6.1.3 熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)供水方式選擇 Selection of Water Supply Modes of Hot Water Supply Systems-1733554676011

6.1.3熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)供水方式選擇SelectionofWaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems1按熱水加熱方式：直接加熱、間接加熱Canbecategorizedasdirectheatingandindirectheatingaccordingtothehotwaterheatingmode2按熱水管網(wǎng)的壓力工況：開式、閉式Canbecategorizedasopentypeandclosedtypeaccordingtothecompressionsituationofthehotwaterpipenetwork3按熱水管網(wǎng)的循環(huán)方式：全循環(huán)、半循環(huán)、無循環(huán)Canbecategorizedasfullcirculation,halfcirculation,andnocirculationaccordingtothecirculationmodeofthehotwaterpipenetwork4按熱水管網(wǎng)運(yùn)行方式：全天循環(huán)、定時(shí)循環(huán)Canbecategorizedasall-daycirculationandtimedcirculationaccordingtotheoperationmodeofthehotwaterpipenetwork5按熱水管網(wǎng)循環(huán)動(dòng)力：自然循壞、機(jī)械循環(huán)Canbecategorizedasnaturalcirculationandmechanicalcirculationaccordingtothecirculationpowerofthehotwaterpipenetwork6按水平干管的位置：下行上給、上行下給Canbecategorizedassupplyingdownward&runningupwardandrunningdownward&supplyingupwardaccordingtothelocationofthehorizontalmainpipes熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）直接加熱Directheating直接加熱，也稱一次換熱，是利用以燃?xì)?、燃油、燃煤為燃料的熱水鍋爐，把冷水直接加熱到所需熱水溫度，或者是將蒸汽或高溫水通過穿孔管或噴射器直接通入冷水混合制備熱水。Directheating,alsoknownasprimaryheatexchange,istodirectlyheatcoldwatertotherequiredhotwatertemperaturebyusingahotwaterboilerwithgas,oil,andcoalasfuel,ortodirectlyintroducesteamorhigh-temperaturewaterintocoldwaterthroughaperforatedpipeorinjectortopreparehotwater.1按熱水加熱方式的不同，有直接加熱和間接加熱之分Accordingtodifferentwaterheatingmodes,itiscategorizedasdirectheatingandindirectheating熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems噪聲大，對(duì)蒸汽質(zhì)量要求高，冷凝水不能回收，熱源需大量經(jīng)水質(zhì)處理的補(bǔ)充水，運(yùn)行費(fèi)用高等缺點(diǎn)。Ithasdisadvantagessuchasloudnoise,highrequirementsforsteamquality,non-recyclablecondensatewater,alargeamountofmake-upwaterafterwatertreatmentastheheatsource,andhighoperatingcosts.缺點(diǎn)Disadvantages具有合格的蒸汽熱媒、且對(duì)噪聲無嚴(yán)格要求的公共浴室、洗衣房、工礦企業(yè)等。Publicbathrooms,laundries,andindustrialandminingenterpriseswithqualifiedsteamheatmediumsandnostrictrequirementsfornoise.適用場所Applicationplace具有熱效率高、節(jié)能的特點(diǎn)；蒸汽直接加熱方式具有設(shè)備簡單、熱效率高、無需冷凝水管的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Ithasfeaturessuchashighthermalefficiencyandenergysaving.Directsteamheatinghastheadvantagesofsimpleequipment,highthermalefficiency,andnoneedforcondensatepipes.優(yōu)點(diǎn)Advantages熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）間接加熱Indirectheating也稱二次換熱，是將熱媒通過水加熱器把熱量傳遞給冷水達(dá)到加熱冷水的目的，在加熱過程中熱媒（如蒸汽）與被加熱水不直接接觸。Italsoknownassecondaryheatexchange,istotransfertheenergyofheatmediumtocoldwaterthroughawaterheatertoheatcoldwater.Duringtheheatingprocess,theheatmedium(suchassteam)doesnotdirectlycontactwiththeheatedwater.1按熱水加熱方式的不同，有直接加熱和間接加熱之分Accordingtodifferentwaterheatingmodes,itiscategorizedasdirectheatingandindirectheating回收的冷凝水可重復(fù)利用，只需對(duì)少量補(bǔ)充水進(jìn)行軟化處理，運(yùn)行費(fèi)用低，且加熱時(shí)不產(chǎn)生噪聲，蒸汽不會(huì)對(duì)熱水產(chǎn)生污染，供水安全穩(wěn)定。Therecycledcondensatewatercanbereused,andonlyasmallamountofmake-upwaterneedstobesoftened.Theoperatingcostislow,andnonoisewillbegeneratedduringheating.Steamwillnotpollutehotwater,anditissafeandstabletosupplywater.特點(diǎn)Features要求供水穩(wěn)定、安全，噪聲要求低的旅館、住宅、醫(yī)院、辦公樓等建筑。Thebuildingssuchashotels,residences,hospitals,andofficebuildingsthatrequirestableandsafewatersupplyandlownoise.適用場所Applicationplace熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）開式Opentype2按熱水管網(wǎng)的壓力工況，可分為開式和閉式兩類。Accordingtothepressureconditionsofthehotwaternetwork,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasopenandclosedtypes.開式熱水供水方式，即在所有配水點(diǎn)關(guān)閉后，系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的水仍與大氣相通。

Theopenhotwatersupplymodemeansthatthewaterinthesystemisstillconnectedtotheatmosphereafterallwaterdistributionpointsareclosed.該方式一般在管網(wǎng)頂部設(shè)有高位冷水箱和膨脹管或高位開式加熱水箱，適用于用戶要求水壓穩(wěn)定，且允許設(shè)高位水箱的熱水系統(tǒng)。

Forthismode,acoldwatergravitytankandanexpansionpipeoranopenheatinggravitytankatthetopofthenetworkaregenerallyprovided.Thismodeissuitableforthehotwatersysteminwhichconsumersrequirestablewaterpressureandallowagravitytank.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems圖1開式熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)Fig.1Openhotwatersupplysystem熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）閉式Closedtype2按熱水管網(wǎng)的壓力工況，可分為開式和閉式兩類。Accordingtothepressureconditionsofthehotwaternetwork,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasopenandclosedtypes.閉式熱水供水方式，即在所有配水點(diǎn)關(guān)閉后，整個(gè)系統(tǒng)與大氣隔絕，形成密閉系統(tǒng)。

Theclosedhotwatersupplymodemeansthatafterallwaterdistributionpointsareclosed,thewholesystemisisolatedfromtheatmospheretoformaclosedsystem.該方式中應(yīng)采用設(shè)有安全閥的承壓水加熱器或設(shè)置壓力膨脹罐，適用于不宜設(shè)置高位水箱的熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)。

Forthismode,pressurizedwaterheaterswithsafetyvalvesorpressurizedexpansiontanksshallbeused.Thismodeissuitableforthehotwatersupplysysteminwhichgravitytanksarenotappropriate.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems圖2閉式熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)Fig.2Closedhotwatersupplysystem全循環(huán)供水方式，是指熱水干管、熱水立管和熱水支管都設(shè)置相應(yīng)循環(huán)管道，保持熱水循環(huán)，各配水嘴隨時(shí)打開均能提供符合設(shè)計(jì)水溫要求的熱水。

Thefull-circulationwatersupplymodemeansthatthehotwatermainpipe,verticalhotwaterpipe,andhotwaterbranchpipeareprovidedwithcorrespondingcirculationpipestomaintainhotwatercirculation.Eachchokecanbeopenedatanytimetoprovidehotwatermeetingtherequirementsfordesigntemperature.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）全循環(huán)Fullcirculation3按熱水管網(wǎng)設(shè)置循環(huán)管網(wǎng)的方式不同，有全循環(huán)、半循環(huán)、無循環(huán)熱水供水方式之分。Accordingtothedifferentwaysofsettingacirculatingnetwork,therearefull-circulation,semi-circulationandnon-circulationhotwatersupplymodes.該方式用于對(duì)熱水供應(yīng)要求比較高的建筑中，如高級(jí)賓館、飯店、高級(jí)住宅等。

Thismodeisusedinbuildingswithhighrequirementsforhotwatersupply,suchashigh-gradehotels,restaurantsandhigh-graderesidences.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems圖3全循環(huán)Fig.3Fullcirculation膨脹排氣管Expansionexhaustpipe循環(huán)水泵Circulatingwaterpump加熱器Heater冷水箱Coldwatertank立管循環(huán)方式是指熱水干管和熱水立管均設(shè)置循環(huán)管道，保持熱水循環(huán)，打開配水嘴時(shí)只需放掉熱水支管中少量的存水，就能獲得規(guī)定水溫的熱水。

Thestandpipecirculationmode

meansthatboththemainhotwaterpipeandtheverticalhotwaterpipeareprovidedwithcirculatingpipestomaintainthehotwatercirculation.Whenthechokeisopened,onlyasmallamountofstoredwaterinthehotwaterbranchpipeneedstobedischargedtoobtainhotwateratthespecifiedtemperature.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）半循環(huán)供水方式，又有立管循環(huán)和干管循環(huán)之分。Half-circulationwatersupplymodeincludesstandpipecirculationandmainpipecirculation.3按熱水管網(wǎng)設(shè)置循環(huán)管網(wǎng)的方式不同，有全循環(huán)、半循環(huán)、無循環(huán)熱水供水方式之分。Accordingtothedifferentwaysofsettingacirculatingnetwork,therearefull-circulation,semi-circulationandnon-circulationhotwatersupplymodes.該方式多用于設(shè)有全日供應(yīng)熱水的建筑和設(shè)有定時(shí)供應(yīng)熱水的高層建筑中。

Thismodeismostlyusedinbuildingswithanall-dayhotwatersupplyandhigh-risebuildingswithatimedhotwatersupply.膨脹排氣管Expansionexhaustpipe循環(huán)水泵Circulatingwaterpump加熱器Heater冷水箱Coldwatertank熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems圖4

(a)半循環(huán)：立管循環(huán)方式Fig.4(a)Half-circulation:standpipecirculationmode干管循環(huán)方式是指僅熱水干管設(shè)置循環(huán)管道，保持熱水循環(huán)，多用于采用定時(shí)供應(yīng)熱水的建筑中。

Themainpipecirculationmodemeansthatonlythemainhotwaterpipesareprovidedwithcirculatingpipestomaintainhotwatercirculation.Itismostlyusedinbuildingswherearegularhotwatersupplyisadopted.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）半循環(huán)供水方式，又有立管循環(huán)和干管循環(huán)之分。Half-circulationwatersupplymodeincludesstandpipecirculationandmainpipecirculation.3按熱水管網(wǎng)設(shè)置循環(huán)管網(wǎng)的方式不同，有全循環(huán)、半循環(huán)、無循環(huán)熱水供水方式之分。Accordingtothedifferentwaysofsettingacirculatingnetwork,therearefull-circulation,semi-circulationandnon-circulationhotwatersupplymodes.在熱水供應(yīng)前，先用循環(huán)泵把干管中已冷卻的存水循環(huán)加熱，當(dāng)打開配水嘴時(shí)只需放掉立管和支管內(nèi)的冷水就可流出符合要求的熱水。

Beforethehotwatersupply,thecooledstoredwaterinthemainpipeiscirculatedandheatedbyacirculatingpump.Whenthechokeisopened,onlythecoldwaterintheverticalpipeandbranchpipeneedstobedischargedtoobtainqualifiedhotwater.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems圖5

(b)半循環(huán)：干管循環(huán)方式Fig.5(b)Half-circulation:mainpipecirculationmode膨脹排氣管Expansionexhaustpipe冷水箱Coldwatertank循環(huán)水泵Circulatingwaterpump加熱器Heater熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（3）不循環(huán)Non-circulation3按熱水管網(wǎng)設(shè)置循環(huán)管網(wǎng)的方式不同，有全循環(huán)、半循環(huán)、無循環(huán)熱水供水方式之分。Accordingtothedifferentwaysofsettingacirculatingnetwork,therearefull-circulation,semi-circulationandnon-circulationhotwatersupplymodes.無循環(huán)供水方式，是指在熱水管網(wǎng)中不設(shè)任何循環(huán)管道。

Thenon-circulationwatersupplymodemeansthatthereisnocirculatingpipeinthehotwaternetwork.對(duì)于熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)較小、使用要求不高的定時(shí)熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)，如公共浴室、洗衣房等可采用此方式。

Thismodecanbeusedforasmallregularhotwatersupplysystemwithlowuserequirements,suchaspublicbathroomsandlaundryrooms.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems圖6不循環(huán)熱水供水方式Fig.6Hotwatersupplymodewithoutcirculation膨脹排氣管Expansionexhaustpipe冷水箱Coldwatertank加熱器Heater全天循環(huán)方式，即全天任何時(shí)刻，管網(wǎng)中都維持有不低于循環(huán)流量的流量，使設(shè)計(jì)管段的水溫在任何時(shí)刻都保持不低于設(shè)計(jì)溫度。

Theall-daycirculationmodemeansthatatanytimethroughouttheday,thereisaflownotlowerthanthecirculatingflowinthenetworksothatthetemperatureofwaterinthedesignpipesectioniskeptabovethedesigntemperatureatanytime.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems4按熱水管網(wǎng)運(yùn)行方式不同，可分為全天循環(huán)方式和定時(shí)循環(huán)方式。Accordingtothedifferentoperationmodesofthehotwaternetwork,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasall-daycirculationmodeandtimedcirculationmode.（1）全天循環(huán)All-daycirculation熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)每天定時(shí)供水，其余時(shí)間系統(tǒng)停止運(yùn)行，該方式在集中使用前，利用循環(huán)水泵將管網(wǎng)中已冷卻的水強(qiáng)制循環(huán)到水加熱器加熱，達(dá)到規(guī)定水溫時(shí)才使用。

Thehotwatersupplysystemistimedtosupplywatereverydayandstopsoperatingfortherestoftheday.Beforecentralizeduse,themodeusescirculatingwaterpumpstoforciblycirculatethecooledwaterinthepipenetworktotheheaterforheatingandwon'tusethewateruntilitreachesthestipulatedtemperature.（2）定時(shí)循環(huán)Timedcirculation即利用水泵強(qiáng)制水在熱水管網(wǎng)內(nèi)循環(huán)，造成一定的循環(huán)流量，以補(bǔ)償管網(wǎng)熱損失，維持一定的水溫。

Itmeansthatthewaterpumpisusedtoforcewatertocirculateinthehotwaternetwork,resultinginacertaincirculatingflowtocompensatefortheheatlossofthenetworkandmaintainacertaintemperature.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）機(jī)械循環(huán)Mechanicalcirculation5按熱水管網(wǎng)采用的循環(huán)動(dòng)力不同，可分為自然循環(huán)方式和機(jī)械循環(huán)方式。Accordingtothedifferentcirculationpowersthehotwaternetworkadopts,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasnaturalcirculationandmechanicalcirculation.目前實(shí)際運(yùn)行的熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)，多數(shù)采用這種循環(huán)方式。

Atpresent,mostofthehotwatersupplysystemsinactualoperationadoptthiscirculationmode.因一般配水管與回水管內(nèi)的水溫差僅為5～10℃，自然循環(huán)作用水頭值很小，所以實(shí)際使用自然循環(huán)的很少，尤其對(duì)于中、大型建筑采用自然循環(huán)有一定的困難。

Sincethetemperaturedifferencebetweenwaterinthecrossmainandthereturnpipeisgenerallyonly5to10degreesCelsius,andtheactingheadvalueofnaturalcirculationisverysmall,naturalcirculationisrarelyusedactually.Especiallyformediumandlargebuildings,itisdifficulttoadoptnaturalcirculation.自然循環(huán)方式，即利用熱水管網(wǎng)中配水管和回水管內(nèi)的溫度差所形成的自然循環(huán)作用水頭（自然壓力），使管網(wǎng)內(nèi)維持一定的循環(huán)流量，以補(bǔ)償熱損失，保持一定的供水溫度。

Thenaturalcirculationmodemeansthatthenaturalcirculationactinghead(naturalcompression)formedduetothetemperaturedifferencebetweenthecrossmainandthereturnpipeinthehotwaternetworkisusedtomaintainacertaincirculatingflowinthenetworktocompensateforheatlossandmaintainacertaintemperature.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（2）自然循環(huán)Naturalcirculation5按熱水管網(wǎng)采用的循環(huán)動(dòng)力不同，可分為自然循環(huán)方式和機(jī)械循環(huán)方式。Accordingtothedifferentcirculationpowersthehotwaternetworkadopts,thehotwatersupplymodescanbecategorizedasnaturalcirculationandmechanicalcirculation.蒸汽間接加熱機(jī)械強(qiáng)制全循環(huán)干管下行上給的熱水供水方式，適用于全天供應(yīng)熱水的大型公共建筑或工業(yè)建筑。

Itreferstothehotwatersupplymodeinwhichthesteamisusedtoindirectlyheatandmechanicallyforcemainfull-circulationpipestosupplyhotwater.Itissuitableforlargepublicbuildingsorindustrialbuildingsthatsupplyhotwateralldaylong.熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的供水方式WaterSupplyModesofHotWaterSupplySystems（1）下行上給Runningdownward&supplyingupward6按熱水配水管網(wǎng)水平干管的位置不同，可分為下行上給供水方式和上行下給供水方式。Accordingtothedifferentpositionsofhorizontalmainpipesinthehotwatercrossmainnetwork,itcanbedividedintorunningdownward&supplyingupwardandrunningupward&supplyingdownwardwatersupplymodes.選用何種熱水供水方式，應(yīng)根據(jù)建筑物用途，熱源供給情況、熱水用量和衛(wèi)生器具的布置情況進(jìn)行技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)比較后確定。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí),常將上述各種方式按照具體情況進(jìn)行組合。Theselectionofhotwatersupplymodeshallbedeterminedaftertechnicalandeconom