人教版中考閱讀材料用英語(yǔ)講好中國(guó)故事

2024年秋期人教版九英閱讀材料用英語(yǔ)講好中國(guó)故事講好中國(guó)故事一岳飛

YueFei(1103AD-1142AD),whosecourtesynamewasPengju,wasborninTangyinofXiangzhou(present-dayHenanProvince)andwasaSouthernSonggeneral.HewasfamousforhisbattleagainsttheJinDynasty.HejoinedthearmyinthelateNorthernSongperiodandwasdemotedafterthefoundingoftheSouthernSong,whenhetriedtodissuadeEmperorGaozongfrommovingthecapitaltothesouth.In1129AD,YueFeifoughtagainstWanyanWuzhuandrecoveredJiankang(present-dayNanjing).In1133AD,hewaspromotedandhonoredwithabannerpraisinghisloyalty,“JingzhongYueFei,”afterhecrackeddownonpeasantuprisingsinJiangxi.

岳飛(1103—1142)，字鵬舉，相州湯陰(今河南省湯陰縣)人，南宋時(shí)期抗金名將。他在北宋后期參軍，南宋建立后被貶，皆因當(dāng)時(shí)他試圖勸阻高宗南遷都城。1129年，岳飛與完顏兀術(shù)作戰(zhàn)，收復(fù)建康(今南京)。1133年，他在江西鎮(zhèn)壓農(nóng)民起義后，被朝廷提拔并被授予了一面贊揚(yáng)他忠誠(chéng)的錦旗“精忠岳飛”。

inrecoveringZhengzhouandLuoyangafterthevictoryatYancheng.JustashewasthreateningtoattackandrecoverKaifeng,corruptofficialsadvisedEmperorGaozongtorecallYueFeitothecapitalandnegotiateforpeacewiththeJinarmy.YueFeiwasorderedtwelvetimestoreturn.YueFeifinallysubmittedtothewillofhisemperorandreturnedtothecapital,wherehewasimprisoned.QinHuiwouldeventuallyarrangeforhimtobeexecutedin1142ADonfalsecharges.Afterhisdeath,hishonorwasrestoredandgiventhetitle“PrinceofE”duringEmperorNingzong'sreign.

為抵御金軍的入侵，奪回北方，岳飛領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一場(chǎng)持久的戰(zhàn)役。金軍有“撼山易，撼岳家軍難”的評(píng)語(yǔ)，以示對(duì)岳家軍的由衷敬佩。岳飛在郾城大捷后，成功地收復(fù)了鄭州和洛陽(yáng)。正當(dāng)他要進(jìn)攻收復(fù)開(kāi)封時(shí)，貪官污吏勸高宗將岳飛召回京師，與金軍議和。岳飛被十二道圣旨召回。他遵從皇帝的旨意，回到了京城，卻被監(jiān)禁了。秦檜在1142年以莫須有的罪名將岳飛處死。岳飛死后被平反，并在寧宗皇帝時(shí)被封為“鄂親王”。

YueFei'sliterarytalentisalsooutstanding,andhisrepresentativepoemTheRiverAllRedisamagnificentmasterpiecethathasbeenpasseddownthroughtheages.“Valiantlywe’dfeastonthefleshoftheinvaders;Laughing,we'ddrinkthebloodtheyshed.Whenwe'vereconqueredourlostland,intriumphwewouldreturnourarmygrand.”demonstratedYueFei'sfearlessheroicspirit,filledwithpatrioticpassion.

岳飛的文才同樣卓越，其代表詞作《滿江紅》是一首氣壯山河、傳誦千古的名篇?！皦阎攫嚥秃斎猓φ効曙嬓倥?。待從頭、收拾舊山河，朝天闕?！北憩F(xiàn)了岳飛大無(wú)畏的英雄氣概，洋溢著愛(ài)國(guó)主義激情。講好中國(guó)故事二王安石WangAnshi(1021AD-1086AD)wasborninLinchuanofFuzhou(present-dayFuzhouintheJiangxiProvince),andwasawardedjinshiintheimperialexamination.In1070AD,EmperorShenzongmadehimthesecondprivycouncilorinordertointroduceandpromulgatehisreformpolicy.

王安石(1021—1086)出生于撫州臨川(今江西撫州),科舉進(jìn)士。1070年,神宗皇帝為了推行和頒布他的改革政策，任命他為參知政事。

Thispolicycoveredmainlythreeaspects:1.Statefinanceandtrade;2.Defenseandsocialorder;3.Educationandgovernance.Someofthefinancereformsincludedpayingcashforlaborinsteadofcorveelabor,increasingthesupplyofcoppercoins,improvingtrademanagement,anddirectgovernmentloanstofarmersduringplantingseasonstoberepaidatharvest.Hebelieved

thatthefoundationofthestatedependedonthewell-beingofcommonpeople.Tolimitspeculationandeliminateprivatemonopolies,heinitiatedpricecontrols,regulatedwages,andsetuppensionsfortheagedandunemployed.Thestatealsobegantobuildpublicorphanage,hospitals,dispensaries,hospices,cemeteries,andreservegranaries.

Militaryreformwascenteredonanewinstitution:thebaojiasystem,ororganizedhouseholds.Thiswasdonetoensurecollectiveresponsibilityinsocietyandwaslaterusedtostrengthenlocaldefense.Healsoproposedmeasurestobreedmilitaryhorses,makemoreefficientweapons,andtrainthemilitia.

Toimproveeducationandmanagement,hesoughttobreakdownthebarrierbetweenclericalandofficialcareers,aswellasimprovingtheirsupervisiontopreventconnectionsbeingusedforpersonalgain.Testsinlaw,militaryaffairs,andmedicinewereaddedtotheexaminationsystem,andmathematicswasaddedin1104AD.

這項(xiàng)改革政策主要包括三個(gè)方面：1.國(guó)家財(cái)政和貿(mào)易；2.防衛(wèi)和社會(huì)秩序；3.教育和國(guó)家治理。一些財(cái)政改革包括繳納一定數(shù)量的現(xiàn)金可以代替服徭役，增加銅幣供應(yīng)，加強(qiáng)貿(mào)易管理，以及青黃不接時(shí)，由官府給農(nóng)民貸款，在收獲時(shí)償還。他認(rèn)為民富才能?chē)?guó)強(qiáng)。為了限制投機(jī)和消除私人壟斷，他實(shí)行了價(jià)格控制，酬勞調(diào)節(jié)，并為老年人和失業(yè)者設(shè)立養(yǎng)老金。國(guó)家還開(kāi)始建造公共孤兒院、醫(yī)院、藥房、收容所、墓地和儲(chǔ)備糧倉(cāng)。

軍事改革的中心是一項(xiàng)新的制度：保甲制度——推行以戶為單位的社會(huì)組織形式。這樣做是為了確保社會(huì)上的集體責(zé)任，后來(lái)被用來(lái)加強(qiáng)地方防御。他還提出了豢養(yǎng)軍用馬、制造更高效武器和訓(xùn)練民兵的措施。

為了改善教育和管理，他試圖打破文書(shū)和官員之間的壁壘，并加強(qiáng)對(duì)他們的監(jiān)督，以防止利用關(guān)系謀取私利。在科考中增加了法律、軍事和醫(yī)學(xué)方面的測(cè)試，并在1104年增加了數(shù)學(xué)。

Thenewpoliciesgeneratedandincreasedgovernmentrevenuetocovertheirexpenditureoverthefollowingtwentyyears.Morethanahundredthousandwaterconservationprojectswerestartedtoirrigatelandspanning360thousandhectares,andinthelandsurvey,moretaxablefarmlandwas

registered.Meanwhile,militaryeffectivenesswasimproved,andtheSongarmywonsomevictoriesovertheWesternXia.

However,afterimplementingthenewpolicies,someunwiseselectionsofofficialsunderminedtheresults.Moreimportantly,therewasdeep-seatedresistancetothereforms,asithurtbureaucratsfromtheoldsystem.WithEmperorShenzhong'sdeathin1085AD,thenewpolicieswererolledbackwhenSimaGuangcameintopower.

新政增加了政府收入，甚至能夠支付隨后20年的國(guó)家支出。打造節(jié)水工程10萬(wàn)余項(xiàng)，灌溉面積36萬(wàn)公頃，土地調(diào)查顯示，應(yīng)稅耕地登記增加了許多。同時(shí)，軍事效能提高了，宋軍對(duì)西夏的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)取得了一定的勝利。

然而，在實(shí)施新策后，選用官員不當(dāng)破壞了改革的結(jié)果。更重要的是，改革受到了傳統(tǒng)派的抵制，因?yàn)槠鋫α伺f體制下某些官僚的利益。1085年，隨著神宗皇帝的去世，新政在司馬光執(zhí)政時(shí)被廢止了。講好中國(guó)故事三王守仁WangShouren(1472–1529),whosecourtesynameasBo’anandaliasYangming,wasafamousthinker,writer,philosopherandmilitarystrategistoftheMingdynasty.HewasproficientinConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhism.

王守仁(1472—1529)，字伯安，別號(hào)陽(yáng)明，明代著名的思想家、文學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家和軍事家，精通儒家、道家、佛家思想。InordertoputintopracticeZhuXi'sprincipleof“tostudythenatureofthings”,attheageofsixteenhewasdeterminedto“study”bamboo.Aftersevendaysandnightsofobservation,hediscoverednothing,butasaresult,hebecameseverelyill.Thisisthelegendarytaleof“Shourenstudyingbamboo,”inwhichWangShourenbegantoseriouslycontemplateZhuXi'stheoryatthatverymoment.

In1499,asasuccessfulcandidateinthehighestimperialexaminations,WangShourenlaterbecameanofficerintheMinistryofJusticeandtheMinistryofWar.Severalyearslater,hewasrelegatedtothepostofprime

ministerofLongchanginGuizhoufordisobeyingtheeunuchs.Duringthisperiod,hegainedanewunderstandingofthecentralideasofTheGreatLearningandLuJiuyuan'sphilosophicalthoughts.

Whentheeunuchswerekilled,WangShouren'ssituationtookaturnforthebetterandhelatergovernedthetroubledsouthernpartofJiangxiProvinceasgovernorthere.Heledhisarmyinmanybattlestoquelltheturmoilandachievedmanysuccesses,includingsomebattlecasesofwinningmorewithlesswithquickdecisions,whichhasdisplayedhisexceptionalmilitarytalents.InChinesehistory,heisatalentwithbothcivilandmilitarytalents.

為了實(shí)踐朱熹的“格物致知”，十六歲的王守仁下決心窮竹之理，“格”了七天七夜的竹子，什么都沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)，人卻因此病倒。從此，王守仁對(duì)“格物”學(xué)說(shuō)產(chǎn)生了批判性思考，這也是著名的“守仁格竹”的故事。

弘治十二年(1499年)王守仁中進(jìn)士，后任刑部侍郎、兵部主事。正德年初因忤逆宦官被貶為貴州龍場(chǎng)驛丞。在這個(gè)時(shí)期，他對(duì)《大學(xué)》的中心思想及陸九淵的心學(xué)有了新的領(lǐng)悟。

后宦官被誅殺，王守仁的處境有了轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)，他以南贛巡撫的身份，治理動(dòng)亂之中的贛南。他曾率領(lǐng)軍隊(duì)多次作戰(zhàn)，平定動(dòng)亂，屢立戰(zhàn)功，還曾創(chuàng)造過(guò)以少勝多、速戰(zhàn)速?zèng)Q的戰(zhàn)例，表現(xiàn)出卓越的軍事才能。他可謂是中國(guó)歷史上一位文武雙全的人才。

YangmingPhilosophy,aschoolofphilosophydevelopedbyWangShouren,washismostsignificantcontribution.HeinheritedLuJiuyuan'sviewthat“themindisreason”andadvocatedsearchingfor“reason”withinoneselfasopposedtotheapproachof“studyingnature”.Healsopromotedtheintegrationofknowledgeandaction,withconscienceastheaim.AsthemostimportantphilosophicalthoughtsintheMingDynasty,YangmingPhilosophyhadanunmatchedimpactatthattime,spreadingtoJapan,theKoreanpeninsula,andSoutheastAsia.

王守仁最重要的貢獻(xiàn)，還是他的學(xué)術(shù)思想“陽(yáng)明心學(xué)”。他繼承了陸九淵強(qiáng)調(diào)“心即是理”之思想，反對(duì)“格物致知”方法，提倡從自己內(nèi)心中去尋找“理”；他又倡導(dǎo)知行合一，以致良知為宗旨。陽(yáng)明心學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)思想傳至日本、朝鮮半島以及東南亞，是明代影響最大的哲學(xué)思想。講好中國(guó)故事四諸葛亮

ZhugeLiang(181AD-234AD),withthecourtesynameKongming,wasborninYangduofLangya(present-dayYinan,ShandongProvince),andlatersettledinLongzhong,westofXiangyang,HubeiProvince.Heledahermit'slifeandassociatedwithnotablepeople,associatinghimselftofamousfiguressuchasGuanZhongandYueYi.Withareputationforwisdomspreadingfarandwide,hewascalledthe“CrouchingDragon”.LiuBeihadtomakethreehumblevisitstohisthatchedcottagebeforehewaswillingtoseehim.ZhugeLianganalyzedthesituationinthecountryindetailforLiuBei,andadvisedLiuBeitooccupyJingzhouandYizhouPrefecturesandallyhimselfwithSunQuanagainstCaoCao.LiuBeiwassoexcitedthatheinvitedZhugeLiangtoassisthim.Thiswastheoriginofthestoryabout“threehumblevisitstothethatchedcottage”.

諸葛亮(181—234)，字孔明，瑯琊陽(yáng)都(今山東省臨沂市沂南縣)人，后定居湖北襄陽(yáng)以西隆中。他過(guò)著隱士的生活，與名士交往，自比為管仲、樂(lè)毅。他因聰慧而聲名遠(yuǎn)播，被稱為“臥龍”。劉備三次去他的茅廬拜訪才見(jiàn)到他。諸葛亮為劉備詳細(xì)分析了國(guó)內(nèi)形勢(shì)，建議劉備占領(lǐng)荊州、益州，與孫權(quán)結(jié)盟對(duì)抗曹操。劉備興奮不已，請(qǐng)諸葛亮來(lái)輔佐自己。這就是“三顧茅廬”故事由來(lái)

AccordingtoZhugeLiang'sstrategy,LiuBeisuccessfullyestablishedtheShu-Hanregime,formingatripartiteconfrontationwithSunQuanandCaoCao.InthefirstyearofZhangwu(221AD),LiuBeiproclaimedhimselfemperorandappointedZhugeLiangaschancellor.AfterthefailureofannexingWu,LiuBeientrustedZh