和舒適的享受。escape原意為“逃遁”含義較抽象,此處聯(lián)系上下文,譯作逃遁之事物與處所,這就使人聯(lián)想到遠離塵世喧囂和煩惱的意境。這種聯(lián)想正是文學創(chuàng)作和欣賞所必不可少的條仵。而同樣一個詞(盡管詞性不同),用在科技英語中決不可能引起如此的聯(lián)想。【例句】Thefirstbubblestoescapefromtheliquidareamixtureofairandhydrogen.[譯文]最初從液體中溢出的氣體是空氣和氫的混合物。這里,escape只表示一種狀態(tài),別無其他附加意義。又如beam一例:【例句】Hebeamedwelcomeatthedistinguishedvisitorsandcomplimentedthemontheirlooks.

[譯文]他滿面春風地向貴客們表示歡迎,恭維他們氣色好。beam原意為“發(fā)光”“發(fā)熱”“發(fā)射”,此處喻義為臉上露出高興、微笑等神情,譯為“滿面春風”形象地傳達了beam的含義。beam在這里帶有濃重的感倩色彩,但在下列科技英語例句中,卻只有單一的“發(fā)射”之意了。Arobotmightcarryitspower,forexample,storagebatteries,andhasitsinstructionsbeamedbyshort-waveshort-rangeelectromagneticwaves（短波短程電磁波）.[譯文]機器人可以攜帶電源,例如蓄電池,并用短波短程電磁波發(fā)射信號。Highlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline,usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin,suchasthewords（likemetazoen,triploblastic,chodal,vertebrate,pentadactyletc.）usedintheexampleoftheIntroductionofthischapter.Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakers.（這類詞匯在科技英語中的出現(xiàn)頻率并不高。它們的特點是嚴謹、規(guī)范、詞義單一,使用范圍狹窄,多限于本專業(yè)使用,而且多是國際上通用的。）2）technicalwords技術詞（術語）Semi-technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines,buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon-technicaluse,suchasenergy,force,mass,matter,power,movement,solution,etc.3）semi-technicalwords半技術詞半技術詞(semi-technicalwords)是科技文體中應用最廣的詞,科學思想和技術內容的展開主要依靠半技術詞來實現(xiàn)。半技術詞亦稱次技術詞(sub-technicalwords)。半技術詞大部分來自英語詞匯的共核部分,具有一定的技術含義,且各科通用。（context–independentwordswhichoccurwithhighfrequencyacrossdisciplines.）這些詞匯指在科技英語中使用的普通詞匯,它們大多源自英語普通詞匯,除了本身的基本詞義外,在不同的專業(yè)中又有不同的詞義。這類詞詞義繁多,用法靈活,搭配形式多樣,使用范圍極廣,在科技英語中出現(xiàn)頻率最高,比較難掌握。半技術詞的主要文體特征為:1.詞頻高:任何高級復雜的科學技術,往往可通過基本規(guī)律或基礎技術概念加以闡述。一般專著的主題或跟主題詞密切相關的詞多用技術詞,而表示基本規(guī)律或基礎技術的詞則多用半技術詞。正是通過這些半技術詞表示的基本技術概念,加上普通詞的輔助與銜接,使之上下貫通,專門技術思想才得以體現(xiàn)。因此,半技術詞的詞頻比技術詞要高得多,但又低于普通詞。2.跨學科半技術詞的詞義隨專業(yè)、學科的不同而有變化。例如:power在日常用語中有“能力、動力、權力、國家、政權”等詞義,在科技文獻中則有“功率、電源、電力、信率、乘方、率、價”等詞義。current:在水力學方面譯作“水流”,而在電學中譯為“電流”。cable:可以是電纜”,也可以是“光纜”。parallel:在數學上,為“平行”而在電學上為“并聯(lián)”。level:在電氣通信中為“電平”,而在光通信中為“光平”。3.多義性：許多半技術詞搭配靈活,即使在同一專業(yè)內,因詞的聯(lián)立關系不同,詞義也有差別。有一篇譯文僅6000字的文章,facility這個詞,就用了近20次,譯者須得體地處理同詞異義的現(xiàn)象:【例1】.Inordertoperformaneffectiveauditor（檢驗）,theauditor(s)mustbefamiliarwithallaspectsofafacilityoperation.

【譯文】為了進行有效的檢驗,檢驗人員必須熟悉設備的操作?！纠?】Regulaionregardingthehandlingofhazardouswasteshavebecomemorestringentandcomplex.Facilitiescannolongerignoretheirwastes.[譯文]處理有害廢物的規(guī)程變得更嚴格、更復雜。工廠不能再忽視所產生的廢物?！纠?】Regulationsrequirethatanyreactiveandignitablewastebestoredatleast500metersfromthefacility’spropertyline.[譯文]條例要求,凡是會發(fā)生反應和可燃的廢物,應存放于離廠家財產至少500米的地方?！纠?】Thesiteideallyshouldhavesufficientlandtoprovideabufferzonebetweenthefacilityandthepublicsurroundingit.[譯文]理想的處理現(xiàn)場應該有足夠的土地,以便在設施及其周圍環(huán)境之間有一緩沖區(qū)。以上四例中將facility分別譯為“設備、工廠、廠家、設施”如將譯詞任意替換是不得體的。半技術詞沒有嚴格的體系性,其詞義取決于專業(yè)內容和詞的聯(lián)立關系。有的半技術詞由于用法不同,還可以有不同的詞性,如上述power一詞,除用作名詞外,也可用作動詞,并可由過去分詞轉化為形容詞。4.語義負荷低半技術詞雖有多義性,但比起普通詞來,它們的詞義負荷要低得多。如work一詞,作為普通詞,一般辭典對它的釋義都寫得較長，甚至多達數頁。它的詞性靈活,搭配很多,詞的意義很大程度上取決于上下文。例如,work作為普通詞,還有許多固定的配搭,產生出無數的詞義,而如作為半技術詞,其詞義負荷就小得多。與其他半技術詞一樣,在科技英語中增添了新義,詞義帶上不同的專業(yè)色彩,詞的用法與搭配獲得相對穩(wěn)定,例如:【例句】Pushingorpulling,however,doesnotnecessarilymeandoingwork.[譯文l然而,推或拉未必意味著作功。(物理學)【例句】Theworks

ofthesewatchesarehome-producedandwearwell.[譯文]這些表的機件是國產的,耐磨的。(機械)【例句】Temperaturerequiredforannealingisafunctionoftwofactors,(1)thenatureofthematerial,and(2)theamountofworkthathasbeendonepriortoannealing.[譯文]回火所需溫度隨兩個因素而變:(1)材料特性;(2)退火前的加工量。（機械,冶金）Nominalizationreferstothegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech,usuallyverbsoradjectives.Nominalizationismoreformalthanitscounterpart,thereforemorefrequentlyoccurinEST.4）.Nominalization名詞化名詞化指名詞性轉化,如起名詞作用的非謂語動詞和與動詞同根或同形的名詞;也包括一些形容詞來源的名詞。這些詞可起到名詞的作用,也可表達謂語動詞或形容詞所表達的內容,常伴有修飾成分或附加成分,構成短語。這種短語稱為名詞化結構。名詞化結構的組合方式多,意義容量大,適宜于表達精細復雜的思想,使文章具有莊重感和嚴肅感。名詞化的詞主要是指表示動作或狀態(tài)的抽象名詞,或起名詞作用的非謂語動詞:它們一般由動詞派生,但也包括由形容詞加后綴-ability,-ity,-ness等構成的名詞,例如possible—possibility,available-availability,clean-cleaness.例句:a)Thedependence(todepend)oftherateofevaporation(toevaporate)ofaliquidontemperatureisenormous.b)Theaddition(toadd)andremoval(toremove)ofheatmaychangethestateofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.名詞化的功能：1、句法簡單2、表述客觀3.突出重點名詞化的語義特征：1、抽象性2、包容性名詞化的語義轉化:名詞化的詞(不定式除外)還經?？赊D化為具體名詞,轉化的方式是加冠詞,復數加詞尾(e)s。轉化的結果是:(1)變抽象意義為具體詞義;(2)功能改變,可以用普通名詞特有的修飾語來修飾,也可作名詞定語。如一些名詞化的詞加冠詞后,即取得具體意義:Institution(建立)→aninstitution(機構)construction(建筑)→aconstruction(建筑物)mixture(混合)→amixture(混合物)selection(選擇)→aselection(選集)building(建筑)→abuilding(建筑物)drawing(繪圖)→adrawing(圖)agreement(同意)→agreements(契約)connection(連接)→connections(結合處)development(發(fā)展)→developments(發(fā)展成果)Instruction(指示)→Instructions(說明書)translation(翻譯)→translations(譯作)

有些詞的復數形式即為具體名詞:

use(使用)→uses(用途)finding(尋找)→findings(調查結果)surrounding(環(huán)繞)→surroundings(環(huán)境)beginning(開始)→beginnings(早期階段)reading(讀)→readings(讀數)compoundingisthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.soft+ware軟件Brain-trust智囊團Green-house溫室Field-test現(xiàn)場測試Abdominal-delivery破腹產well-known著名的carbonsteel碳鋼5)compounding合成詞Combiningwithahyphen:salt-former鹵素，dew-point露點，pulse-sealer脈沖定標器combiningwithoutahyphen:fallout放射性塵埃，hovercraft氣墊船，waterlock水閘，thunderstorm雷暴twoormoreseparatewordsformingawordcombination:verbaltranslator逐字翻譯機,satelliteantimissileobservationsystem衛(wèi)星反導彈觀察系統(tǒng)bull'seye(靶心)，cat-and-mouse(航向與指揮的)，doghouse(高頻高壓電源屏蔽罩)BloomofnewtermsAlongwiththedevelopmentofscineceandtechnology,therearemanynewESTtermscomeintobeing.Forexample,Google用搜索引擎搜索信息Email電子郵件Webpage網頁Webzine網絡雜志6)newlycoinedwordstwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordsandfinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Taikonaut=taikong+astronaut航天員Minicomputer=miniature+computer微型電腦Transistor=transfer+resistor晶體管Telex=teleprinter+exchange電傳copytron=copy+electron電子復寫B(tài)lending縮合法smog=smoke+fog煙霧brunch=breakfast+lunch早午餐/晚早餐telex=teleprinter+exchange電傳gravisphere=gravity+sphere引力范圍medicare=medical+care醫(yī)療保健biorhythm=biological+rhythm生理節(jié)奏Englishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages.Greek,Latin,French,Spanishhaveallplayedanactiveroleinthisprocess(胡壯麟).Robert(Czech)Czech捷克人[語]Raster(French)光柵Xerox(brandname,derivedfromatrademark)靜電復印機Borrowing借詞科技詞匯多源于希臘語和拉丁語；據美國科技英語專家OscarE.Nybaken統(tǒng)計,在一萬個普通英語的詞匯中,約有46%的詞匯源于拉丁語,7.2%源于希臘語。尤其在專業(yè)性極強的科技英語詞匯中,這種比例就更高。據有關統(tǒng)計,70%以上的科技英語詞匯來自拉丁語、希臘語。ADPautomaticdataprocessing自動數據處理AIDSAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome艾滋病EDPMelectronicdataprocessingmachine電子數據處理機MOUSE

minimumorbitalunmannedsatelliteof

theearth(儀表載重50公斤以下的)不載人的最小人造地球衛(wèi)星SALT

StrategicArmsLimitationTalks限制戰(zhàn)略武器會談SNAPsubsystemfornuclearauxiliarypower

(原子)核輔助動力子系統(tǒng)ASairscoop空氣收集器airseasoned風干的(木材)airspeed空速、氣流速率airstation航空站、飛機場AmericanStandard美國標準

atmosphereandspace大氣層與宇宙空間Acronym首字母縮略AffixationisanimportantmeansofcomingnewEnglishwordsandtechnicalterms,withprefixandsuffixasinseparableelementsofthewordsandtechnicalterms,withprefixandsuffixasinseparableelementsofthewordsbeingcoined.(widelyusedinChemistryEnglish)miniultrasonicprober=mini+ultra+sonic+prober微型超聲波金屬探傷儀macrospacetransship=macro+space+trans+ship巨型空間轉運飛船teletypesetter=tele+type+setter電傳排宇機Affixation綴合法:prefixandsuffixPneumonia=與肺相關(拉丁語)超=非常(拉丁語)微觀=極端小(Latin/Old英語)silico=硅土(拉丁語)火山=火山(拉丁語)coni=與塵土(希臘語相關:konis，塵土)osis=疾病/情況(希臘語)Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

[醫(yī)]硅酸鹽沉著病,矽肺病色氨酸合成酶A蛋白質MethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamylserylleucylphenylalanylalanylglutaminylleucyllysylglutamylarginyllysylglutamylglycylalanylphenylalanylvalylprolyphenylalanYlvalythreonylleucylglycylaspartylprolylglycylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylsErylleucyllysylisoleucylaspartylthreonylleucylIsoleucylglutamylalanylglycylalanylasparthlalanylleucylglutamylleucylglycylisoleucylprolylphenylalanylseRylaspartylprolylleucylalanylaspartylglycylpRolylthreOnylisoleucylglutaminylasPfraginylalanylthreonylleucylarfinylalanylphenylalanylalanylalanylglycylvalythreonylprolylalanylglutaminylcysteinylphenylalanylglutamylmethionylleucylalanylleuOylisoleucylarginylglutaminyllysyhistidylprolylthreonylisoleucylprolylisoleucylglycylleucylmethionyltyrosylalanylasparaginylleucylvalylphenylalanylasparaginyllysyglycylisoleucylaspartylglutamylphenylalanylthrosylalanylglutaminylcysteinylglutamyllysylvalylglycylvalylaspartylserylvalylleucylvalylalnylaspartylvalylprolylvalylglUtaminylglutamylserylalanylprolylphenylalanylarginylglutaminylalanylalanylleucylarginylhistidylasparaginyvalylalanylprolylisoleucylprolylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylcysteinylprolylprolylaspartylalanylaspartylaspartylaspartylleucylleucylarginylglutaminylisoleucylalanylseryltyrosylglycylarginylglycyltyrosylthreonyltyrOsylleucylleucylserylarginylalanylglycylvalylthreonylglycylalanylglutamYlasparainylarginylalanylalanylleucylprolylleucylasparaginylhistidylleucylValylalanyllysylleucyllysylglutamyltyrosylasparaginylalanylalanylprolylprolylleucylglutaminylglgycylphenylalanylglycylisoleucylserylalanylprolylaspartylglutaminylvalyllysylalanylalanylisoleucylaspartylalanylglycylalanylalanylglycylalanylisoleucylserylglycylserylalanylisoleucylvalyllysylisoIeucylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylHistidylasparaginyliSoleucylglutamylprolylglutamyllysylmethionylleucylalanylalanylleucyllysylvalylphenylalanylcalylglutaminylprolylmethionlysylalanylalanylthreonylarginylserine1934個字母的“色氨酸合成酶A蛋白質”（一種含有267種氨基酸酶ThelongestwordintheworldAgreatnumberofEnglishwordshaveundergonetheprocessofabbreviationintheiretymologicalhistory,itisalsocalledclipping,thatis,anewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpart.Flue=influenzaTelecom=telecommunicationAbbreviation縮略(1)moredeclarativesentences多陳述句Asfarassentencetypeisconcerned,therearemoredeclarativesentences,sincetheprimarypurposeofESTistosupplyinformation,andtoachieveclarity,concisenessandaccuracy.3.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatures（2）morelongsentences.多長句Asfarassentencelengthisconcerned,therearemorelongsentences.Sentencesofmorethan30wordsarebynomeansrareinESTwritings,andtheyoftencontainseveralclausesandnon-finiteverbphrasesaspre-andpost-modifiersandtheseclausesandphrasesareusuallyinterwovenwitheachother,thusformingverylongsentences.（3）frequentuseof“it”introducedsentences.it引導的無人稱句Anothertypicalsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentuseof“it”introducedsentenceswhichaddasenseofimpersonalityandformality.Forexample:a)Itispossibletomakeconcreteofanyrequiredstrengthwithinreasonablelimits.在合理的限度內制造任何所需強度的混凝土是可能的。b)Itisnecessarytouseamorereliablemethodofinspectionintheformofasuitabletest.采用更可靠的檢查方法,進行適當的試驗是有必要的。（4）ThefrequentuseofprepositionalphrasesandparticiplephrasesarealsocommoninESTwritings.介詞短語和分詞結構的普遍使用Allthesemakethesentencestructuremorelogical.Forexample:a)Theactionofaironanairplaneinflightatlowaltitudeisgreaterthanthatathighaltitude.飛機在低空飛行時的空氣作用大于在高空飛行時的空氣作用。b)Travellingatthespeedoflight,ittakestwomillionyearstoreachthenextgalaxy.以光速飛行,需要200萬年才能到達下一個星系。（5）frequentuseofpassivevoice.被動語態(tài)的廣泛使用ThemostconspicuousgrammaticalfeatureofESTisthefrequentuseofpassivevoice.Aboutone-thirdoftheverbsinESTwritingsareinthepassivevoice.Thisindicatesthatscientistsandengineersusethepassivevoicemuchmorefrequentlythanmostotherwriters.Thereasonsare:a)Scientistsaremoreinterestedintheactionorfactsratherthanthedoers;b)Passivesentencesareusuallyshorterandmoreconcisethanactiveones;c)Passivesentencesappearmoreobjectiveintone.首先,科技人員關心的是行為、活動、作用、事實,至于這些行為是誰做的,無關緊要,所以,在這樣的句子中就沒有必要出現(xiàn)人稱。其次,主語一般位于句首,被動句正是將“行為、活動、作用、事實”等作為主語,從而能立即引起讀者對所陳述的事實的注意。最后,在意思的表達方面被動句通常比主動句更簡潔明了。(6)一般現(xiàn)在時simplepresenttense.AnothertypicalgrammaticalfeatureofESTisthefrequentuseofsimplepresenttense.Sincethesimplepresenttenseisoftenusedtoshowageneraltruth,ortoindicateastate,orregularactionsorprocess,itismostcommonlyusedinESTwritingsApartfromthesimplepresenttense,thesimplepast,thesimplefuture,thepresentperfectandthepresentcontinuousarealsousedinESTwritings,butnotasfrequentlyasthesimplepresent.1.ThemostconspicuoussemanticfeatureofESTistheuseofalanguageinwhichmostofthewordsareintheirconceptualmeaning.Inotherwords,rhetoricaldevices,figuresofspeechcanhardlyfindtheirplaceshere,sincethemainpurposeofESTistogiveinformation,nottoshowfeelings.4.SemanticFeatures2.wideuseofconnectivesClarityandfactuality（精確與客觀）aremoreimportantinESTthaninothervarieties,whichresultedinthefrequentuseofconnectives(transations).(1)logicalconnectors:hence,therefore,thus,but,however,and,inaddition,nevertheless(2)backwardreferencewithuseof“it”,“this”(回指)(3)nounrepetitionDescribethestylisticfeaturesofthesampleinthefollowingways:1.LexicalFeatures:(1)highlytechnicalwords;(2)nominalization;(3)Word-formation2.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatures:(1)moredeclarativesentences多陳述句(2)morelongsentences.多長句(3)frequentuseof“it”introducedsentences。it引導的無人稱句(4)Thefrequentuseofprepositionalphrasesandparticiplephrases介詞短語和分詞結構的普遍使用(5)frequentuseofpassivevoice.被動語態(tài)的廣泛使用(6)tensesused:simplepresenttense一般現(xiàn)在時,presentperfecttense現(xiàn)在完成時,simplepasttense一般過去式3.SemanticFeatures語篇特征:connectives:語篇銜接(a)backwardreferenceswithuseof“it”,“this”.(b)nounrepetition專業(yè)術語的重復(c)transitionalwordsandphrases連接詞，過渡語1)abroadknowledgeonthesubjectsinvolved;2)capableofemployingtranslatingskillsinvolvedintranslationofEST;a)athoroughunderstandingofthetechnicalterms.b)acquaintancewithsentencestructuresfrequentlyusedinESTc)athoroughanalysisof