構(gòu)詞法課件(共69張)

高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)一構(gòu)詞法在英語(yǔ)中構(gòu)詞法主要分為派生法、轉(zhuǎn)化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟練運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，不僅有助于提高考生對(duì)閱讀中生詞進(jìn)行辨識(shí)的能力，更能夠靈活運(yùn)用到語(yǔ)法填空和短文改錯(cuò)對(duì)于詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的考查當(dāng)中一、派生法在一個(gè)詞的詞根之間或之后加上某個(gè)詞綴來(lái)生成一個(gè)新詞的構(gòu)詞法，即稱作派生法。加在詞根之間的詞綴叫做前綴，加在詞根之后的為后綴。1.形容詞變名詞的后綴

后綴

例詞-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺-cyfluent→fluency流利；流暢accurate→accuracy準(zhǔn)確性private→privacy隱私；私密-domfree→reedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧-enceabsent→absence缺席silent→silence沉默

后綴

例詞-nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn)kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意dark→darkness黑暗lonely→loneliness孤獨(dú)happy→happiness高興ill→illness疾病sad→sadness傷心aware→awareness意識(shí)后綴例詞-thstrong→strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)warm→warmth溫暖；熱情true→truth真實(shí)wide→width寬度-ydifficult→difficulty困難-tycruel→cruelty殘酷；殘暴safe→safety安全-itydisable→disability無(wú)能；殘疾responsible→responsibility責(zé)任

后綴

例詞-ceadsent→absence缺席present→presence出席confident→confidence自信心convenient→convenience方便different→difference不同important→importance重要patient→patience耐心evident→evidence明顯2.動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴

后綴

例詞-alapprove→approval贊成；批準(zhǔn)arrive→arrival到來(lái)；到達(dá)survice→survival幸存propose→proposal提議；建議-anceappear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌guide→guidance指引；指導(dǎo)perform→performance表演；節(jié)目accept→acceptance接受insure→insurance保險(xiǎn)tolerate→tolerance

后綴

例詞-enceexist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏愛(ài)refer→reference參考；查閱-ionattract→attraction吸引construct→construction建設(shè)educate→education教育evaluate→evaluation評(píng)估graduate→graduation畢業(yè)introduce→introduction介紹describe→description描寫(xiě)interrupt→interruption打斷adopt→adoption采納；收養(yǎng)

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例詞-ationexpect→expectation期待；期望explain→explanation解釋consider→consideration考慮imagine→imagination想象力starve→starvation挨餓invite→invitation邀請(qǐng)；請(qǐng)柬relax→relaxation放松communicate→communication交流combine→combination結(jié)合hesitate→hesitation猶豫

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例詞-(s)siondiscuss→discussion討論；辯論decide→decision決定admit→admission接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)permit→permission允許possess→possession財(cái)產(chǎn)conclude→conclusion結(jié)論-inghear→hearing聽(tīng)力；聽(tīng)覺(jué)begin→beginning開(kāi)始end→ending結(jié)束

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例詞-mentachieve→achievement功績(jī)；成就argue→argument辯論；論據(jù)treat→treatment對(duì)待；治療equip→equipment設(shè)備agree→agreement同意announce→announcement通告arrange→arrangement安排encourage→encouragement鼓勵(lì)-urefail→failure失??；沒(méi)做到press→pressure壓力please→pleasure快樂(lè)

后綴

例詞-turemix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure離開(kāi)；出發(fā)-yrecover→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他grow→growth成長(zhǎng)；發(fā)展choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類tend→tendency趨向；趨勢(shì)3.動(dòng)名詞變形容詞的后綴后綴例詞-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒適的fashion→fashionable時(shí)髦的suit→suitable合適的reason→reasonable有道理的forget→forgettable忘記的；遺忘的believe→believable可信的change→changeable多變的value→valuable有價(jià)值的

后綴

例詞-almusic→musical音樂(lè)的origin→original最初的person→personal個(gè)人的；私人的center→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的form→formal正式的nation→national全國(guó)的globe→global全球的culture→cultural文化的environment→environmental環(huán)境的practice→practical實(shí)際的politics→political政治的后綴例詞-fuldoubt→doubtful懷疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的thank→thankful感激的beauty→beautiful美麗的succes→successful成功的peace→peaceful和平的care→careful細(xì)心的use→useful有用的help→helpful有幫助的

后綴

例詞-edscare→scared感到恐懼的confuse→confused感到困惑的puzzle→puzzled感到迷惑的worry→worried感到擔(dān)心的bore→bored感到厭倦的excite→excited感到激動(dòng)的；感到興奮的underline→underlined加下劃線的后綴例詞-ingsurprise→surprising令人驚訝的convince→convincing令人信服的satisfy→satisfying令人擔(dān)心的worry→worrying令人擔(dān)心的bore→boring令人厭煩的-ibleaccess→accessible容易到達(dá)的；容易取到的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的后綴例詞-iveact箭頭active積極的；活躍的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive給人深刻的印象instruct→instructive有教育意義的expense→expensive昂貴的create→creative有創(chuàng)造力的protect→protective保護(hù)的

后綴

例詞-ouscontinue→continuous不斷地；持續(xù)的anxiety→anxious憂慮的caution→cautious十分小心的；謹(jǐn)慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的poison→poisonous有毒的ambition→ambitious有抱負(fù)的-sometire→tiresome令人厭倦的trouble→troublesome令人麻煩的后綴例詞-ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；豐富的dirt→dirty有灰塵的；臟的rain→rainy有雨的sun→sunny陽(yáng)光明媚的cloud→cloudy陰天的snow→snowy被雪覆蓋的smell→smelly臭的salt→salty咸的dust→dusty布滿灰塵的后綴例詞-erneast→eastern東方的；向東的west→western西方的；向西的-ishchild→childish孩子氣的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的-icscience→scientific科學(xué)的economy→economic經(jīng)濟(jì)的history→historic歷史上著名的-aryimagine→imaginary想象中的4.形容詞變副詞的后綴規(guī)則示例一般情況加-lyslow→slowly（adv.)緩慢地common→commonly(adv.)普通地immediate→immediately(adv.)立刻地以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，將y改為i再加-lyhappy→happily（adv.)高興地steady→steadily(adv.)穩(wěn)定地busy→busily（adv.)繁忙地規(guī)則示例以-le結(jié)尾去掉e再加-ysimple→simply(adv.)簡(jiǎn)單地gentle→gently(adv.)溫柔地terrible→terribly(adv.)可怕地possible→possibly(adv.)可能地以-ic結(jié)尾的加-allyeconomic→economically(adv.)經(jīng)濟(jì)地scientific→scientifically科學(xué)地?？记乙灼村e(cuò)的副詞rudely；truly；politely；widely；nicely；closely；fortunately；surprisingly；increasingly；hurriedly；healthily5.表示“人”的名詞后綴在某些形容詞、名詞或動(dòng)詞后面加后綴變成具有某種職業(yè)或動(dòng)作的人。常見(jiàn)的表示“人”的后綴有：后綴例詞-erclean→cleaner清潔工report→reporter記者strange→stranger陌生人-orinvent→inventor發(fā)明者visit→visitor游客direct→director導(dǎo)演后綴例詞-arlie→liar說(shuō)謊者beg→beggar乞討者；乞丐-eeemploy→employee雇員interview→interviewee參加面試者train→trainee受訓(xùn)者；學(xué)員-esshost→hostess女主人act→actress女演員-ianmusic→musician音樂(lè)家politics→politician政治家history→historian歷史學(xué)家后綴例詞-istart→artist藝術(shù)家science→scientist科學(xué)家piano→pianist鋼琴家-antserve→servant仆人participate→participant參加者assist→assistant助手；圖書(shū)管理員6.表示否定或相反意義的前綴和后綴前/后綴

例詞前綴dis-agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺點(diǎn)appear→disappear消失comfort→discomfort不舒適的honest→dishonest不誠(chéng)實(shí)的courage→discourage不鼓勵(lì)obey→disobey不服從-illegal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合邏輯的前綴例詞前綴im-polite→impolite無(wú)禮的patient→impatient不耐煩的moral→immoral不道德的possible→impossible不可能的in-formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的direct→indirect間接引起的experienced→inexperienced沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的ir-regular→irregular不規(guī)則的responsible→irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任的前/后綴例詞前綴mis-lead→mislead誤導(dǎo)understand→misunderstand誤解un-usual→unusual不尋常的willing→unwilling不愿意的happy→unhappy不高興的known→unknown不出名的后綴-lesshope→hopeless絕望的end→endless沒(méi)完沒(méi)了的care→careless粗心的help→helpless無(wú)助的use→useless無(wú)用的7.變動(dòng)詞的前綴和后綴前后綴例詞前綴en-able→enable使能夠large→enlarge擴(kuò)大rich→enrich使充實(shí)；使豐富danger→endanger危及courage→encourage鼓勵(lì)前/后綴例詞后綴-enbroad→broaden使變寬ripe→ripen使成熟sharp→sharpen使尖銳wide→widen加寬short→shorten變短deep→deepen加深dark→darken使變暗hard→harden使變硬quick→quicken加快bright→brighten使更明亮black→blacken變黑loose→loosen松開(kāi)1.合成名詞構(gòu)成例詞名詞+副詞get-together聯(lián)歡會(huì)breakdown崩潰breakthrough突破副詞+動(dòng)詞outbreak爆發(fā)output產(chǎn)量downfall垮臺(tái)outcome結(jié)果前/后綴例詞后綴-ifyclass→classify把......分類just→justify證明......正確simple→simplify簡(jiǎn)化beauty→beautify美化-izeapology→apologize道歉emphasis→emphasize強(qiáng)調(diào)memory→memorize記住real→realize認(rèn)識(shí)到；實(shí)現(xiàn)二.轉(zhuǎn)化法是由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為一種或幾種詞類的構(gòu)詞法。這種構(gòu)詞法詞形沒(méi)有改變，轉(zhuǎn)化后的單詞在意義上通常與原單詞有密切關(guān)系。轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)則例詞名詞→動(dòng)詞face(n.臉→v.面對(duì))shoulder(n.肩→v.肩負(fù))water(n.水→v.澆水）back(n.背→v.支持)name(n.名字→v.命名)動(dòng)詞→名詞look（v./n.）看try（v./n.）嘗試dream（v./n.）夢(mèng)想chat（v./n.）聊天轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)則例詞形容詞→動(dòng)詞empty(adj.空的→v.倒空）slow（adj.慢的→v.減慢）dirty（adj.臟的→v.弄臟）warm（adj.暖的→v.使變暖）形容詞→副詞hard（adj.難的→adv.努力）high（adj.高的→adv.高）deep（adj.深得→adv.深）wide（adj.寬的→adv.寬）構(gòu)成例詞名詞+名詞newspaper報(bào)紙babysitter保姆airport機(jī)場(chǎng)schoolmate校友形容詞+名詞greenhouse溫室highway高速公路mainland大陸shorthand速記構(gòu)成例詞其他構(gòu)成well-being健康grown-up成年人passer-by路人go-between媒人bride-to-be準(zhǔn)新娘parents-to-be準(zhǔn)父母son-in-law女婿by-product副產(chǎn)品2.合成形容詞構(gòu)成例詞形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞+-edwarm-hearted熱心的blue-eyed藍(lán)眼睛adsent-minded心不在焉的middle-aged中年的nine-storeyed九層樓的three-legged三條腿的one-sided片面的構(gòu)成例詞名詞/副詞+分詞peace-loving熱愛(ài)和平的English-speaking講英語(yǔ)的meat-eating食肉的man-made人造的snow-covered白雪覆蓋的handmade手工的state-owned國(guó)有的well-dresswd穿著體面的newly-built新建的widespread廣泛流傳的構(gòu)成例詞名詞+形容詞world-famous世界著名的ice-cool冰冷的snow-white雪白的grass-green草綠的tax-free免稅的fat-free無(wú)脂肪的trouble-free無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的形容詞+分詞good-looking好看的easy-going隨和的slow-moving移動(dòng)緩慢的構(gòu)成例詞形容詞+名詞full-time全職的part-time兼職的second-hand二手的upper-class上層階級(jí)的；上流社會(huì)的high-grade品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的large-scale大規(guī)模的數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞200-mater-long200米長(zhǎng)的1,000-word-long1000詞長(zhǎng)的18-year-old18歲大的20-meter-wide20米寬的3.合成其他詞構(gòu)成例詞合成動(dòng)詞upset使心煩意亂的overcome克服overjoy使狂喜overthrow推翻oversleep睡過(guò)頭undergo經(jīng)歷overcharge超額收費(fèi)overbook超額預(yù)定構(gòu)成例詞合成副詞afterward以后；后來(lái)inwards向內(nèi)地upwards向上地downward向下地forward向前；前進(jìn)upstairs在樓上anywhere任何地方anyhow無(wú)論如何forever永遠(yuǎn)構(gòu)成例詞合成介詞outside在......外面without沒(méi)有within在......之內(nèi)into進(jìn)入onto到......之上

跟蹤檢測(cè)單句語(yǔ)法填空1.【2019武漢市武昌區(qū)調(diào)研】Infact,itmusthaveahardstruggletogetits____(free)fromthecocoon.答案與解析：freedom考查名詞?？仗幥懊媸切稳菰~性物主代詞its，形容詞性物主代詞后面要接名詞，所以填名詞freedom。2.【2019合肥市教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)】SeniorexpertsfromUNESCOwereamazedatitsuniquenaturalscenery,nearperfectbiologicalsystem,andcreative____(combine)ofnatureandhumanism.答案與解析:combination考查名詞。由前面地形容詞creative和后面的of可知，此處應(yīng)用combine的名詞形式3.【2019江西五校聯(lián)考】TheunitedNationsagencyreportedthisweekthe12superbugsareathreattohuman_____(healthy).答案與解析：health考查名詞。介詞后跟名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)。humanhealth意為“人類健康”，作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)。4.【2019鄭州質(zhì)量檢測(cè)】OnNewYear'sDay,wevisitedeveryneighborinthevillageandweregreeted____(warm)ateachhouse.答案與解析：warmly考查副詞。根據(jù)空前的weregreeted可知，空處修飾動(dòng)詞，故用副詞形式。5.【2019太原模擬】Lifeisaboutgivingandtaking,andit's____(general)truethatifyougive,youwillreceive,答案與解析：generally考查副詞。修飾形容詞應(yīng)用副詞，故填generally6.【2019湖北華大聯(lián)盟高三質(zhì)檢】Theboylookedatfather____(hope)becausehethoughthisfatherhadbroughthimapresent.答案與解析：hopefully修飾動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)lookedat應(yīng)用副詞形式。故填hopefully。7.【2018浙江卷6月】Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein____(weigh)problems。答案與解析：weight考查名詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處表示“體重問(wèn)題”，故空號(hào)處需要填名詞weight。8.【2017浙江卷11月】Oneofthe____(effect)waystobuildvocabularyistoreadgoodbooks.答案與解析：effective考查形容詞。根據(jù)空號(hào)后的ways可知，此處需要用形容詞，意為“有效的方法之一”，故填effective。9.【2019湖北七市聯(lián)考】FloweringinMay.peonies'largepetalsandstrongcolorsarelinkedtoprosperityand____(rich)intraditionalChineseculture.答案與解析：richness考查名詞?？涨癮nd一詞決定其前后單詞詞性相同，and前prosperity(繁榮)是名詞，所以空號(hào)處應(yīng)該也是名詞，形容詞rich的名詞是richness。10.【2018河南信陽(yáng)高中大考】Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbacamevery____(anger)aboutit.答案與解析：angry句意：起初，許多人不喜歡這種繪畫(huà)風(fēng)格，并對(duì)此感到很生氣。系動(dòng)詞became后面應(yīng)用形容詞作表語(yǔ)，故填angry。beangryaboutsth.意為“對(duì)謀士感到生氣”，為固定短語(yǔ)。11.【2019成都診斷】Whenyoudogoforhotpot,youwilloftenbaaskedtomakea____(choose)ofbrothinwhichyoucookyourrawingredients(食材).答案與解析：choice考查詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)空號(hào)前的a和空號(hào)后的of可知空號(hào)處應(yīng)填名詞的單數(shù)形式。12.【2019福建六校聯(lián)考】Staying____(health)whiletravellingcanhelptoensureyourtripisahappyandenjoyableone.答案與解析：healthy句意：在旅行的過(guò)程中保持健康有助于確保你的旅途開(kāi)心、愉快。stay為系動(dòng)詞，意為“保持”，其后常接形容詞作表語(yǔ)。故填healthy。13.【2018浙江卷】Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe____(afford)butdoingthismostdaysaddsup.答案與解析：affordable考查形容詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，一周在外就餐一到兩次可能是可以負(fù)擔(dān)得起的，故填形容詞affordable。14.【2019河南省豫北名校質(zhì)量評(píng)估】Lanzhoubeefnoodlehasahistoryof102yearsandisknownforits____(taste)beef,soupandnoodles.答案與解析：tasty考查形容詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空號(hào)處在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞beef,故應(yīng)填形容詞tasty“美味的，可口的”。15.【2019贛州十四縣市聯(lián)考】Shetookmefromapoor,unhappycollegestudentandbroughtmeintoherworld:aworldofsmiles,loveand____(warm).答案與解析：warmth考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)空號(hào)前的內(nèi)容可知，空號(hào)處與smiles和love構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，故此處用名詞形式，故填warmth。語(yǔ)法填空【2019湖北八市聯(lián)考】I'verecentlystartedworkinginaunitforpeoplewithseveredementia(癡呆).Manyhavedifferentphysicalneedsaswellascomplexbehavioralproblems___1___acnsequenceoftheirdementia.Veryfewofthesepatientsareabletocommunicateinany___2__(meaning)way,andmostnolongerrecognizetheirfamily.It's__3__(possible)nottobetouchedbythis.Afewweeksago,IsatinameetingwithMr.Radley.Hiswife___4__(become)apatientforthepastfouryears.Sheadvanceddementiaandcouldbeviolent,andshefrequentlyscreamed,__5___shewasunabletospeak.Shewasinhersixtiesandusedtobeacostumedesigner.Herhusbandsatcalmlywhilewereviewedhiswife'scase.Wethoughtshewasgetting__6___(bad)andstillneededcontinuingcare.Hespokeabout___7__she'dbeenlikebeforeshebacameill,butsuddenlyhisvoiceshookandIrealizedhewasabouttocry.Afterawhile,hecalmeddownexplained,“It'ssohardsee