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考點(diǎn)17銳角三角函數(shù)(時間:60分鐘,滿分120分)一、填空題(每題3分,共30分)1.(2021·湖南)下列計算正確的是()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【分析】根據(jù)零指數(shù)冪,特殊角三角函數(shù)值,算術(shù)平方根的定義,同底數(shù)冪乘法的計算法則分別計算即可.【詳解】解:A、SKIPIF1<0,此選項(xiàng)正確;B、SKIPIF1<0,此選項(xiàng)錯誤;C、SKIPIF1<0,此選項(xiàng)錯誤;D、SKIPIF1<0,此選項(xiàng)錯誤;故選:A.2.如圖,△ABC的三個頂點(diǎn)在正方形網(wǎng)格的格點(diǎn)上,則tanA的值是?()?A.SKIPIF1<0?

B.SKIPIF1<0?C.?SKIPIF1<0

D.SKIPIF1<0?【解析】如圖,作BD⊥AC交AC的延長線于點(diǎn)D,利用三角函數(shù)的定義可知tanA=SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0故選A.3.如圖,在平面直角坐標(biāo)系內(nèi)有一點(diǎn)P(3,4),連接OP,則OP與x軸正方向所夾銳角α的正弦值是()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【分析】作PM⊥x軸于點(diǎn)M,構(gòu)造直角三角形,根據(jù)三角函數(shù)的定義求解.【詳解】解:作PM⊥x軸于點(diǎn)M,∵P(3,4),

∴PM=4,OM=3,

由勾股定理得:OP=5,∴SKIPIF1<0,故選:D4.(2022·浙江金華)一配電房示意圖如圖所示,它是一個軸對稱圖形,已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則房頂A離地面SKIPIF1<0的高度為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【分析】過點(diǎn)A作AD⊥BC于D,根據(jù)軸對稱圖形得性質(zhì)即可得BD=CD,從而利用銳角三角函數(shù)正切值即可求得答案.【詳解】解:過點(diǎn)A作AD⊥BC于D,如圖所示:∵它是一個軸對稱圖形,∴SKIPIF1<0m,SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0房頂A離地面SKIPIF1<0的高度為SKIPIF1<0,故選B.5.(2022·湖北十堰)如圖,坡角為α的斜坡上有一棵垂直于水平地面的大樹AB,當(dāng)太陽光線與水平線成45°角沿斜坡照下,在斜坡上的樹影BC長為m,則大樹AB的高為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【分析】應(yīng)充分利用所給的α和45°在樹的位置構(gòu)造直角三角形,進(jìn)而利用三角函數(shù)求解.【詳解】解:如圖,過點(diǎn)C作水平線與AB的延長線交于點(diǎn)D,則AD⊥CD,∴∠BCD=α,∠ACD=45°.在Rt△CDB中,CD=mcosα,BD=msinα,在Rt△CDA中,AD=CD×tan45°=m×cosα×tan45°=mcosα,∴AB=AD-BD=(mcosα-msinα)=m(cosα-sinα).故選:A.6.(2022·湖北荊州)如圖,在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,點(diǎn)A,B分別在x軸負(fù)半軸和y軸正半軸上,點(diǎn)C在OB上,SKIPIF1<0,連接AC,過點(diǎn)O作SKIPIF1<0交AC的延長線于P.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.3【答案】C【分析】由SKIPIF1<0可知,OP與x軸的夾角為45°,又因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0為等腰直角形,設(shè)OC=x,OB=2x,用勾股定理求其他線段進(jìn)而求解.【詳解】∵P點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為(1,1),則OP與x軸正方向的夾角為45°,又∵SKIPIF1<0,則∠BAO=45°,SKIPIF1<0為等腰直角形,∴OA=OB,設(shè)OC=x,則OB=2OC=2x,則OB=OA=3x,∴SKIPIF1<0.7.(2022·浙江杭州)如圖,已知△ABC內(nèi)接于半徑為1的⊙O,∠BAC=θ(θ是銳角),則△ABC的面積的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【分析】要使△ABC的面積S=SKIPIF1<0BC?h的最大,則h要最大,當(dāng)高經(jīng)過圓心時最大.【詳解】解:當(dāng)△ABC的高AD經(jīng)過圓的圓心時,此時△ABC的面積最大,如圖所示,∵AD⊥BC,∴BC=2BD,∠BOD=∠BAC=θ,在Rt△BOD中,sinθ=SKIPIF1<0,cosθ=SKIPIF1<0,∴BD=sinθ,OD=cosθ,∴BC=2BD=2sinθ,AD=AO+OD=1+cosθ,∴S△ABC=SKIPIF1<0AD?BC=SKIPIF1<0?2sinθ(1+cosθ)=sinθ(1+cosθ).故選:D.8.(2022·四川樂山)如圖,在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)D是AC上一點(diǎn),連接BD.若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則CD的長為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.3 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.2【答案】C【分析】先根據(jù)銳角三角函數(shù)值求出SKIPIF1<0,再由勾股定理求出SKIPIF1<0過點(diǎn)D作SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)E,依據(jù)三角函數(shù)值可得SKIPIF1<0從而得SKIPIF1<0,再由SKIPIF1<0得AE=2,DE=1,由勾股定理得AD=SKIPIF1<0,從而可求出CD.【詳解】解:在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0由勾股定理得,SKIPIF1<0過點(diǎn)D作SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)E,如圖,∵SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0∵SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0,在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0∵SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0故選:C9.(2022·浙江麗水)如圖,已知菱形SKIPIF1<0的邊長為4,E是SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0平分SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)F,SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)G,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的長是(

)A.3 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【分析】過點(diǎn)A作AH垂直BC于點(diǎn)H,延長FG交AB于點(diǎn)P,由題干所給條件可知,AG=FG,EG=GP,利用∠AGP=∠B可得到cos∠AGP=SKIPIF1<0,即可得到FG的長;【詳解】過點(diǎn)A作AH垂直BC于點(diǎn)H,延長FG交AB于點(diǎn)P,由題意可知,AB=BC=4,E是BC的中點(diǎn),∴BE=2,又∵SKIPIF1<0,∴BH=1,即H是BE的中點(diǎn),∴AB=AE=4,又∵AF是∠DAE的角平分線,AD∥FG,∴∠FAG=∠AFG,即AG=FG,又∵PF∥AD,AP∥DF,∴PF=AD=4,設(shè)FG=x,則AG=x,EG=PG=4-x,∵PF∥BC,∴∠AGP=∠AEB=∠B,∴cos∠AGP=SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0,解得x=SKIPIF1<0;故選B.10.(2022·遼寧)如圖,在矩形SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,分別以點(diǎn)A和C為圓心,以大于SKIPIF1<0的長為半徑作弧,兩弧相交于點(diǎn)M和N,作直線SKIPIF1<0分別交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)E,F(xiàn),則SKIPIF1<0的長為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【分析】根據(jù)矩形SKIPIF1<0可知SKIPIF1<0為直角三角形,根據(jù)勾股定理可得SKIPIF1<0的長度,在SKIPIF1<0中得到SKIPIF1<0,又由題知SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0的垂直平分線,于是SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,于是在SKIPIF1<0中,利用銳角三角函數(shù)即可求出SKIPIF1<0的長.【詳解】解:設(shè)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的交點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0四邊形SKIPIF1<0為矩形,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為直角三角形,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,又由作圖知SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0的垂直平分線,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.故選:D.二、填空題(每題4分,共24分)11.(2021·浙江)如圖,已知在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值是______.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【分析】在直角三角形中,銳角SKIPIF1<0的正弦=銳角SKIPIF1<0的對邊:直角三角形的斜邊,根據(jù)定義直接可得答案.【詳解】解:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0故答案為:SKIPIF1<012.(2022·黑龍江綏化)定義一種運(yùn)算;SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.例如:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0時,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值為_______.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【分析】根據(jù)SKIPIF1<0代入進(jìn)行計算即可.【詳解】解:SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.13.(2021·四川廣元市·中考真題)如圖,在SKIPIF1<0的正方形網(wǎng)格圖中,已知點(diǎn)A、B、C、D、O均在格點(diǎn)上,其中A、B、D又在SKIPIF1<0上,點(diǎn)E是線段SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的交點(diǎn).則SKIPIF1<0的正切值為________.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【分析】由題意易得BD=4,BC=2,∠DBC=90°,∠BAE=∠BDC,然后根據(jù)三角函數(shù)可進(jìn)行求解.【詳解】解:由題意得:BD=4,BC=2,∠DBC=90°,∵∠BAE=∠BDC,∴SKIPIF1<0,故答案為SKIPIF1<0.14.(2022·湖南)我國魏晉時期的數(shù)學(xué)家趙爽在為天文學(xué)著作《周髀算經(jīng)》作注解時,用4個全等的直角三角形和中間的小正方形拼成一個大正方形,這個圖被稱為“弦圖”,它體現(xiàn)了中國古代數(shù)學(xué)的成就.如圖,已知大正方形SKIPIF1<0的面積是100,小正方形SKIPIF1<0的面積是4,那么SKIPIF1<0__.【答案】SKIPIF1<0##0.75【分析】根據(jù)兩個正方形的面積可得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,得到SKIPIF1<0,由勾股定理得SKIPIF1<0,解方程可得x的值,從而解決問題.【詳解】解:∵大正方形ABCD的面積是100,∴SKIPIF1<0.∵小正方形EFGH的面積是4,∴小正方形EFGH的邊長為2,∴SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,由勾股定理得,SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0(負(fù)值舍去),∴SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.15.(2022·山東泰安)如圖,某一時刻太陽光從窗戶射入房間內(nèi),與地面的夾角SKIPIF1<0,已知窗戶的高度SKIPIF1<0,窗臺的高度SKIPIF1<0,窗外水平遮陽篷的寬SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的長度為______(結(jié)果精確到SKIPIF1<0).【答案】4.4m##4.4米【分析】根據(jù)題意可得AD∥CP,從而得到∠ADB=30°,利用銳角三角函數(shù)可得SKIPIF1<0,從而得到BC=AF+CF-AB=2.54m,即可求解.【詳解】解:根據(jù)題意得:AD∥CP,∵∠DPC=30°,∴∠ADB=30°,∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∵AF=2m,CF=1m,∴BC=AF+CF-AB=2.54m,∴SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0的長度為4.4m.故答案為:4.4m.16.(2022·山東泰安)如圖,在一次數(shù)學(xué)實(shí)踐活動中,小明同學(xué)要測量一座與地面垂直的古塔SKIPIF1<0的高度,他從古塔底部點(diǎn)處前行SKIPIF1<0到達(dá)斜坡SKIPIF1<0的底部點(diǎn)C處,然后沿斜坡SKIPIF1<0前行SKIPIF1<0到達(dá)最佳測量點(diǎn)D處,在點(diǎn)D處測得塔頂A的仰角為SKIPIF1<0,已知斜坡的斜面坡度SKIPIF1<0,且點(diǎn)A,B,C,D,在同一平面內(nèi),小明同學(xué)測得古塔SKIPIF1<0的高度是___________.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【分析】過D作DF⊥BC于F,DH⊥AB于H,設(shè)DF=xm,CF=SKIPIF1<0xm,求出x=10,則BH=DF=SKIPIF1<0+30,CF=SKIPIF1<0m,DH=BF,再求出AH=SKIPIF1<0,即可求解.【詳解】解:過D作DF⊥BC于F,DH⊥AB于H,∴DH=BF,BH=DF,∵斜坡的斜面坡度i=1:SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)DF=xm,CF=SKIPIF1<0xm,∴CD=SKIPIF1<0,∴x=10,∴BH=DF=10m,CF=SKIPIF1<0m,∴DH=BF=SKIPIF1<0+30(m),∵∠ADH=30°,∴AH=SKIPIF1<0(m),∴AB=AH+BH=SKIPIF1<0(m),故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.三、簡答題(共46分)17.(7分)計算:SKIPIF1<0.【答案】-3【分析】根據(jù)特殊角三角函數(shù)值,絕對值的意義,零指數(shù)冪,負(fù)整數(shù)指數(shù)冪,二次根式等運(yùn)算法則計算即可.【詳解】解:原式SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.18.(7分)(2022·浙江湖州)如圖,已知在Rt△ABC中,∠C=90°,AB=5,BC=3.求AC的長和sinA的值.【答案】AC=4,sinA=SKIPIF1<0【分析】根據(jù)勾股定理求出AC,根據(jù)正弦的定義計算,得到答案.【詳解】解:∵∠C=Rt∠,AB=5,BC=3,∴SKIPIF1<0.SKIPIF1<0.19.(8分)(2022·浙江臺州)如圖1,梯子斜靠在豎直的墻上,其示意圖如圖2,梯子與地面所成的角α為75°,梯子AB長3m,求梯子頂部離地豎直高度BC.(結(jié)果精確到0.1m;參考數(shù)據(jù):sin75°≈0.97,cos75°≈0.26,tan75°≈3.73)【答案】梯子頂部離地豎直高度BC約為2.9m.【分析】根據(jù)豎直的墻與梯子形成直角三角形,利用銳角三角函數(shù)即可求出AC的長.【詳解】解:在Rt△ABC中,AB=3,∠ACB=90°,∠BAC=75°,∴BC=AB?sin75°≈3×0.97=2.91≈2.9(m).答:梯子頂部離地豎直高度BC約為2.9m.20.(12分)某校數(shù)學(xué)社團(tuán)開展“探索生活中的數(shù)學(xué)”研學(xué)活動,準(zhǔn)備測量一棟大樓SKIPIF1<0的高度.如圖所示,其中觀景平臺斜坡SKIPIF1<0的長是20米,坡角為SKIPIF1<0,斜坡SKIPIF1<0底部SKIPIF1<0與大樓底端SKIPIF1<0的距離SKIPIF1<0為74米,與地面SKIPIF1<0垂直的路燈SKIPIF1<0的高度是3米,從樓頂SKIPIF1<0測得路燈SKIPIF1<0項(xiàng)端SKIPIF1<0處的俯角是SKIPIF1<0.試求大樓SKIPIF1<0的高度.(參考數(shù)據(jù):SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0)【答案】96米【分析】延長AE交CD延長線于M,過A作AN⊥BC于N,則四邊形AMCN是矩形,得NC=AM,AN=MC,由銳角三角函數(shù)定義求出EM、DM的長,得出AN的長,然后由銳角三角函數(shù)求出BN的長,即可求解.【詳解】延長SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作SKIPIF1<0,交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,由題意得,SKIPIF1<0,∴四邊形SKIPIF1<0為矩形,∴SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0.在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0.答:大樓SKIPIF1<0的高度約為96米.21.(12分)(2022·四川自貢)某數(shù)學(xué)興趣小組自制測角儀到公園進(jìn)行實(shí)地測量,活動過程如下:(1)探究原理:制作測角儀時,將細(xì)線一段固定在量角器圓心SKIPIF1<0處,另一端系小重物SKIPIF1<0.測量時,使支桿SKIPIF1<0、量角器90°刻度線SKIPIF1<0與鉛垂線SKIPIF1<0相互重合(如圖①),繞點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0轉(zhuǎn)動量角器,使觀測目標(biāo)SKIPIF1<0與直徑兩端點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0共線(如圖②),此目標(biāo)SKIPIF1<0的仰角SKIPIF

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