英語語法教材講義

第一章英語動詞的時態(tài)英漢兩種語言在時態(tài)表達方式上的差異英語動詞的形式動詞一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)(現(xiàn)單三)的構成，見下也與名詞復數(shù)相同)舉例一般加-s以輔音字母加y結尾的詞，變y為i再舉例詞尾讀音清輔音之后讀[t][t],[d]之后讀[id]元音和濁輔音([d]除外)之后讀[d]以不發(fā)音的“e”結尾的結尾是輔音字母+y時，結尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，雙寫清輔音之后讀[t]如weep→wept,sleep→slept現(xiàn)在分詞一律由動詞原形加-ing構成，規(guī)則舉例以不發(fā)音的e結尾的詞，去掉e,再加以一個輔音字母(x除外)結尾的重讀閉begin→beginning,swim→sw以-ie結尾的詞，變ie為y,再加-ing一般完成進行現(xiàn)在時過去時was/were+doing時(一)構成動詞be和have(表示“擁有”)各人稱的單數(shù)形式為：否定疑問式否定回答動詞have(表示“擁有”)的否定疑問式否定疑問式否定回答.注意：have作為行為動詞則只能按照行為動詞行為動詞(以work為例)一般現(xiàn)在時的否定式、疑問式和簡單回答(注意要加助動詞do/does)否定式否定疑問式簡單回答(肯定/否定)(二)用法這些動詞可與often,usually,Whenthecurtainrises,Juliet(三)練習1)見到你我很高興。2)李華只懂一點英語。3)他們每天晚上看電視。5)我父親很少去看戲。6)你多久給你的母親寫一封信?7)你的朋友看起來很年輕。8)我預料你趕得上公共汽車。二、現(xiàn)在進行時否定式否定疑問式簡單回答(肯定/否定)Areyounot(Aren'tyou)studyin.(二)用法：3.有些動詞，如come,go,leave,return,arrive,begin,start等，它們的現(xiàn)在(三)練習1)新生下星期到。2)那邊出了什么事?3)那輛汽車怎么停在門外?5)他老愛開玩笑。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(一)構成到主語之前。以study為例，其否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如否定式否定疑問式簡單回答(肯定/否定)Yes,Ihave.No,Ihaven狀語連用，如today,thesedays,recently,now,lately,for..,since...,inthe狀語，如already,yet,sometimes,always,often,befWherehashebeen?他剛才到哪里去了?(已經回來了)大)1)他們已經答復了我們的信。3)他剛把他的名字告訴我。4)你到過杭州嗎?-一到過。我一個月以前去過那里。我去過兩三次。HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou?-5)他在海外住了很長時間了。四、現(xiàn)在完成進行時+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。(二)用法I'vebeenwaitingforyousinceeighto'clockinthemorning.我從早上8點鐘We'vebeencleaningtheclassroom,butwehaven'tfi1)你整個早晨在學習什么?2)你已經參加過期末考試了嗎?Thestudentshavebeenpreparingtheirlessonsfort4)我們從小就認識。6)雨一直下了一個星期。五、一般過去時study為例，其否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如否定式否定疑問式簡單回答(肯定/否定)(二)用法2)你昨天早上是什么時候醒來的?—一我六點鐘醒的，可是到七點才起Whattimedidyouwakeupyesterdaymorning?-Iwokeupatsixo'clock,but4)我上中學的時候總是六點鐘起床。5)周總理曾經常在這里辦公。六、過去進行時第一、第三人稱單數(shù)用was,其他用were.2.過去進行時動詞常用always,contiThetwobrotherswerefrequentlyquar6)她給你打電話的時候，你在干什么?七、過去完成時(一)構成：一律用had+過去分詞構成。(二)用法：SaddamhadhardlyrealHardlyhadSaddamrealizedwhatwasHehadtoldmethatthemeetingwasat2,butwhenIarrivedIha八、過去完成進行時(一)構成Theroadsweredangerous.其余用will.其否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如下：否定式否定疑問式簡單回答(肯定/否定)Willyounot(Won'tyou)study.Willhenot(Won'the)study.shallnot的縮寫形式為shan't;willnot的縮寫形式為won't.ShallIopenthewindow?我打開窗戶好嗎?(征求允諾)諾)令)Iwon't(amnotgoingto)tellyoumyage.我不(愿意)告訴你我的年齡。Cansomebodyhelpme?-Iwill.誰能幫我一些嗎?——我來。(不能goingto替換)Ifyouaregoingtogototheci用begoingto或will.填空：3)I'veleftmywatchupstairs.4)Whowillpostthislette十、將來進行時(三)練習3)你會見到我的兄弟嗎?4)下學期你教我們嗎?十一、過去將來時(二)用法(三)其他表示過去將來時的結構十二、將來完成時關于動詞時態(tài)的幾點說明forget,hate,know,like,love,mean,mind,need,remember,respect,understand,want,wish等。還有admit,permit,如be,belong,to,remain,see,seem,smell,sound在makesure(certain)后面的從句常用現(xiàn)在時表示將來時：getonetoday.這場音樂會剩下的座位不多了，你最好今天訂妥一個位我現(xiàn)在走了。你務必把窗戶關上。3.將來時常用的表達方式(1)單純將來時用shall/will+動詞原形表示。TomorrowwillbeSeptember(2)“begoingto+動詞原型”這種形式用于人時表示打算，意圖，也表示Mr.Brownsaysheisgoingtobuy(3)“beto+動詞原形”表示命令，安排，疑問句中表示征求意見。Youaretocleanthewindow.你要擦窗。AmItosettowork?要著手工作嗎?(4)“beaboutto+動詞原形”表示即刻就要發(fā)生的動作。Theywereabouttogoo(6)現(xiàn)在進行時可表示將來。主要是表示“來，去，留，住，開始，結WearegoingtoParisonFriday.WeareleaviThepoordogisdying.那條可憐的狗快要死了。4.現(xiàn)在完成時的用法表示過去某個時間的狀語連用；常與already,ever,lately,just,now,在),uptothepresent(直到現(xiàn)在)等包括現(xiàn)在在內的時間狀態(tài)語連用。Uptothepresent,greatchangeshavetakenplace.到現(xiàn)在已經發(fā)生了巨大5.過去完成時的用法兩個動作都是在過去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的用一般ItisfiveyearssinceIleftmiddleschool.(Bytheendoflastmonththeyhadalreadymade25mThefilmhadbeenonforminuteswhen注意：動詞expect,hope,mean,plaIhadthoughttomeeth我想過(或我本想)在那里見她。幾個常用時態(tài)的比較Jennylikesthisgreencoat.珍妮喜歡這件綠大衣。(Ifeel(=think,belieI'mseeing(=consulting)adoctor.我正在看某些表示身體感覺的詞(如hurt,ache,feel等),用一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在(3)一般現(xiàn)在時說明事實，一般不帶感情色彩；現(xiàn)在進行時與always,了解)事實)Ihavelostmypen.我把鋼筆丟了。(還沒有找到)說明)(2)有些時間狀語，如thismorning,tonight,thismonth等，既可以用于時表示包括“現(xiàn)在”而用于一般過去時則與“現(xiàn)在”無關。例如：是四月)Ioftenwentswimming第二章助動詞和情態(tài)動詞第一部分助動詞語，在句子中只起語法作用，和實意動詞一起構成謂語(叫復合謂語),表達否定，疑問，時態(tài)，語態(tài)和其他語法關系。其基本形式和作用如下表：原形過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作用構成各種進行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)構成各種完成時態(tài)構成疑問句和否定句、加強語氣、代替前面相同的動詞構成各種將來時態(tài)一、助動詞be的用法Weweretaughthowtouseacomputerlastyear.去年我教過我們怎樣用計二、助動詞have的用法四、助動詞shall和will的用法第二部分情態(tài)動詞Couldyoulendme$55?你能借給我5Willyouanswerthephone?Itcouldbeyourmother.你去接電話好嗎?可嗎?直截了當禮貌客氣(虛禮)尊重婉轉Can/Couldtherebeamistake?可能會有錯嗎?Can/Couldhebeoversixtynow?他現(xiàn)在會有六十多歲嗎?Ifyoudarespeaktomelikethatagain,you'llbesorYououghtnotto/shouldn'tbesleepingnow.ItIfthetrainisuptotime,Johnshould/oughtto一個站崗。What'shappenedtothatmoney?—HowshouldIknow?那些錢怎么了?一我怎么知道?WecouldhavestartedTheresultcouldhavebeenbetter.結果本可以更好一些。晚的時候本不一該一個人來這里的。(實際是一個人來的)際上不是)Youshouldhavecomeheretenminutesearlier.你本應該早10分鐘來才Theboyshouldn'thavebeenplayingpianoItmightraintomorrow.(將Hemayhavesomethingimportanttodo.(現(xiàn)在)他可能有更重要的事要第四部分幾個用法的區(qū)別拜。(客觀因素，如教規(guī)等)Youdon'thavetotellJenny=Youcanifyoulikebutitisn'tnecessary.你Yes,hemust/oughtto/should/hasto.No,heneedn'Doesheneedtotakethemedicinefourtimesaday?他需嗎?意義，如果是不定式的被動形式，來表示被動意義。類似need的這種用Thedinningroomneedscleaningeveryday.=ThedinningroomnSheusedtoworkintothenight.過去她常工作到深夜。(現(xiàn)在不了)陽是圍繞地球轉的。(現(xiàn)在不這樣認為了)第三章被動語態(tài)動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”表示。其中助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)量和時態(tài)的變作的執(zhí)行者；被動語態(tài)(passivevoice)表示主語是動作的承受者。TheIraqigovernmentistryingSaddam.伊拉克政府正在審判薩達姆。Moreandmorepeopleusecomputernow.(主動語態(tài))Computersaremoreandmorewidelyusednow.(被動語態(tài))被動語態(tài)由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。這里要強調一定是及物動詞助動詞(沒有詞匯意義),有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與系動詞be完全一樣。英語主動語態(tài)有16個時態(tài)；被動語態(tài)常用的有8個，以give為例說明如下：時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時was/weregiven一般將來時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時was/werebeinggiven過去將來時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時“Duringtheinterview,wereyouaskedquestionsinEnglish?”“No,Iwasn'taskedquestionsinEnglish.”“面試的時候，用英語問你問題了嗎?”“沒有，沒有用英語問我問題。”Theoriginoftheuniversewillprobablyneverbeexplained.Istherestaurantbeingdecorated?那家餐館正在裝修嗎?Therestaurantisnotbeingde1.不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者。換個說法，有一件事情不知IfeltalittlienervouswhenIwasbeinginterviewThatplacehasbeenturnedintoaswimmingpool.那個地方已被變成2.說話或發(fā)表意見時，為了顯得客觀公正，也常用被動語態(tài)。還有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子):7.Itisbeendecidedthat已經決定的主語；主動語態(tài)的主語放在by的后面，組成介詞短語，再把這個介詞短語放在被動語態(tài)的謂語動詞之后。在動作的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必要強調TheywillopenanewsAnewsupermarketwillbeopenedthereThedoctorgavetwolectTwolecturesweregivenbythedoctorWehavebeenwarnedtobecarefulofrats如果主動語態(tài)有兩個賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語),變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，可將ThereportersaskedthepresidentsomeThepresidentwasaskedsomequestionsbythereporters.(變間接賓語為主語)SomequestionswereaskedthepresidentbytherepHehasbeengivenajob。(變間接賓語為主語)Ajobhasbeengiven(to)him.(變直接賓語為主語)Thetimetablecanbechangedanytime.時間表隨時可以改變。Thisbookmaynotbetakenoutofthereadingroom.1.不及物動詞不能用于被動語2.表示狀態(tài)而不是動作的及物動詞，如breakour,belongto,cost,EverybodywantedDoristobethemanager.大家都想讓多里斯來當經WelikeeverybodytosaywhattheythiWillyouhelpme(to)dothework?你可以幫助我做干活嗎?Thewarbrokeoutin1937.戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)在1937年。穿著不合適。(不說Thoughthedressislikedbyme,I'mnotfittedbyWelackmanpoweratthemoment.我們現(xiàn)在缺少人手。(不說Mycomputercostmesevenhundredandninetydollars。我花了790美IwasverywelllookedafterwhenIwasworkAnoverpassisbeingputupatthecornerofthestreet.不能說Iwasagreedwithbyeverybody.不能說Thehousewaswalkedinto。卻可以說Thehousewasbrokenintobyme.4.反身代詞和eachother,oneanother作賓語時不能變?yōu)楸粍印Ｆ摺㈥P于被動語態(tài)的幾點說明5)Thepolicewillsurelyar6)Mybrotherwillrepairmybikeforme.7)Youmustcleanyourwatcho8)Ididn'ttellyouXiaoWangcoulddothejob.9)Icannotfindmydictionary.12)TheA16)Theworkersthemselvesinvent20)Theydonotmakethiskindo21)Peoplecallhim23)Thefarmerwasploug24)PeoplespeakEnglishinalmostallthecountriesofthewor25)Thewindblew26)Weshallp29)Everyoneexpectst30)Didyoufinishyour31)Doyouwashyourclothe32)Havetheypaid34)Hetoldhisbro8)Youwerenottold(that)thejobcould23)Thefieldwasbeingploughedbythefarme24)Englishisspokeninalmostallth2.用被動語態(tài)翻譯以下句子(做翻譯時，首先要看用什么句型和結構，再1)沒有人強迫你去做那項工作。2)這個班由布朗先生教英語。3)那棵大樹被風刮倒了。4)這間教室靠兩個火爐取暖。5)這篇文章是湯姆寫的嗎?6)你會得到老師們的幫助。7)恐怕你要挨批評了。8)那封信已由王林寫好。9)電影放映之前，票已全部售出。10)試卷上所有的題目都必須做嗎?10)Mustallthe12)Thetelevisionhasbeenturnedoff.13)Atomic/Nuclearenergycanbemadegooduseofinproduction.(MatterisknowntobeinconstantmotionandcwaselectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates.18)HisfatherhasbeensenttoNanj19)--Hasthe--Thenextstepwillbetakenwhenthenewprogramisworkedo20)—Whenwasthetelephonecallmade?--Ithinkitwasmade第四章虛擬語氣英漢兩種語言表達虛擬語氣的方式差異用法和介紹Itisunlikelythatshecould,might)+動詞原形。見下表：If十主語十動詞過去式(be的過中，I,he,she,it等后面也可用w不能用was.I(we)should+動詞原形形Ifhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.(fact:Hedoesnothavetime,soheIftheydidn'ttakephysicalexercisIfIdyedmyhairblue,everybodywouldlaugha見下表：If十主語+had+過去分詞I(we)should+have+過去分詞去分詞Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedintheexamination.(fact:IwouldhavecheckedmypaperagainiHewouldhavealreadyrecoveredfromhisillnessifhehadseenthedoctorinIfwehadknownthatshewastoarriveyesterday,wecouldhavestation.(fact:Wedidn'tknowthatshewastoarriveyestYoudidn'tletmedrive.Ifwehaddriveninturn,youIfyouhadtakentheoldexperiencedworker'sadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedIfmylawyerhadbeenherelasIdidn'tseeyouryoungersisteratthemeeting.Ifsheh現(xiàn)時，條件狀語從句和主句的謂語動詞有以下形式：(見表)條件狀語從句的動詞形式(三種)的過去式用were),通常要與一個表示將來的時間狀語連should十動詞原形wereto十動詞原形I(we)should+動詞原形主語+would(might,could)+動詞原形的野餐就推遲)。條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用should+動詞原形，說明下雨4)Ifitweretoraintomorrow,ourpicnicwouldIfIsawhimtomorrow,Iwouldpassyournotetohim.Ifsheweretomissthetraintomorrow,shemightcomeb萬一你失敗了，你準備怎么辦?Ifyoushouldfail,whatwouldyoudo?IfIweretoseehertomorrow,Iwouldtellherthetruth.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.IbetBrazilwillwintheWorldCup.Ifitshouldlose,Iwouldtreatyouameal.4.當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldbeverytired.(從句說是現(xiàn)在。)Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor'sadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.主句指的是現(xiàn)在的情況)(Fact:Shehastrainedveryhard,sosheisabletorunIfshehadn'ttrainedsohard,如果你當初每天都練習說英語的話，你的英語就會說得很好。(從句動作指的是過去，主句指的是現(xiàn)在的情況)(fact:Youdidn'tpracticespeakingIfyouhadpracticedspeakingEng1)條件狀語從句省略if:在書面語中，如果條件狀語從句的謂語中有were,if的條件狀語從句相同。當然，如果從句沒有were,had,或should,就不能Ifyoushouldfail,tryagIfyouhadbeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseHadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.Wereitnotfortheexpense,IWeren'titfortheexpense,IWereIyou,IwouldgetupearlyeverymoHadyouarrivedatthestationtenminutesearlieryesterShouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,IwoulWithoutair,therewouldbenolivingthingWithoutelectricityhumanlifewouldbequitediffereWithoutpropermeansofcontrol,anuclearreactorwouldexplode.3)用其他方式代替條件狀語從句(可以改寫為條件狀語從句。)Itwouldproducebadresultstodothat.用動詞不定式=Ifyoudidthat/shoulddothat,itwouldproduwouldhavecome,ifshehadbeeninformedorinvited.Amoreresponsiblepersonwouldnothavelefttheworkhalfdone一個更負責的人是不會把工作做到一半就不管的。(用比較級)=Ifyou(he,she)weremoreresponsible,you(he,she)wouldnothavelefttheworkhalfNowlet'sdosometran1)聰明一點的人是不會干出這等蠢事的。AwisermanwouldnothavedonesuchaIshouldhavewrittentheletterearlier.ButIhavebeenverybu3)要能登上珠穆朗瑪峰，那經歷該多棒!Itwouldbeafantasticexperiencetoclimbupt1)省略條件從句，如：Itwouldbeverynice.YoucouldhavedoneityoursYoudidn'twantto.)(Fact:Youdidn'tdotheworkyour委婉的表達法。(Fact:Yousmokeveryofte2)省略主句：在強調條件從句時，常省略主句，這種句子常表示一種“已不能實現(xiàn)”的愿望，主要用于Ifonly引導的感嘆句中。FoIfonlyhewerehere!IfonlyIknewmore!Ifonlyhehadstayedwithus!Nowlet'sdosometran要是我聽了他的建議就好了!IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice!我如果是一只鳥就好了!IfonlyIwereabird.指的時現(xiàn)在的狀況，則用過去式(be用were);指將來則用would(should,Helookedasifhewereanartist.HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEWhenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasEvenifhewerehere,hecouldnotsolvetheproblemNowlet'sdosometranHewalksasifhewereaking.Hewouldnotresigneveniftheheavenshouldcollapse.的意思是“(現(xiàn)在)該.”。Forexample:ItishightimethatyougotItishightimethaItistimethatIbo4.在Iwouldrather(that)...句型中，后面的從句的謂語動詞用過去式(be的過去式用were)。這句話的意思是“我寧可...”,表示說話人的意愿。ForI'dratheryoudidnotte5.用在suppose開頭的祈使句中，從句的謂語動詞變化與asif后面的動詞desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest,beg,move(提議)后面Oursuggestionisthateducationnotbeindustrialized.==Thepresidentdecidedthatthewaragainstterrorismbelaunchedattheright9.上述動詞在Itissuggestedthat.,Itisrequiredthat..,It'sreqa.mustfinishb.wouldbefa.leaveb.leavesc.l3.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhea.hadbeenb.hasbeenC.wasa.shouldwashb.bewashedc.wouldwasha.toputb.beputc.shouldputd.beputting8.Thesuggestionhasbeenmadehebasketballgameputoff.a.for;tob.that;bec.a.spokeb.speaksc.speaka.willprotectb.shouldprotectc.shallprotectda.solves15.Hadyoulistenedtothea.areb.werec.wouldbed.wouldhavebeena.Couldb.Shoulda.Wouldheleaveb.Washeleavingc.Were19.yourletter,Iwouldhavewria.IfIreceivedb.ShouldIreceivec.HadIreceivedd.IfIc20.,hewoulda.Ifheweretostudyb.Ifhestudiedharda.wouldbesavedb.woua.wouldcomeb.shouldhavecomec.maa.readb.wasreadingc.hadreadd.hasreada.wouldlendb.wouldhavelentc.ca.canfindb.willfindc.a.wasb.werec.hadbee31.IfIyou,Iwoulda.Iftheteacherhadspokenlouderb.Iftheteacherwillspec.Hadtheteacherspokenlouder34.Ifyou5minuteseara.shouldcome;hadseenb.came;woul35.IfonlyImywatch.36.Yousuchasera.maynotmakeb.mighthavec.shouldn'thavemaded.mightnothavemaa.couldhavepassedb.wereabletopc.musthavepassedd.mia.hadn'tfinisheda.hadstudiedhard;wouldhavc.hadstudiedhard;wouldbed.wouldstudyhard;musthavebeena.beingb.amcaabbbbbbccbcacb二、改錯3.Sheinsiststhattheymustg4.Billwishedthatheismoreinterestedinhiswork.5.Hewouldbeagoodsportsmannowifhetrainedregularly.7.Iwishthatyousawthecharmingope8.Thisisnotmydictionary.IfitismineIwil9.Ifmywatchwerenotslowyesterday,Iwouldnothavebeenlate.12.Whatwouldbehappened,iftherewerenosun,ai1.is改為were2.will改為should,或去掉will3.must改為should,或去掉must4.is改為were6.teaches改為taught9.werenot改為hadnot14.rain前面加上to,went改為go第五章非謂語動詞2)學英語不容易。—Itisnoteasytol變成了seen.動詞形式發(fā)生了變化，而且必須發(fā)生變化，因為這些句子有另外的謂語動詞。這是英漢動詞的巨大差別，也是中國人學英語的一個難點，動詞，這些動詞就要改變形式。我們再比較“Ilikecooking.”與“Helikescooking.”這兩句話主語不再看“IisnoteasyformetolearnEnglish.”和“Itisnoteasyforhimtolearn(1)動詞不定式tostudy(to+動詞原形)(2)分詞studying(現(xiàn)在分詞)動詞非謂語形式有以下幾種形式變化(以write為例):態(tài)主動被動現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞過去分詞一、動詞不定式(一)構成和用法放在后面).的主語)ForhisbrotherJohntogotoseaseemsnaturaIthasnotyetbeendecidedwhenandwheretodiwrong錯誤的，等等。為什么這些詞要用of引出不It'sverykindofyoutocometoseeusoff.=You'rekindtocomMydaughterpreferredtohaveeggsandmilkforbreakfast(2)不定式可以和how,which,what,who,whom,whose,when,where還有在hadbetter(最好),wouldrather(寧愿),wouldsooner(寧愿),would(just)assoon(寧愿),cannotbut(不能不，不由得不),cannothelpbut(不能不，ThemanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryRatherthanJohndoit,I'dprefertodothejobmyself.與其讓John干這件事呢?呢?嗎?錯對對切的答復。PerhapsthemostpopularwayofrelaxingistoparticMyadviceisforyoutoapologizTorespectothersi5.不定式短語和疑問詞連用(who,whom,whose,what,which,when,wherhow,還包括whether)(1)做主語。(2)做表語。Whatremainsforyoutoexplainishowtoputtheplanintopracti(3)作賓語，常用這一結構作賓語的動詞有ask,consider,decidediscuss,explain,forget,findout,guess,inquire,know,learn,remember,see(=understand),show,settle(=decide),tell(=know),think,u嗎?Howcanyoutellwhichbuttontopress?你怎么知道按哪個按鈕?有些雙賓語及物動詞，也可用這個結構做直接Willyouadvisemewhichtobuy?你建議我買哪個?Pleaseinformmewheretoget(4)做定語。Nobelbegantoseekwaysinwhichtomakethe為了強調，有時用inorderto(為了)或soasto(以便)加動詞原形，放(2)表示原因。HereturnedhomefromhAnexplosionisreportedkilled.=It'sreportedhavebeenkilled.(二)不定式的時態(tài)。動詞不定式一般有三種時態(tài)形式，即一般式、進行式(1)一般式(to+動詞原形):表示與主句謂語動詞動作同時(或幾乎同時)Ihopetoseeyouagain.我希望再見到你(tosee發(fā)生在hope之后)(2)進行式(tobe+現(xiàn)在分詞):表示主句謂Whenhecamein,IhappenedtobeslThepresidentwasreportedtobevisitingthehospital.據(jù)報道總統(tǒng)正在訪問那家(3)完成式(tohave+過去分詞):表示在主句謂語的動作之前發(fā)生的事情。:I'mgladtohavemetyourparentshere.我很高興在這兒見到了你父母(已見過)久。(已經等過了)I'dliketohavebeenofferedthejoband(tohavebprovemyself.我真想(當時)把這個工作給了我，給我個機會讓我證明我自Ihadhopedtovisitthegreatpyramid.=Ihopedtohavevisitedthegreatpyramid.TheywouldhavelikedtohaveWhat'stobedonenext?下一步做什么?Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.為了避免重復，不定式可省略，但to有時保留，有時不保留。例如：Youwillmakeitifyoutry(to).如果你努力，你會成功的。George說要離開上海，但是我不認為他真的愿意走。Someofthemretired,andotherswe意?！薄癉idyoupasstheexam?”“No,Itried(to),butIfailed.”“你考試及格了meanto打算oughtto應該兒?(三)練習2)Iamgoing(問問題).→toask6)Sheisafraid(獨自去).→togoalone7)Ipretended(睡著了).→tobeasleep10)Mr.Greenseemed(越來越不喜歡他).25)Theteacherwantedthecompo2.漢譯英1)學生們要求進來。2)我希望不久可以見到我奶奶。3)我剛才設法把門打開了。JustnowImanagedto4)我答應等他。Ihavepromisedtowaitforhim5)那位官員拒絕見我。6)他們似乎誤了火車。Theyseemtohavemissedth7)你想要和我一起走嗎?Doyouwanttogowi8)他沒答應走開。9)他答應不走開。Hepromisednottog10)記住不要和那個阿飛(teddyboy)說話。Remembernottospeakto(talkwith)thatteddyboy.11)我希望不久接到他們的來信。12)比爾好像并不明白。13)你一定要記住，到七點鐘你才能離開。Youmustremembernottoleaveuntilseveno14)那些人不愿意留在這里。20)為什么你不讓她幫助你?22)你要我干什么呢?36)工人們太累了(betiredenough),立刻就睡著了。在It'snouse;It's(no)good;It'suseless;It(should)besoldtopa指)但他不喜歡和你跳。(特制)做)過我嗎?(已見過面)情2)謝謝你給我寫信。5)你要吃點什么,別不好意思說。14)光線夠好的，可以看書。 5)Wedecided(put)offthemeetinguntil8)Hemadeher(14)Heremembers(go)toShanghaiwithhis16)Thethiefkept(say)hehadn'ttakenthep17)Thepolicemansawhim20)Letme(know)ifyouhaddecided(go).→know;to21)Hepromised(come)23)Don'tforget(see)yourgrandmatMr.RobinsonhasdrunkfiveHavingfailedthreetimes,hedidn'twanttotryagain.(=AshehadfaThequestionbeingdiscusseds(1)在語態(tài)上現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思，表示它所修飾的人或物的行為；眾afrighteningdog一條讓人害怕的狗/afrighteneddog一條被嚇壞了的狗drivinggears主動齒輪/drivengears從動齒輪(2)在時間上，現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示動作正在進行，過去分詞表示動作已完thefallingrain(正在下的雨)/thefallenleaves(落下的樹葉)ahigh-flyingkite(高飛的風箏)developingcountriestheinspiredsoldiers受到鼓舞的士兵aboxcontainingtea裝茶葉theteacontainedinabfallingsnow正在下的雪fallensnow落在地上的雪amusing/amused,astonishing/astonished,disappointingexciting/excited,frightening/frightenedmoving/moved,relaxing/relaxed,satisfying/satshocking/shockedsurprising/surprised,terrifying/terrified,tiring/tired,家，她決定給他們留個條。(主動意義，幾乎同時)同時)窗戶關上。(被動意義，在謂語之前)再三謝我。(被動意義，在謂語之前)Persuadebymymother,shegladlywenttherealone.在我母親勸說下，她才高興地獨自去那里。(被動意義，在謂語之前)Havingwateredthevegetables,theybegantopickuptheapples.=After分詞的用法Mostofthestudentssingingweregirls.(現(xiàn)在分詞動名詞sleeping)正在睡覺的孩子車鳥飛行課程swimming)游泳的女孩swimming)游泳池現(xiàn)在分詞和它所修飾的名詞都要重讀，動名詞所修飾的名詞則不必TheteacherwantstotalktothestudentswhSeeingtheteacherenteringtheroom,thestudentsstoodup.Heated,themetalexpands.(=Themetalexpandsiphysicsharder.(=AsthThechildrenwentawaylaughing.(=ThechildrenwentawayTheprofessorstoodthere,surroundedbymanystudents.(=TheLookingoutofthewindow,Isawlotsofpeoplethere.(=WhenIlookedWesattwohoursandwatchedtheteachermaketheexperimen(3)在“have+賓語+分詞”的結構中，用現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞表Fatherhadmeswimmingthewholesummer在“have(get)+賓語十過去分遭遇)(6)generallyspeaking(一般地說),roughlyspeaking(粗略地說),分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(haviHavingwrittentheletter,Johnwenttothepostoffice.(=Afterhehad(=AshehaslivedinBeijingforyears,LaoWangknowsHavingdrunktwoglassesofwater2.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)(being+過去分詞)通常表示“正在被…”可用現(xiàn)在分詞被動語態(tài)的完成式(having+been+過去分詞)。例如：Thebridgebeingbuiltwillbecompletednextmonth.正在修建的那座橋Havingbeenkeptoutoftheroomabouthalfanhourforhisreturninglate,1.用現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞結構改寫下列句子：Examples:Astudentisreadingabookoverth→ThestudentreadingabookoverHesatthere.HewaswatchingthemenTheplanisaboutmiddleschooTheteacheristakingawalkontheplayground.HeisourteacherofEnglish.→TheteachertakingawalkontheplaygroundisourteacherofEnglish.Thebirdsfilledtheairwithmusic.Theyweresingingi→ThebirdssinginginthetreesfilleHereisanovel.ItwaswrittenbyLuX→Hereisanovelwritte→Thelang