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專題22拋物線【考點(diǎn)專題】1.拋物線的概念平面內(nèi)與一個(gè)定點(diǎn)F和一條定直線l(l不經(jīng)過點(diǎn)F)的距離相等的點(diǎn)的軌跡叫做拋物線.點(diǎn)F叫做拋物線的焦點(diǎn),直線l叫做拋物線的準(zhǔn)線.2.拋物線的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程和幾何性質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程y2=2px(p>0)y2=-2px(p>0)x2=2py(p>0)x2=-2py(p>0)p的幾何意義:焦點(diǎn)F到準(zhǔn)線l的距離圖形頂點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)O(0,0)對(duì)稱軸x軸y軸焦點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)Feq\b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(\f(p,2),0))Feq\b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(-\f(p,2),0))Feq\b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(0,\f(p,2)))Feq\b\lc\(\rc\)(\a\vs4\al\co1(0,-\f(p,2)))離心率e=1準(zhǔn)線方程x=-eq\f(p,2)x=eq\f(p,2)y=-eq\f(p,2)y=eq\f(p,2)范圍x≥0,y∈Rx≤0,y∈Ry≥0,x∈Ry≤0,x∈R開口方向向右向左向上向下焦半徑x0+eq\f(p,2)-x0+eq\f(p,2)y0+eq\f(p,2)-y0+eq\f(p,2)通徑長(zhǎng)2p【方法技巧】求圓錐曲線中的有關(guān)三角形的面積時(shí),常聯(lián)立直線與曲線的方程,根據(jù)韋達(dá)定理求出弦長(zhǎng).然后根據(jù)點(diǎn)到直線的距離公式,求出三角形的高,即可得出.【核心題型】題型一:定義法求焦半徑1.(2023·山西晉中·統(tǒng)考二模)設(shè)F為拋物線C:SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn),點(diǎn)M在C上,點(diǎn)N在準(zhǔn)線l上且MN平行于x軸,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.1 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.42.(2023·寧夏銀川·六盤山高級(jí)中學(xué)??家荒#┮阎猄KIPIF1<0為拋物線SKIPIF1<0上一點(diǎn),點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0到SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)的距離為6,到SKIPIF1<0軸的距離為3,O為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.6 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.93.(2023·江蘇南通·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在拋物線上,且SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0的面積為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.2 B.4 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0題型二:定義法求焦點(diǎn)弦4.(2021秋·陜西西安·高二統(tǒng)考期末)已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0且斜率為SKIPIF1<0的直線SKIPIF1<0與拋物線SKIPIF1<0交于A(點(diǎn)A在第二象限),SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.4 D.55.(2023·全國·模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為F,直線l過焦點(diǎn)F且與拋物線交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,與拋物線C的準(zhǔn)線交于點(diǎn)Q,若SKIPIF1<0(O為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)),SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.1 B.2 C.3 D.46.(2023秋·福建龍巖·高三校聯(lián)考期末)拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,對(duì)稱軸為SKIPIF1<0,過SKIPIF1<0且與SKIPIF1<0的夾角為SKIPIF1<0的直線交SKIPIF1<0于SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,線段SKIPIF1<0的中垂線SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0.若SKIPIF1<0的面積等于SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0等于(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.4 C.5 D.8題型三:求距離的最值問題7.(2023·湖南·模擬預(yù)測(cè))希臘著名數(shù)學(xué)家阿波羅尼斯與歐幾里得、阿基米德齊名.他發(fā)現(xiàn):“平面內(nèi)到兩個(gè)定點(diǎn)A,B的距離之比為定值SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)的點(diǎn)的軌跡是圓”.后來,人們將這個(gè)圓以他的名字命名,稱為阿波羅尼斯圓,簡(jiǎn)稱阿氏圓.已知在平面直角坐標(biāo)系SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,若點(diǎn)P是滿足SKIPIF1<0的阿氏圓上的任意一點(diǎn),點(diǎn)Q為拋物線SKIPIF1<0上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),Q在直線SKIPIF1<0上的射影為R,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<08.(2023秋·山東德州·高三統(tǒng)考期末)曲線SKIPIF1<0上有兩個(gè)不同動(dòng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,動(dòng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0到SKIPIF1<0的最小距離為SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的距離之和SKIPIF1<0的最小值為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<09.(2023秋·河南信陽·高三信陽高中??计谀┮阎c(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0是拋物線SKIPIF1<0上任意一點(diǎn),則點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0到拋物線SKIPIF1<0的準(zhǔn)線和直線SKIPIF1<0的距離之和的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.4 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.5題型四:拋物線的對(duì)稱問題10.(2021·寧夏中衛(wèi)·統(tǒng)考一模)已知拋物線C:SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)的焦點(diǎn)為F,準(zhǔn)線與x軸交于點(diǎn)K,過點(diǎn)K作圓SKIPIF1<0的切線,切點(diǎn)分別為點(diǎn)A,B.若SKIPIF1<0,則p的值為(

)A.1 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.2 D.311.(2023·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知橢圓SKIPIF1<0:SKIPIF1<0與拋物線SKIPIF1<0:SKIPIF1<0交于SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),若SKIPIF1<0的外接圓經(jīng)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0等于(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.2 D.412.(2020·全國·模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,準(zhǔn)線為SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在拋物線SKIPIF1<0上,且點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0到準(zhǔn)線SKIPIF1<0的距離為6,SKIPIF1<0的垂直平分線與準(zhǔn)線SKIPIF1<0交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0題型五:拋物線的綜合問題13.(2023·河南洛陽·洛陽市第三中學(xué)校聯(lián)考一模)已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0上的一個(gè)動(dòng)點(diǎn)P到拋物線的焦點(diǎn)F的最小距離為1.(1)求拋物線C的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程;(2)過焦點(diǎn)F的直線l交拋物線C于SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),M為拋物線上的點(diǎn),且SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的面積.14.(2023·河南·洛陽市第三中學(xué)校聯(lián)考一模)已知點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在拋物線SKIPIF1<0上,且到拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的距離為2.(1)求拋物線SKIPIF1<0的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程;(2)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0向拋物線SKIPIF1<0作兩條切線SKIPIF1<0,切點(diǎn)分別為SKIPIF1<0,若直線SKIPIF1<0與直線SKIPIF1<0交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,且點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0到直線SKIPIF1<0?直線SKIPIF1<0的距離分別為SKIPIF1<0.求證:SKIPIF1<0為定值.15.(2023·江西贛州·統(tǒng)考一模)已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0為其焦點(diǎn),點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上,且SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)).(1)求拋物線SKIPIF1<0的方程;(2)若SKIPIF1<0是SKIPIF1<0上異于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的兩個(gè)動(dòng)點(diǎn),當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作SKIPIF1<0于,問平面內(nèi)是否存在一個(gè)定點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0為定值?若存在,請(qǐng)求出定點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0及該定值:若不存在,請(qǐng)說明理由.【高考必刷】一、單選題16.(2023·陜西商洛·統(tǒng)考一模)已知F為拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn),P為該拋物線上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.2 D.SKIPIF1<017.(2023春·全國·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))如圖1所示,拋物面天線是指由拋物面(拋物線繞其對(duì)稱軸旋轉(zhuǎn)形成的曲面)反射器和位于焦點(diǎn)上的照射器(饋源,通常采用喇叭天線)組成的單反射面型天線,廣泛應(yīng)用于微波和衛(wèi)星通訊等領(lǐng)域,具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、方向性強(qiáng)、工作頻帶寬等特點(diǎn).圖2是圖1的軸截面,A,B兩點(diǎn)關(guān)于拋物線的對(duì)稱軸對(duì)稱,F(xiàn)是拋物線的焦點(diǎn),∠AFB是饋源的方向角,記為SKIPIF1<0,焦點(diǎn)F到頂點(diǎn)的距離f與口徑d的比值SKIPIF1<0稱為拋物面天線的焦徑比,它直接影響天線的效率與信噪比等.如果某拋物面天線饋源的方向角SKIPIF1<0滿足,SKIPIF1<0,則其焦徑比為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<018.(2023·河南·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0是拋物線C:SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn),過SKIPIF1<0的直線SKIPIF1<0交拋物線C于不同的兩點(diǎn)M,N,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)Q為MN的中點(diǎn),則Q到x軸的距離為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<019.(2023·河北石家莊·統(tǒng)考一模)截至2023年2月,“中國天眼”發(fā)現(xiàn)的脈沖星總數(shù)已經(jīng)達(dá)到740顆以上.被稱為“中國天眼”的500米口徑球面射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡(FAST),是目前世界上口徑最大,靈敏度最高的單口徑射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡(圖1).觀測(cè)時(shí)它可以通過4450塊三角形面板及2225個(gè)觸控器完成向拋物面的轉(zhuǎn)化,此時(shí)軸截面可以看作拋物線的一部分.某學(xué)??萍夹〗M制作了一個(gè)FAST模型,觀測(cè)時(shí)呈口徑為4米,高為1米的拋物面,則其軸截面所在的拋物線(圖2)的頂點(diǎn)到焦點(diǎn)的距離為(

)A.1 B.2 C.4 D.820.(2023·福建泉州·統(tǒng)考三模)已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,準(zhǔn)線為SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上.若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0到SKIPIF1<0的距離等于(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<021.(2023·全國·高三專題練習(xí))以拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)F為端點(diǎn)的射線與C及C的準(zhǔn)線l分別交于A,B兩點(diǎn),過B且平行于x軸的直線交C于點(diǎn)P,過A且平行于x軸的直線交l于點(diǎn)Q,且SKIPIF1<0,則△PBF的周長(zhǎng)為(

)A.16 B.12 C.10 D.622.(2023·河南·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為F,過點(diǎn)F的直線與拋物線交于點(diǎn)A,B,與拋物線的準(zhǔn)線交于點(diǎn)M,且點(diǎn)A位于第一象限,F(xiàn)恰好為AM的中點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<023.(2023·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0是拋物線SKIPIF1<0上一點(diǎn),圓SKIPIF1<0與線段SKIPIF1<0相交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,且被直線SKIPIF1<0截得的弦長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0二、多選題24.(2023·黑龍江哈爾濱·哈爾濱三中??家荒#┮阎獟佄锞€SKIPIF1<0,O為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),F(xiàn)為拋物線C的焦點(diǎn),點(diǎn)P在拋物線上,則下列說法中正確的是(

)A.若點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為4B.過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0且與拋物線只有一個(gè)公共點(diǎn)的直線有且僅有兩條C.若正三角形ODE的三個(gè)頂點(diǎn)都在拋物線上,則SKIPIF1<0ODE的周長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0D.點(diǎn)H為拋物線C上的任意一點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)t取最大值時(shí),SKIPIF1<0GFH的面積為225.(2023·遼寧·校聯(lián)考一模)拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,準(zhǔn)線為SKIPIF1<0,經(jīng)過SKIPIF1<0上的點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作SKIPIF1<0的切線m,m與y軸、l、x軸分別相交于點(diǎn)N、P、Q,過M作l垂線,垂足為SKIPIF1<0,則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0中點(diǎn)C.四邊形SKIPIF1<0是菱形 D.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<026.(2023·遼寧·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知F是拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn),點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在拋物線W上,過點(diǎn)F的兩條互相垂直的直線SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0分別與拋物線W交于B,C和D,E,過點(diǎn)A分別作SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的垂線,垂足分別為M,N,則(

)A.四邊形SKIPIF1<0面積的最大值為2B.四邊形SKIPIF1<0周長(zhǎng)的最大值為SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0為定值SKIPIF1<0D.四邊形SKIPIF1<0面積的最小值為3227.(2023·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知P為拋物線SKIPIF1<0上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0在拋物線C上,過拋物線C的焦點(diǎn)F的直線l與拋物線C交于A,B兩點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0,則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0的最小值為4B.若線段AB的中點(diǎn)為M,則弦長(zhǎng)AB的長(zhǎng)度為8C.若線段AB的中點(diǎn)為M,則三角形OAB的面積為SKIPIF1<0D.過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作兩條直線與拋物線C分別交于點(diǎn)G,H,且滿足EF平分SKIPIF1<0,則直線GH的斜率為定值三、填空題28.(2023·全國·校聯(lián)考一模)拋物線SKIPIF1<0:SKIPIF1<0的準(zhǔn)線截圓SKIPIF1<0所得的弦長(zhǎng)為_________.29.(2023·山西大同·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè))若P,Q分別是拋物線SKIPIF1<0與圓SKIPIF1<0上的點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為________.30.(2023·湖南·湖南師大附中校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知直線SKIPIF1<0,拋物線SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的直線交拋物線SKIPIF1<0于SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0軸對(duì)稱的點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0.若過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的圓與直線SKIPIF1<0相切,且與直線SKIPIF1<0交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),直線SKIPIF1<0的斜率為___________.31.(2023·重慶沙坪壩·重慶南開中學(xué)校考模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知拋物線SKIPIF1<0為拋物線內(nèi)一點(diǎn),不經(jīng)過SKIPIF1<0點(diǎn)的直線SKIPIF1<0與拋物線相交于SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),連接SKIPIF1<0分別交拋物線于SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),若對(duì)任意直線SKIPIF1<0,總存在SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0

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