助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

LectureOne助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞AuxiliaryVerbsandModalVerbs2021/6/271動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)根據(jù)在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可以分為：

1.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(NotionalVerbs)

2.系動(dòng)詞(LinkVerbs)

3.助動(dòng)詞(AuxiliaryVerbs)

4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(ModalVerbs)根據(jù)其后是否帶賓語(yǔ)，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為：

1.及物動(dòng)詞(TransitiveVerbs,Vt.)

2.不及物動(dòng)詞(IntransitiveVerbs,Vi.)2021/6/272助動(dòng)詞（AuxiliaryVerbs)協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞（AuxiliaryVerbs）,被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱(chēng)作主要?jiǎng)釉~（MainVerbs）。Idon'tlikecoffee.助動(dòng)詞自身沒(méi)有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用。最基本的助動(dòng)詞有三個(gè)：be,do,have.be,am,is,are,was,were,been,beinghave,has,had,havingdo,does,did2021/6/273助動(dòng)詞be,have,do的用法助動(dòng)詞be主要用來(lái)構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，及相應(yīng)的疑問(wèn)句和否定句。

WhatwereyoudoingwhenIcalled?Smokingisnotallowedinthisbuilding.助動(dòng)詞have主要用來(lái)構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，及相應(yīng)的疑問(wèn)句和否定句。Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?助動(dòng)詞do主要用來(lái)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句和否定句，以及在動(dòng)詞之前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。Hedoesn'tcarewhatotherpeoplethink.Hedidknowthat.2021/6/274注意：be動(dòng)詞除了用作助動(dòng)詞外，還可用作系動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。Heisadentist.have和do除用作助動(dòng)詞外，還可用作及物動(dòng)詞。Ihaveabrother.Whatareyoudoing?2021/6/275助動(dòng)詞will,would,shall,should除be,have,do外，英語(yǔ)中的助動(dòng)詞還有四個(gè)：will,would,shall,should與be,have,do不同的是，這四個(gè)詞往往有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的作用，可以說(shuō)是介于助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之間的詞，甚至更接近于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。本講中將其歸入情態(tài)動(dòng)詞部分進(jìn)行講解。2021/6/276情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（ModalVerbs）cancouldmaymightmustoughttoshallshouldwillwould半情態(tài)動(dòng)詞needdarebeabletohavetohadbetter所有這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、半情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后都接不帶to的不定式，即動(dòng)詞原形。除beableto和haveto中的be和have有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化外，其它情態(tài)動(dòng)詞都適用于各種人稱(chēng)，并且沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)變化。2021/6/277can,could,beabletocan可用于表能力，可能性及許可。

Heisonlyfour,buthecanread.Canthisnewsbetrue?CanIsmokehere?could可以作為can的過(guò)去式，表過(guò)去的能力，或用在間接引語(yǔ)中表過(guò)去的可能或許可;還可表示委婉客氣地提出問(wèn)題或陳述看法。

IcouldswimwhenIwasonlysix.FathersaidIcouldswimintheriver.CouldIuseyourbike?2021/6/278can

表能力時(shí)＝beableto,但can強(qiáng)調(diào)一貫的能力，beableto

更強(qiáng)調(diào)通過(guò)努力可以達(dá)到的能力,相當(dāng)于managetodosth.或

succeedindoingsth.Ican’tswim.ButIamsureIwillbeabletoswimthroughmorepractice.Thefirespreadthroughthehotel,buteveryonewasabletogetout.Whentheboatsank,hewasabletoswimtothebank.2021/6/279may,mightmay表請(qǐng)求、可以、允許。

Youmaydrivethetractor.MayIcomein?Yes,please./Certainly.No,youcan’t.No,youmustn’t.No,you’dbetternot.may/might表推測(cè),可能

，might可能性更小.2021/6/2710maybe與maybemaybe是副詞，意為“也許，大概”。它通常放在句子的開(kāi)頭，在句子中作狀語(yǔ)。Maybetheywon'tcomeheretonight.Maybesheishappy.maybe是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may加動(dòng)詞原形be構(gòu)成的，在句中做謂語(yǔ)，意為“可能是、大概是”，后接形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或名詞作表語(yǔ)。Shemaybeathome.

=Maybesheisathome.Youmayberight.

=Maybeyouareright.2021/6/2711副詞maybe

可單獨(dú)用作答語(yǔ)，但maybe不能這樣用。如：A：Doyouthinkhe’llcomeback?B：Maybe.(Maybenot.)翻譯：你的鋼筆可能在你的口袋里。他可能是個(gè)學(xué)生。Yourpenmaybeinyourpocket.

Maybeyourpenisinyourpocket.Hemaybeastudent.

Maybeheisastudent.2021/6/2712must,havetomust表必須，必要，強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話人的主觀意愿，而haveto

更強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要，“不得不”。

Imustcleantheroom.（主觀想法）

Ihavetocleantheroom.（客觀需要）在回答must引起的問(wèn)句時(shí)，如果是否定的答復(fù)，可用don’thaveto或needn’t(不必)，不用mustn’t。MustIgotomorrow?Yes,please./Yes,youmust.No,youneedn’t.No,youdon’thaveto.2021/6/2713mustbe+表語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)，通常表示猜測(cè)，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）Hemustbeanhonestboy.Thismustbeyourroom.haveto有第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。

She/He/Ithasto...Theyhadto...Theywillhaveto...haveto的否定和疑問(wèn)形式必須借助于助動(dòng)詞do來(lái)構(gòu)成。Ihavetogetupearly.Idon'thavetogetupsoearly.DoIhavetogetupsoearly?2021/6/2714should,oughtto否定形式shouldnot/shouldn’t,oughtnotto/oughtn’tto疑問(wèn)形式直接用should,ought提問(wèn)。你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。

Yououghtn'tto/shouldn'tsmokesomuch.我應(yīng)不應(yīng)該給她寫(xiě)信？

ShouldIwritetoher?

OughtItowritetoher?2021/6/2715should的特殊用法Ifinditquiteastonishingthatheshouldbesorudetoyou.我很驚訝他竟然對(duì)你如此無(wú)禮。Ican'tthinkwhysheshouldhavedonesuchathing.我不明白她為什么竟然做出這樣的事。should常用在從句中表示一種感情色彩，可譯為“竟然”。2021/6/2716will和wouldwill,would作為助動(dòng)詞可以用來(lái)構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，will/would可以：1.表示意志，決心或愿望。Surelywewillsupportallthepeopleintheworldintheirstruggleforpeace.Hewouldn'tgotoseethedoctor.2.表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的行為，常譯為“總是”。Shewilllistentomusicaloneinherroomforhours.HewouldcometoseemewhenhewasinBeijing.2021/6/27173.用于第二人稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句中，表示對(duì)對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求，would的語(yǔ)氣比will委婉。

Would/willyoupleasetellmethewaytothestation?4.表猜測(cè)，“大概”，“可能”

Thiswillbethebookyouarelookingfor.Shewouldbeabout60whenshedied.2021/6/27181.Johngetsupsetwhenhe_______understandaproblem.2.Mypenisoutofink._________youletmeuseyours?3.You'dbettertaketheumbrellawithyou;it__________rain.4.Iaskedhimforthekeys,buthe_________givethemtome.5.Herbrotherdiedsuddenly.She______beverysad.can'tWill/Wouldmay/mightwouldnotmustExercise:Fillineachblankwithamodalverb.2021/6/27196.—AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?—I’mnotsure.I_________gototheconcertinstead.7.—Willyoustayforlunch?—Sorry,I________.Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.may/mightcan't2021/6/2720need既可以做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，也可以做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,有人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化：

Ineedsomehelp.(needsth.)

Heneedstogetsomesleep.(needtodosth.)

Hishairneededcutting.(needdoing主動(dòng)表被動(dòng))此時(shí)，否定和疑問(wèn)都要用助動(dòng)詞do構(gòu)成。

Idon'tneedanyhelp./Doyouneedanyhelp?Hedoesn'tneedtogetanysleep./Doesheneedto...?Hishairdidn'tneedcutting./Didhishairneedcutting?

2021/6/2721做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,后接動(dòng)詞原形，沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)變化一般只用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中：

sb.needn'tdosth.,指“不必......”Youneedn'twaitforme.Sheneedn'twritetohim.Hesaidsheneedn'twritetohim.疑問(wèn)句可由need直接構(gòu)成，不必借助于助動(dòng)詞do.Needshewritetohim?NeedIwaitforyou?Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't.2021/6/2722判斷下列句子對(duì)錯(cuò)：Sheneedsomepaper.Sheneeds

somepaper.Needyouanyhelp?Doyouneedanyhelp?Ineedn'tanyhelp.Idon'tneedanyhelp.Youdon'tneedwaitforme.Youdon'tneedtowaitforme.Youneedn'twaitforme.(×)(×)(×)(×)2021/6/2723dare敢......既可以做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，也可以做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，無(wú)人稱(chēng)變化，只用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中,后接動(dòng)詞原形。Dareyougotherealone?Idarenotgotherealone.做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，常跟不定式，daretodosth.，此時(shí)疑問(wèn)和否定須借助助動(dòng)詞。Hedarestospeakbeforeabigaudience.Didhedare(to)speakbefore...Hedoesn'tdare(to)speakbefore...dare做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句和否定句中的不定式符號(hào)可以省略。2021/6/2724情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋havedone情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法主要有兩方面的含義：1.表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況的推測(cè)：

musthavedonecan't/couldn'thavedonemay/mighthavedone2.表示一種虛擬語(yǔ)氣：

couldhavedoneshouldhavedone/oughttohavedoneshouldnothavedone/oughtnottohavedoneneedn'thavedone2021/6/2725常用在肯定句中，表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生行為的肯定推測(cè)，含有“一定”、“準(zhǔn)是”的意思。

ShemusthavestudiedEnglishbefore.

她以前一定學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)。

Theroadiswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.

路是濕的，昨夜一定下過(guò)雨。musthavedone2021/6/2726表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的否定推測(cè)，譯成“不可能做過(guò)某事”。史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我剛才還在圖書(shū)館見(jiàn)過(guò)他。Mr.Smithcan'thavegonetoBeijing,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.瑪麗不可能偷你的錢(qián)，她回家了。Marycan'thavestolenyourmoney.Shehasgonehome.can'thavedone/couldn'thavedone2021/6/2727may/mighthavedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生行為的不太肯定的推測(cè)，含有“可能”、“也許是”的意思。Hemayhavefinishedhishomework.他也許已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)。

Hemightnothavesettledthequestion.

他可能尚未解決那個(gè)問(wèn)題。2021/6/2728couldhavedone表示本來(lái)能夠完成的動(dòng)作但沒(méi)有完成。

Youcouldhavecompletedthetaskalittleearlier.

你本來(lái)能夠早一點(diǎn)