北京中考英語5年真題匯編-教師版-專題03 閱讀理解之說明文

北京中考英語5年真題匯編——專題03閱讀理解之說明文【五年考情回顧】年份體裁主題內(nèi)容2024年說明文本文主要探討了人們在辨識(shí)方向能力上的差異及其原因。研究表明，生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)決定了人們的辨識(shí)方向能力，文化和經(jīng)驗(yàn)比天生能力更重要。2023年說明文主要介紹了食物浪費(fèi)的現(xiàn)狀以及四個(gè)解決食物浪費(fèi)問題的方法，并得出結(jié)論：如果我們每個(gè)人都做出努力，食物浪費(fèi)問題一定會(huì)有所改善。2023年說明文本文主要講述了快樂和享受的聯(lián)系和對比。2022年說明文文章通過解釋“Green”這個(gè)詞，呼吁大家保護(hù)環(huán)境。2020年說明文本文講述了技術(shù)進(jìn)步給健康醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域帶來的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。（2024·北京·中考真題）SamHillisreallybadatfindinghiswayfromplacetoplace.TheworldisfullofpeoplelikeHill—andtheiropposites,whoalwaysseemtoknowexactlywheretheyareandhowtogetwheretheywanttogo.Ithasprovedhardtoexplainwhy.However,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,there’snewexcitementhappeningintheresearchworld.Anexperimentwascarriedoutin2022tofindoutwhatmightinfluencewayfindingability.Researchersdevelopedanonlinegameinwhichplayerstravelbyboattofindwherealotofcheckpointslie.Thegameaskedplayerstoprovidebasicbackgroundinformation,andnearlyfourmillionpeopleworldwidedidso.Throughthegame,theresearcherswereabletojudgenavigational(辨識(shí)方向的)abilitybylookingathowfareachpersontraveledtoreachallthecheekpoints.Thentheycomparedplayers’performancewiththeirbackgroundinformation.TheresearchersfoundthatNorthernEuropeansseemedtobebetternavigations,perhapsbecausetheyloveorienteering(定向越野),asportwhichinvolvescross-countryrunningandnavigation.Andthosefromcitieswithmoredisorganizedstreetnetworks(網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng))didbetterthanthosefromcitieswithorderlyones.Perhapspeopleofplannedcitiesdon’tneedtobuildcomplex(復(fù)雜的)mapsintheirminds.Researchresultslikethesesuggestthatpeople’slifeexperiencedecideshowwelltheyfindtheirway.Infact,experiencemayevenexplainapopularbeliefthatmenaremorelikelytoperformbetterthanwomen.Itturnsoutthatthisdifferenceismoreaquestionofcultureandexperiencethanofinbornability.NorthernEuropeans,forexample,showalmostnogender(性別)differenceinnavigation.However,mendomuchbetterthanwomeninplaceswherewomenfaceculturallimitsonexploringtheirenvironmentontheirown.ThatfindingisalsosupportedbystudiesontheTsimane,acommunitylivinginaforestinSouthAmerica.ResearchersputGPSunitson305Tsimanepeopletochecktheirdailymovementsoverathree-dayperiod,andfoundnodifferencebetweenmenandwomeninnavigationalability.Evenchildrenperformedverywell—aresult,researchersthink,ofgrowingupinanenvironmentthatencourageschildrentoexploretheforest.1．Whywasanexperimentcarriedoutin2022?A．Todevelopanonlinewayfindinggame.B．Toimprovetheplayers’wayfindingability.C．Topickoutpeoplewhoareweakinwayfinding.D．Tofindoutwhypeoplearedifferentinwayfindingability.2．Accordingtothepassage,whoisprobablythebestatfindingtheirway?A．Awomanwhooftenexploresnature.B．AgirlwhostudiesSouthAmericanculture.C．Amanwhorunsonasportsgroundeverymorning.D．Aboywholivesinacitywithanorderlystreetnetwork.3．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Goodnavigatorsaremostlymade,notborn.B．Navigationskillsdifferbetweenthegenders.C．Navigationskillsarepasseddown,neverlost.D．Goodnavigatorsbringdevelopmentsintechnology.【答案】1．D2．A3．A【導(dǎo)語】本文主要探討了人們在辨識(shí)方向能力上的差異及其原因。研究表明，生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)決定了人們的辨識(shí)方向能力，文化和經(jīng)驗(yàn)比天生能力更重要。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Anexperimentwascarriedoutin2022tofindoutwhatmightinfluencewayfindingability.”可知，2022年進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是找出人們認(rèn)路能力不同的原因。故選D。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Researchresultslikethesesuggestthatpeople’slifeexperiencedecideshowwelltheyfindtheirway.”可知，人們的生活經(jīng)歷決定了他們在認(rèn)路方面的表現(xiàn)，結(jié)合最后一段最后一句“Evenchildrenperformedverywell—aresult,researchersthink,ofgrowingupinanenvironmentthatencourageschildrentoexploretheforest.”可知，A選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)經(jīng)常探索自然的女性”最為符合。故選A。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Infact,experiencemayevenexplainapopularbeliefthatmenaremorelikelytoperformbetterthanwomen.Itturnsoutthatthisdifferenceismoreaquestionofcultureandexperiencethanofinbornability.”可知，事實(shí)上，經(jīng)驗(yàn)甚至可以解釋一種普遍的觀點(diǎn)——男性比女性更有可能表現(xiàn)得更好。事實(shí)證明，這種差異與其說是天生的能力問題，不如說是文化和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的問題。由此推知，好的領(lǐng)航員大多是培養(yǎng)出來的，而不是天生的。故選A。（2023·北京·中考真題）Doyouknowthatover1/3ofallfoodproducedintheworldgoestowaste?AccordingtotheUnitedNations(UN),everyyeararoundtheworld,aboutonebillion(十億)tonsoffoodiswasted.Atthesametime,therearenearlyonebillionpeoplewhogohungry.Simply1/4ofthefoodwastedisenoughtokeepthemoutofhunger.Inaddition,thewastedfoodproducesoverthreebilliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2),whichspeedsupclimate(氣候)change.Whatcanwedotosolvethisfoodwasteproblem?Oneeffectivesolutionisbalancingfoodproductionwithdemand(需求).Inhotelsandothersimilarplaces,specialinstrumentsshouldbeusedsothatcookingspecialistsjustprepareandcookfoodasitisordered.Anothereffectivesolutionisstartingprogramstoreduce(減少)foodwaste.Storesandbuyerscantrytheirbesttobecreativeinfoodwastereduction.Forexample,storescanprovidecustomerswithinstructionstellingthemhowtomakefulluseoffood.Buyerscantrynotfixingtheireyesonlyonfoodofthebestquality(質(zhì)量).Sometimes,thefoodofnon-topqualityisalsogoodenoughtoeat,orcanbeboughtandthenusedtomakedeliciousdishes.Oneofthehardestsolutionstoachieveisforeachandeveryonetobuyandpreparefoodwithaplanoftheirownsothatlessfoodiswasted.Challengingasitis,theuseofmealplansinpreparingfoodcanplayanimportantroleinendingfoodwasteinthefamily.Foodrecyclingisoneoftheknownsolutions.Effortsarenowalreadyinprogress.Foodthatisnotsafeforhumanstoeatisrecycledintootherproductssuchasanimalfeedsandclothing.Yet,thereisstillalongwaytogoandmuchforimprovementinthisarea.Inaword,foodwastehasbeenoneofthebiggestproblemsintheworldthathaveinfluencedusgreatly.Manysolutionshavebeenfoundandmanymoreareyettobeworkedout.Ifeachofuscanputinmoreefforts,foodwasteissuretobereducedforthegoodofourfuture.4．Accordingtothepassage,whatisapossibleresultoffoodwaste?A．Theproblemofworldwidehunger. B．Abigincreaseinfoodproduction.C．Thespeed-upofclimatechange. D．Asuddendropinpopulation.5．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Foodrecyclinghasbeenhugelysuccessful. B．Buyersshouldgiveupnon-topqualityfood.C．Storesshouldtrainpeopletomakedeliciousdishes. D．Mealplansinthefamilyarehardtoputintopractice.6．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Benefitsofreducingfoodwaste. B．Solutionstothefoodwasteproblem.C．Theimportanceoffightingfoodwaste. D．Theattitudetothefoodwasteproblem.【答案】4．C5．D6．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了食物浪費(fèi)的現(xiàn)狀以及四個(gè)解決食物浪費(fèi)問題的方法，并得出結(jié)論：如果我們每個(gè)人都做出努力，食物浪費(fèi)問題一定會(huì)有所改善。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Inaddition,thewastedfoodproducesoverthreebilliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2),whichspeedsupclimatechange.”可知食物浪費(fèi)可能造成的一個(gè)結(jié)果是氣候變化的加速。故選C。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Oneofthehardestsolutionstoachieveisforeachandeveryonetobuyandpreparefoodwithaplanoftheirownsothatlessfoodiswasted.”可知家庭的膳食計(jì)劃很難付諸實(shí)施。故選D。6．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Whatcanwedotosolvethisfoodwasteproblem?”以及通讀全文可知主要介紹了四種解決食物浪費(fèi)問題的方法。故選B。（2023·北京·中考真題）Whenconsideringthekindofexperiencethatmakeslifebetter,mostpeoplefirstthinkthathappinessdependsonexperiencingpleasure:goodfood,goodjobs,allthecomfortsthatmoneycanbuy.Ifwecouldn’thavethese,wemightaswellsitinfrontofthetelevisiononaquietevening.Pleasureisanimportantpartofthequalityoflife,butbyitselfitdoesn’tbringhappiness.Whenpeoplethinkfurtheraboutwhatmakesaworthylife,theytend(傾向于)tomovebeyondpleasantmemoriesandbegintorememberotherevents,otherexperiencesthatoverlap(有重疊)pleasurableonesbutfallintoagroupwithaseparatename:enjoyment.Enjoyableeventstakeplacewhenpeoplehavenotonlysatisfiedaneedormetsomeearlierexpectation,butalsoachievedsomethingunexpected.Enjoymentischaracterizedbyasenseofcuriosity,ofachievement.Playingatennisgamethatimprovesone’sabilityisenjoyable,asisreadingabookthatshowsthingsinanewlight,asishavingaconversationthatleadsustoexpressideaswedidn’tknowwehad.Noneoftheseexperiencesmaybeespeciallypleasurablewhentheyaretakingplace,butwhenwethinkbackonthemafterwards,wewouldsay,“Thatreallywasfun”andwishtheywouldhappenagain.Afteranenjoyableeventweknowthatwehavechanged,andgrown.Experiencesthatgivepleasurecanalsogiveenjoyment,butthetwofeelingsarequitedifferent.Forexample,everybodytakespleasureineating.However,toenjoysfoodismoredifficult—youhavetopayenoughattentiontoameal,soastosenseandtellitsvarioustastes.Asthisexamplesuggests,wecanexperiencepleasurewithoutanypsychicenergy,whileenjoymenthappensonlyasaresultoffullattention.Apersoncanfeelpleasurewithoutanyeffort,aslongascertainpartsinhisbrainarestimulated(刺激).Butit’simpossibletoenjoyatennisgameorabookwithoutfullattention.It’sforthisreasonthatpleasuredoesnotlastlong,nordoesitmakeusgrow.Growthrequiresfullattentiontogoalsthatarenew,thatarerelativelychallenging.Withoutenjoyment,lifewillgoon,anditcanevenbepleasant.Butitdependsheavilyonluckandtheexternal(外部的)environment.Toachievepersonalcontroloverthequalityofexperience,however,weneedtolearnhowtobuildenjoymentintowhathappensdayin,dayout.7．Youwillmostprobablyexperienceenjoymentwhenyou________.A．buyexpensiveshoes B．orderadeliciousmealC．talkwithfriendsfornewideas D．sitquietlyinfrontofatelevision8．Whatdoyouknowaboutpleasureandenjoymentfromthepassage?A．Enjoymentgrowsoutofpleasure.B．Pleasureandenjoymentcomehandinhand.C．Pleasurableexperiencesarepartofenjoyableones.D．Someexperiencesprovidebothpleasureandenjoyment.9．Thewords“psychicenergy”inParagraph4areclosestinmeaningto________.A．a(chǎn)ttention B．interest C．a(chǎn)bility D．knowledge10．Thewriterprobablyagreesthat________.A．feelingpleasurestopspeoplefromachievinggrowthB．feelingenjoymentcomeswithachievinggrowthC．a(chǎn)worthylifedependsonluckandenvironmentD．pleasureisthekeytoahappyandworthylife【答案】7．C8．D9．A10．B【導(dǎo)語】本文主要講述了快樂和享受的聯(lián)系和對比。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Playingatennisgamethatimprovesone’sabilityisenjoyable,asisreadingabookthatshowsthingsinanewlight,asishavingaconversationthatleadsustoexpressideaswedidn’tknowwehad.”可知打一場能提高一個(gè)人能力的網(wǎng)球是令人愉快的，就像讀一本從新的角度看待事物的書一樣，就像進(jìn)行一場能讓我們表達(dá)自己不知道自己擁有的想法的談話一樣。由此推出當(dāng)你和朋友談?wù)撔孪敕〞r(shí)，你很可能會(huì)體驗(yàn)到樂趣。故選C。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Experiencesthatgivepleasurecanalsogiveenjoyment,butthetwofeelingsarequitedifferent.”可知有些經(jīng)歷既能帶來愉悅，又能帶來享受。故選D。9．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)“Asthisexamplesuggests,wecanexperiencepleasurewithoutanypsychicenergy,whileenjoymenthappensonlyasaresultoffullattention.”可知正如這個(gè)例子所表明的，我們可以在沒有任何精神能量的情況下體驗(yàn)快樂，而享受只有在全神貫注的情況下才會(huì)發(fā)生。psychicenergy與attention意思相近。故選A。10．觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)“Enjoymentischaracterizedbyasenseofcuriosity,ofachievement.”以及“Growthrequiresfullattentiontogoalsthatarenew,thatarerelativelychallenging.”可知作者會(huì)贊成“感到快樂與得到成長是相輔相成的”這一觀點(diǎn)。故選B。（2022·北京·中考真題）Whatdoesitmeantobegreen?Greenismorethanjustacolor.Italsomeanstakingspecialstepstoprotecttheenvironment.Buyingagreenproductisasmallstepeveryonecantake.Decidingwhetheraproductisgreen,however,isn’talwayseasy.Weneedtoconsiderthewholelifecycleoftheproductevenafterit’sofnouse.Hereiswhatwemaykeepinmind.Thematerialsofaproductareusuallyourfirstfocus(關(guān)注).Whatisitmadeof?Arethereanyharmfulchemicalsinit?Greenproductsaremadeofmorenaturalmaterialswhicharefreefromharmfulchemicals,sotheycanbegoodforourphysicalhealth.Packagingisimportant.Howisaproductpackaged?Isitoverpackaged?We’dbetterchooseglass,metalandpaperpackaging,asthesecanbereusedormoreeasilyrecycled(回收利用).Wecanalsolookforlesspackagingorevenchooseunbaggedproductswheneverpossible.Location(地點(diǎn))matters.Wherewasaproductproduced?Wherearewebuyingit?Thinkabouthowmuchenergywasusedtogetittoustrytochooselocalproducts.Whenitcomestofood,itisagoodideatoorderdirectlyfromlocalfarmer,shopatmarketsandbuyfruitsinseason.Buyingfromstoresnearourhousesisalsoagoodchoice,becausewecangotherewithoutdrivingacar.Lookintowhatthecompanytellsusabouttheirproduct.It’seasytosaythataproductis“green”or“allnatural”butthewordsmaybetoogoodtobetrue.So,muchoftheinformationaboutaproductshouldbetakenwithagrainofsalt.Afterall,companiestrytomakeusbelievethattheirproductsareenvironmentallyresponsible.Thegreenestthingiscertainlytheonewedon’tbuy.Thingslikefoodandclothingarenecessaryforlife.Butmanyothersarenot.Betterthanbuyingischoosingtoleaveanunnecessaryproductinthestoreanddoingwithout.Itsendsamessagetotheproducer,keepsmoneyinourpockets,reduces(減少)wasteandkeepstheplanethealthy.11．Thewriterwouldsuggestchoosingaproductthatis________.A．overpackaged B．deliveredfromabroadC．locallyproduced D．madeofunnaturalmaterials12．Thewords“betakenwithagrainofinsalt”Paragraph5probablymean“________”.A．beeasilyunderstood B．notbecompletelybelievedC．bewidelyspread D．notbequicklyforgotten13．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．BuyingGreen B．RecyclingWasteC．KeepingHealthy D．ReducingEnergyUse【答案】11．C12．B13．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章通過解釋“Green”這個(gè)詞，呼吁大家保護(hù)環(huán)境。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Thinkabouthowmuchenergywasusedtogetittoustrytochooselocalproducts.Whenitcomestofood,itisagoodideatoorderdirectlyfromlocalfarmer,...”可知，作者建議選擇當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，故選C。12．詞句猜測題。分析“So,muchoftheinformationaboutaproductshouldbetakenwithagrainofsalt.Afterall,companiestrytomakeusbelievethattheirproductsareenvironmentallyresponsible.”可知，公司試圖讓我們相信他們的產(chǎn)品對環(huán)境負(fù)責(zé)，但是我們應(yīng)該秉持一個(gè)懷疑的態(tài)度，此處“betakenwithagrainofsalt”的意思是“不被完全相信”，故選B。13．最佳標(biāo)題題，本文作者通過解釋“Green”這個(gè)詞，呼吁大家保護(hù)環(huán)境。選項(xiàng)A“BuyingGreen”符合主題，故選A。（2020·北京·中考真題）Todaywecandoeverythingwithapps:paybills,orderfoodandshopforanything.Mobiletechnologymeanswecanholdtheworldinourhands.However,whenitcomestotechnologyandhealthcare,opportunitiesandchallengescometogether.Let’sstartwiththewaystogethealthcare.Telemedicinecanallowapatienttousetechnologytoseethedoctoronlineandgetadiagnosis(診斷)andinstructionswithoutleavinghome.Inaddition,therearemanypatientwebsites.Theseallowfordifferentkindsofinteractionsaboutourhealthneedswithoutinvolvingthemedicalteam.Settingadatewithdoctorsandreadinglabresultsarereadilyachievedbytechnology.Awholenewageofmedicalcareseemslikely(可能的)tocomeinthefuture.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Whatmightbeontheothersideoftechno-healthcare?Firstly,weshouldthinkaboutthehealthcareexperienceasawhole.Ausualvisittoadoctorbeginswithareceptionist(接待員),whocanseeandtellhowapatientisdoing,Thismayinfluencethetreatmenteffect.It’sunlikelythatapatientwebsitewillhavesuchintuition.Next,sharingthedetailsofone'sliferequirestrust,whichtakestimetobuild.Thisiscertainlytrueinhealthcare,wheresomeoflife'sbestandworstmomentsinvolvedoctors.Thehumantouchshouldnotbeundervaluedandisunlikelytobethereoverthesmartphone.Lastly,testresultscanbedifficulttounderstand.Whensomeonewithoutamedicaldegreeseesaflaggedresultwithnoexplanationonthewebsite,there'sroomforallkindsofstoriestoformintheirminds—andalsogreatworry.Sohowdoesmedicineadapt(適應(yīng))tothenewtechnologyage?Verytalentedcompaniesareworkingonit.Thereismedicalequipment(設(shè)備)thatcanbeusedathometosendnecessarysignsandheartsoundsthroughtelemedicine.Itseemslikelythatsomecompanieswillfindawaytoexplaintestresults.Butwhatitwillnotachieveisthewarmthofhumaninteractionandtouch.Patientsoftenneedsomeonetolistento—andcareabout—theirjourneystory,whichwillneverberealizedthroughahuman-lesstechnology.Technologyshouldbeatool,butdependingonittotallywillmostcertainlyhaveunexpectedeffects.Let'snotallowourhumanitytobeoneofthem.14．Accordingtothepassage,howdoestechnologyhelphealthcare?A．ItencouragesdoctorstovoicetheirneedsonthewebsitesB．ItoffersthepatientaconvenientwaytogetadiagnosisC．Itimprovesrelationsbetweendoctorsandpatients.D．Itprovidesanopportunitytobuildamedicalteam15．Theword“intuition”inParagraph5probablymeans______.A．a(chǎn)nabilitytounderstand B．a(chǎn)ninterestingexperienceC．a(chǎn)chancetowin D．a(chǎn)fairdecision16．Whatdoyouknowabouttechno-healthcarefromthepassage?A．Patientwebsitesrequiretrustfromdoctors.B．Talentedcompaniescangivemedicaladvice.C．Flaggedresultsmaycauseworryforpatients.D．Medicalequipmentcollectspatients’stories.17．Thewriterprobablyagreesthat_____.A．technologycandealwithunexpectedeffects.B．telemedicinecantaketheplaceofusualhealthcare.C．itisdifficultforpatientstoadapttothenewtechnologyage.D．techno-healthcareshouldtakehumanityintoconsideration.【答案】14．B15．A16．C17．D【分析】本文講述了技術(shù)進(jìn)步給健康醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域帶來的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Telemedicinecanallowapatienttousetechnologytoseethedoctoronlineandgetadiagnosis(診斷)andinstructionswithoutleavinghome.遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療可以讓病人不用離開家就可以使用技術(shù)在線看醫(yī)生并得到診斷和指導(dǎo)?！?，可知它為病人提供了一種方便的診斷方法，故選B。15．詞義猜測題。anabilitytounderstand理解的能力；aninterestingexperience有趣的經(jīng)歷；achancetowin獲勝的機(jī)會(huì)；afairdecision公平的決定。根據(jù)猜題所在句子中的such可知intuition指代的是上文中的“Ausualvisittoadoctorbeginswithareceptionist(接待員),whocanseeandtellhowapatientisdoing,Thismayinfluencethetreatmenteffect.通常去看醫(yī)生的時(shí)候會(huì)有一個(gè)前臺(tái)接待員，他可以看到并告訴病人情況，這可能會(huì)影響治療效果?！保芍骂}句是指“病人的網(wǎng)站不太可能有這樣的理解能力”,所以intuition應(yīng)指“理解的能力”，故選A。16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中“Next,sharingthedetailsofone'sliferequirestrust,whichtakestimetobuild.”，可知分享生活細(xì)節(jié)需要信任，所以選項(xiàng)A是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)第八段中“Verytalentedcompaniesareworkingonit”，可知有能力的公司正致力于解決這個(gè)問題，所以選項(xiàng)B是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)第七段中“Whensomeonewithoutamedicaldegreeseesaflaggedresultwithnoexplanationonthewebsite,there'sroomforallkindsofstoriestoformintheirminds—andalsogreatworry.當(dāng)一個(gè)沒有醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)位的人在網(wǎng)站上看到一個(gè)沒有任何解釋的標(biāo)記結(jié)果時(shí)，就會(huì)有各種各樣的故事在他們腦海中形成，同時(shí)也會(huì)產(chǎn)生巨大的擔(dān)憂?！保芍獦?biāo)記的結(jié)果可能會(huì)引起患者的擔(dān)憂，所以選項(xiàng)C是正確的；根據(jù)第八段中“Thereismedicalequipment(設(shè)備)thatcanbeusedathometosendnecessarysignsandheartsoundsthroughtelemedicine.”，可知有醫(yī)療設(shè)備可以在家里通過遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療發(fā)送必要的信號(hào)和心臟聲音，所以選項(xiàng)D是錯(cuò)的。故選C。17．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Technologyshouldbeatool,butdependingonittotallywillmostcertainlyhaveunexpectedeffects.”，可知技術(shù)應(yīng)該是一種工具，但完全依賴它肯定會(huì)產(chǎn)生意想不到的效果，所以選項(xiàng)A是錯(cuò)誤的；選項(xiàng)B意為“遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療可以取代通常的醫(yī)療保健?！保恼轮袥]有提及，所以排除；根據(jù)第八段中“Sohowdoesmedicineadapt(適應(yīng))tothenewtechnologyage?Verytalentedcompaniesareworkingonit那么醫(yī)學(xué)如何適應(yīng)新技術(shù)時(shí)代呢?有能力的公司正致力于解決這個(gè)問題?！保芍x項(xiàng)C是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)最后一段“Technologyshouldbeatool,butdependingonittotallywillmostcertainlyhaveunexpectedeffects.Let'snotallowourhumanitytobeoneofthem.技術(shù)應(yīng)該是一種工具，但完全依賴它肯定會(huì)產(chǎn)生意想不到的效果。讓我們的人性不用成為其中一個(gè)?！保芍x項(xiàng)D符合原文。故選D。（2024·北京朝陽·二模）Moffully-IIGettinghuggedbysomeoneyoucareaboutcanbeawonderfullyencouragingexperience.Researchhasshownthathugscanstrengthen(加強(qiáng))oursocialconnections,improveouremotional(情感的)stateandreducefeelingsoflonelinessandsadness.Theycanevenhelptolowerstresslevelsandimproveourhealth.Unluckily,noteveryonehasthechancetoreceivehugswhenevertheyneedthem.So,howcanthisproblembesolved?Oneideathatscientistshavesuggestedisdevelopingsocialrobotsthatcanhugpeople.Theserobotscouldprobablyofferlonelypeoplethepositivebenefitsofgettinghuggedwithouttheneedtoknowapersonwhohugthem.However,creatingahugrobotthatiswell-receivedbypeopleandleadstopositivefeelingsandreducedstressisnosimpletask.Forexample,iftherobotistoolargeorhasadesignlikesomethingintimidating,peoplemayfeeluneasyabouthuggingit.Therefore,itisimportantforresearcherstocarryoutfurtherstudiestoensurethathugrobotsaredesignedinawaythatsupportsacceptanceandcomfort.ArecentstudypublishedintheInternationalJournalofSocialRoboticsfocusedonthedevelopmentofMoffully-II,anewlydevelopedhugrobot.Itlookslikealarge,human-shapedteddybearandstandsattwometerstall.Duringahug,itisabletomoveitsarmsandperformdifferentgestures(手勢).Copyingtheactionsthathumansusuallydoduringhugs,suchastappingsomeoneontheback,isnecessaryformakingthehugfeelreal.Duringthestudy,volunteerswhoreceivedhugsfromMoffully-IIshowedapreferenceforhugswithgesturesoverthosewithoutgestures.Theysensedtherobotasfriendlierandsaferwhenitperformedgestures,andtheyfoundthehugstobemoreenjoyableingeneral.Whilesomepeoplemayfeeluncomfortablewiththeideaofhuggingarobotinsteadofahuman,hugrobotsshowpossibilitiesforimprovingthewell-beingofthosewhoareshortofhugs.Thisincludespersonsinnursinghomeswhomaybenefitfromthecomfortingeffectsofhugs,eveniftheyareprovidedbyarobot.18．Whatisoneofthepossiblebenefitsofreceivinghugs?A．Increasedloneliness. B．Loweredemotionalstate.C．Controlledsocialconnections. D．Reducedstressandimprovedhealth.19．Theword“intimidating”inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto________.A．terrible B．cool C．friendly D．convenient20．Whatisthemainpurposeofthestudymentionedinthepassage?A．Toprovetheinfluenceofgestures. B．Toexaminehoweffectivehugrobotsare.C．Todevelopsocialrobotsforsickpeople. D．Tostudythebehaviorofrobotsinnursinghomes.21．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．AreYouReadytoHugaRobot? B．IsItStrangeforRobotstoGiveHugs?C．AreRobotsGoodatGivingComfortingHugs? D．DoRobotHugsFeeltheSameasHumanHugs?【答案】18．D19．A20．B21．A【導(dǎo)語】本文主要闡述了擁抱的積極作用，并講述研究人員正在研究的擁抱機(jī)器人。18．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Researchhasshownthathugscan...helptolowerstresslevelsandimproveourhealth.”可知，研究表明擁抱可以幫助降低壓力水平，改善我們的健康。故選D。19．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段“Forexample,iftherobotistoolargeorhasadesignlikesomethingintimidating,peoplemayfeeluneasyabouthuggingit.”可知本處是要推斷什么樣的機(jī)器人會(huì)使人在擁抱它時(shí)感到不安；terrible可怕的；cool酷的；friendly友好的；convenient方便的。結(jié)合詞義可推斷是可怕的機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)讓人感到不安。故選A。20．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“...itisimportantforresearcherstocarryoutfurtherstudiestoensurethathugrobotsaredesignedinawaythatsupportsacceptanceandcomfort.”和第六段“...hugrobotsshowpossibilitiesforimprovingthewell-beingofthosewhoareshortofhugs.”可知，研究人員的進(jìn)一步研究擁抱機(jī)器人提高了那些缺乏擁抱的人的幸福感，進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)了擁抱機(jī)器人很有效。故選B。21．最佳標(biāo)題題。本文的第一段講述擁抱的積極作用；第二段至第五段講述研究人員研發(fā)擁抱機(jī)器人；第六段講述目前擁抱機(jī)器人的取得成效。能讀全文，可知擁抱機(jī)器人的研發(fā)日益完善，本文意在向民眾推介擁抱機(jī)器人。故選A。（2024·北京門頭溝·二模）MeandMyBrainWeallknowthatmeaningfulchangeshappeninourbodiesduringadolescence(青春期),buthaveyoueverstoppedtowonderwhat’sactuallygoingoninsideourbrainsduringthistime?Topaintaclearpicture,weshouldfirstknowaboutourselveswiththedifferentpartsofthebrain.Didyouknow,forexample,thatourbrainsaremadeupofaround100billionnervecells(神經(jīng)細(xì)胞)calledneurons(神經(jīng)元)?Andcomingfromtheseneuronsareseveralbranch-likestructuresforsendingandreceivingelectricalsignals?Everytimewedoorthinkanything,asignalissent.Thesignaltravelsdownalongstructurecalledtheaxon(軸突)and,attheend,itpassesacrosssmallgapscalledsynapses(神經(jīng)元的突觸)tothedendrites(樹突)ofanotherneuron,whichreceivethesignal.Inthisway,messagesaresentacrossourneuralnetwork.Ourbrainstructurechangesgreatlyaswegrowup.Newbornbabieshavealmostalltheirneuronsbutfewconnectionsbetweenthem,whichiswhytheycan’tdoverymuch.Afterafewmonthshowever,thenumberofconnectionsincreasesquickly,whichinturnhelpssmallkidsmasternewskillssuchaswalkingandtalking.Mostbraindevelopmentiscompletedinthefirstfewyears,butwenowknowthatourbrainscontinuetodevelopthroughoutourlivesandperhapsthemostsurprisingtimeofchangeanddevelopmentisduringadolescence.Duringthisperiodofreorganization,thebrainnoticesasuddenincreaseinneuronsnotdissimilartoaplantgrowinguncontrollablyinspring.Justaswecutbackaplanttomakeitstrongerandhealthier,wecutbackourbrains.Theconnectionsthatareusedbecomestronger,whereasthosewhicharen’tuseddryanddie.So,themoreoftenanactionorthoughtisactivated,thestrongertheconnectionsbecomebetweentheneurons,whichinturnmakesthepartofthebrainbeingusedstronger.Thisexplainswhythemoreyoudosomething,thebetteryoubecomeatit,reinforcingtheoldsaying“practicemakesperfect”.Infact,theteenagebrainprovidesconditionsforperfectingskillssuchasplayingamusicalinstrument,speakinganotherlanguage,orlearningadifficultcomputergame.Itcouldbearguedthatteenagersdecidethedevelopmentoftheirowngreymatterthroughtheactivitiestheytakepartinandtheirexperiences.Itmayalsobeunsurprisingtomanytolearnthatthelastpartoftheadolescentbraintodevelopisthefrontalcortex(額皮質(zhì)),responsibleforself-control,problemsolvinganddecisionmaking.So,longbeforeteensaregoodatabstractthinking(抽象思維)andlogicaldecisionmaking,theydependontheemotionalcenterofthebraintomakechoicesandthink.Soperhapsunpredictable,uncertain,risktakingteenagebehaviors,oftenputdowntohormones(荷爾蒙),mayactuallyhavemoretodowithwhat’sgoingoninsideourbrain.22．Whatdowelearnaboutthestructureofthebrain?A．Allneuronsareactivatedwhenwethink.B．Thestructureofabraincelliscomparedtoatree.C．Neuronsallowamessagetotravelaroundthebrain.D．Thestructureofabrainchangeswhenamessageissent.23．WhatdoesParagraph3tellus?A．Adecisionhelpsbabieslearnhowtospeak.B．Mostchangesinbrainhappenafteradulthood.C．Theprocessofbraindevelopmentiscontinuous.D．Babiesarebornwiththeabilitytodoanything.24．Theword“reinforcing”inParagraph4probablymeans“_________”.A．judging B．challenging C．supporting D．limiting25．Thewriteragreesthatteenagers________.A．a(chǎn)reclevererthantheyusedtobewhentheystudytheirbrainsB．a(chǎn)remisunderstoodandtheycanplaydifficultcomputergamesC．wanttolearnmoreaboutthechangesintheirbrainsandbodiesD．canbenefitfromunderstandin