GRE閱讀理解教程

ExerciseOne

Greatcomicartisneverotherworldly,itdoesnotseektomystifyus,anditdoesnotdenyambiguity

bybrandingasevilwhateverdiffersfromgood.Greatcomicartistsassumethattruthmaybearall

lights,andthustheyseektoaccentuatecontradictionsinsocialaction,notglossoverortranscendthem

byappealstoextrasocialsymbolsofdivineends,cosmicpurpose,orlawsofnature.Themomentof

transcendenceingreatcomicartisasocialmoment,bornoutoftheconvictionthatwearehuman,

eventhoughwetrytobegods.Thecomiccommunitytowhichartistsaddressthemselvesisa

communityofreasoning,loving,joyful,compassionatebeings,whoarewillingtoassumethehuman

risksofactingrationally.Withoutinvokinggodsordemons,greatcomicartarousescourageinreason,

couragewhichgrowsoutoftrustinwhathumanbeingscandoashumans.

I.Thepassagesuggeststhatgreatcomicartcanbecharacterizedasoptimisticabouttheabilityof

humansto

(A)ridthemselvesofpride

(B)transcendthehumancondition

(C)differentiateclearlybetweengoodandevil

(D)avoidsocialconflicts

(E)actrationally

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthoradmiresgreatcomicartistsprimarilyfortheir

(A)abilitytounderstandthefrequentlysubtledifferencesbetweengoodandevil

(B)abilitytoreconcilethecontradictionsinhumanbehavior

(C)abilitytodistinguishbetweenrationalandirrationalbehavior

(D)insistenceonconfrontingthetruthaboutthehumancondition

(E)insistenceoncondemninghumanfaultsandweaknesses

3.Whichofthefollowingisthemostaccuratedescriptionoftheorganizationofthepassage?

(A)Asequenceofobservationsleadingtoaprediction

(B)Alistofinferencesdrawnfromfactsstatedatthebeginningofthepassage

(C)Aseriesofassertionsrelatedtoonegeneralsubject

(D)Astatementofthemajoridea,followedbyspecificexamples

(E)Asuccessionofideasmovingfromspecifictogeneral

Theevolutionofsexratioshasproduced,inmostplantsandanimalswithseparatesexes,

approximatelyequalnumbersofmalesandfemales.Whyshouldthisbeso?Twomainkindsof

answershavebeenoffered.Oneiscouchedintermsofadvantagetopopulation.Itisarguedthatthe

sexratiowillevolvesoastomaximizethenumberofmeetingsbetweenindividualsoftheoppositesex.

Thisisessentiallyagroupselectionargument.Theother,andinmyviewcorrect,typeofanswerwas

firstputforwardbyFisherin1930.This"genetic"argumentstartsfromtheassumptionthatgenescan

influencetherelativenumbersofmaleandfemaleoffspringproducedbyanindividualcarryingthe

genes.Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwill

haveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.Supposethatthepopulationconsistedmostlyof

females:thenanindividualwhoproducedsonsonlywouldhavemoregrandchildren.Incontrast,ifthe

populationconsistedmostlyofmales,itwouldpaytohavedaughters.If,however,thepopulation

consistedofequalnumbersofmalesandfemales,sonsanddaughterswouldbeequallyvaluable.Thus

aone-to-onesexratioistheonlystableratio;itisanevolutionarilystablestrategy.AlthoughFisher

wrotebeforethemathematicaltheoryofgameshadbeendeveloped,histheoryincorporatesthe

essentialfeatureofagame—thatthebeststrategytoadoptdependsonwhatothersaredoing.

SinceFisher'stime,ithasbeenrealizedthatgenescansometimesinfluencethechromosomeor

gameteinwhichtheyfindthemselvessothatthegametewillbemorelikelytoparticipatein

fertilization.Ifsuchageneoccursonasex-determining(XorY)chromosome,thenhighlyaberrant

sexratioscanoccur.Butmoreimmediatelyrelevanttogametheoryarethesexratiosincertain

parasiticwaspspeciesthathavealargeexcessoffemales.Inthesespecies,fertilizedeggsdevelopinto

femalesandunfertilizedeggsintomales.Afemalestoresspermandcandeterminethesexofeachegg

shelaysbyfertilizingitorleavingitunfertilized.ByFisher'sargument,itshouldstillpayafemaleto

produceequalnumbersofsonsanddaughters.Hamilton,notingthattheeggsdevelopwithintheir

host-thelarvaofanotherinsect-andthatthenewlyemergedadultwaspsmateimmediatelyanddisperse,

offeredaremarkablycogentanalysis.Sinceonlyonefemaleusuallylayseggsinagivenlarva,itwould

payhertoproduceonemaleonly,becausethisonemalecouldfertilizeallhissistersonemergence.

LikeFisher,Hamiltonlookedforanevolutionarilystablestrategy,buthewentastepfurtherin

recognizingthathewaslookingforastrategy.

4.TheauthorsuggeststhattheworkofFisherandHamiltonwassimilarinthatbothscientists

(A)conductedtheirresearchatapproximatelythesametime

(B)soughttomanipulatethesexratiosofsomeoftheanimalstheystudied

(C)soughtanexplanationofwhycertainsexratiosexistandremainstable

(D)studiedgametheory,therebyprovidingimportantgroundworkforthelaterdevelopmentof

strategytheory

(E)studiedreproductioninthesameanimalspecies

5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorconsidersFishefsworktobe

(A)fallaciousandunprofessional

(B)definitiveandthorough

(C)inaccuratebutpopular,comparedwithHamilton'swork

(D)admirable,butnotasup-to-dateasHamilton'swork

(E)accurate,buttrivialcomparedwithHamilton'swork

6.Thepassagecontainsinformationthatwouldanswerwhichofthefollowingquestionsabout

wasps?

I.Howmanyeggsdoesthefemalewaspusuallylayinasinglehostlarva?

II.Cansomespeciesofwaspdeterminesexratiosamongtheiroffspring?

IllWhatistheapproximatesexratioamongtheoffspringofparasiticwasps?

(A)Ionly

(B)IIonly

(C)IHonly

(D)IandIIonly

(E)IIandIIIonly

7.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthordiscussesthegenetictheoryingreaterdetailthanthegroup

selectiontheoryprimarilybecausehebelievesthatthegenetictheoryismore

(A)complicated

(B)accurate

(C)popular

(D)comprehensive

(E)accessible

8.Accordingtothepassage,successfulgamestrategydependson

(A)theabilitytoadjustone'sbehaviorinlightofthebehaviorofothers

(B)one'sawarenessthatthereissafetyinnumbers

(C)thedegreeofstabilityonecancreateinone'simmediateenvironment

(D)theaccuracywithwhichonecanpredictfutureevents

(E)thesuccessoneachievesinconservingandstoringone'sresources

9.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemathematicaltheoryofgameshasbeen

(A)developedbyscientistswithaninterestingenetics

(B)adoptedbyHamiltoninhisresearch

(C)helpfulinexplaininghowgenescansometimesinfluencegametes

(D)basedonanimalsstudiesconductedpriorto1930

(E)usefulinexplainingsomebiologicalphenomena

10.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofthespeciesofparasiticwaspsdiscussedinthepassage?

(A)Adultfemalewaspsarecapableofstoringsperm.

(B)Femalewaspslaytheireggsinthelarvaeofotherinsects.

(C)Theadultfemalewaspcanbefertilizedbyamalethatwashatchedinthesamelarvaasherself.

(D)Sofewmalewaspsareproducedthatextinctionisalmostcertain.

(E)Malewaspsdonotemergefromtheirhostsuntiltheyreachsexualmaturity.

ExerciseTwo

BythetimetheAmericancoloniststookuparmsagainstGreatBritaininordertosecuretheir

independence,theinstitutionofBlackslaverywasdeeplyentrenched.Butthecontradictioninherentin

thissituationwas,formany,asourceofconstantembarrassment.4<Italwaysappearedamostiniquitous

schemetome,“AbigailAdamswroteherhusbandin1774,“tofightourselvesforwhatwearedaily

robbingandplunderingfromthosewhohaveasgoodarighttofreedomaswehave.”

ManyAmericansbesidesAbigailAdamswerestruckbytheinconsistencyoftheirstandduringthe

WarofIndependence,andtheywerenotaversetomakingmovestoemancipatetheslaves.Quakers

andotherreligiousgroupsorganizedantislaverysocieties,whilenumerousindividualsmanumitted

theirslaves.Infact,withinseveralyearsoftheendoftheWarofIndependence,mostoftheEastern

stateshadmadeprovisionsforthegradualemancipationofslaves.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?

(A)TheWarofIndependenceproducedamongmanyBlackAmericansaheightenedconsciousness

oftheinequitiesinAmericansociety.

(B)TheWarofIndependencestrengthenedthebondsofslaveryofmanyBlackAmericanswhile

intensifyingtheirdesiretobefree.

(C)TheWarofIndependenceexposedtomanyAmericansthecontradictionofslaveryinacountry

seekingitsfreedomandresultedineffortstoresolvethatcontradiction.

(D)TheWarofIndependenceprovokedstrongcriticismsbymanyAmericansoftheinstitutionof

slavery,butproducedlittlesubstantiveactionagainstit.

(E)TheWarofIndependencerenewedtheeffortsofmanyAmericangroupstowardachieving

Blackemancipation.

2.Thepassagecontainsinformationthatwouldsupportwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthe

coloniesbeforetheWarofIndependence?

(A)Theycontainedorganizedantislaverysocieties.

(B)Theyallowedindividualstoownslaves.

(C)Theyprohibitedreligiousgroupsfrompoliticalaction.

(D)Theywereinconsistentintheirlegaldefinitionsofslavestatus.

(E)Theyencouragedabolitionistsocietiestoexpandtheirinfluence.

3.Accordingtothepassage,theWarofIndependencewasembarrassingtosomeAmericansfor

whichofthefollowingreasons?

I.ItinvolvedastruggleformanyofthesamelibertiesthatAmericansweredenyingtoothers.

ILItinvolvedastruggleforindependencefromtheverynationthathadfoundedthecolonies.

III.Itinvolvedastrugglebasedoninconsistenciesintheparticipants*conceptionsoffreedom.

(A)Ionly

(B)IIonly

(C)IandIIonly

(D)IandIIIonly

(E)I,II,andIII

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingAmericansocietyintheyearsimmediatelyfollowing

theWarofIndependenceisbestsupportedbythepassage?

(A)TheunexpectedsuccessesoftheantislaverysocietiesledtotheirgradualdemiseintheEastern

states.

(B)SomeofthenewlyindependentAmericanstateshadbeguntomakeprogresstowardabolishing

slavery.

(C)AmericanslikeAbigailAdamsbecamedisillusionedwiththeslowprogressofemancipation

andgraduallyabandonedthecause.

(D)EmancipatedslavesgraduallywereacceptedintheEasternstatesasequalmembersof

Americansociety.

(E)TheabolitionofslaveryinmanyEasternstateswastheresultofclosecooperationbetween

religiousgroupsandfreeBlacks.

Ilhaslongbeenknownthattherateofoxidativemetabolism(theprocessthatusesoxygento

convertfoodintoenergy)inanyanimalhasaprofoundeffectonitslivingpatterns.Thehighmetabolic

rateofsmallanimals,forexample,givesthemsustainedpowerandactivityperunitofweight,butat

thecostofrequiringconstantconsumptionoffoodandwater.Verylargeanimals,withtheirrelatively

lowmetabolicrates,cansurvivewellonasporadicfoodsupply,butcangeneratelittlemetabolic

energypergramofbodyweight.Ifonlyoxidativemetabolicrateisconsidered,therefore,onemight

assumethatsmaller,moreactive,animalscouldpreyonlargerones,atleastiftheyattackedingroups.

Perhapstheycouldifitwerenotforanaerobicglycolysis,thegreatequalizer.

Anaerobicglcolysisisaprocessinwhichenergyisproduced,withoutoxygen,throughthe

breakdownofmuscleglycogenintolacticacidandadenosinetriphosphate(ATP),theenergyprovider.

Theamountofenergythatcanbeproducedanaerobicallyisafunctionoftheamountofglycogen

present—inallvertebratesabout0.5percentoftheirmuscles'wetweight.Thustheanaerobicenergy

reservesofavertebrateareproportionaltothesizeoftheanimal.If,forexample,somepredatorshad

attackeda1OOtondinosaur,normallytorpid,thedinosaurwouldhavebeenabletogeneratealmost

instantaneously,viaanaerobicglycolysis,theenergyof3,000humansatmaximumoxidativemetabolic

energyproduction.Thisexplainshowmanylargespecieshavemanagedtocompetewiththeirmore

activeneighbors:thecompensationforalowoxidativemetabolicrateisglycolysis.

Therearelimitations,however,tothiscompensation.Theglycogenreservesofanyanimalaregood,

atmost,foronlyabouttwominutesatmaximumeffort,afterwhichonlythenormaloxidative

metabolicsourceofenergyremains.Withtheconclusionofaburstofactivity,thelacticacidlevelis

highinthebodyfluids,leavingthelargeanimalvulnerabletoattackuntiltheacidisreconverted,via

oxidativemetabolism,bytheliverintoglucose,whichisthensent(inpart)backtothemusclesfor

glycogenresynthesis.Duringthisprocesstheenormousenergydebtthattheanimalhasrunupthrough

anaerobicglycolysismustberepaid,adebtthatisproportionallymuchgreaterforthelargervertebrates

thanforthesmallerones.Whereasthetinyshrewcanreplaceinminutestheglycogenusedfor

maximumeffort,forexample,thegiganticdinosaurwouldhaverequiredmorethanthreeweeks.It

mightseemthatthisinterminablylongrecoverytimeinalargevertebratewouldproveagrave

disadvantageforsurvival.Fortunately,muscleglycogenisusedonlywhenneededandeventhenonly

inwhateverquantityisnecessary.Onlyintimesofpanicorduringmortalcombatwouldtheentire

reservesbeconsumed.

5.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A)refuteamisconceptionaboutanaerobicglycolysis

(B)introduceanewhypothesisaboutanaerobicglycolysis

(C)describethelimitationsofanaerobicglycolysis

(D)analyzethechemistryofanaerobicglycolysisanditssimilaritytooxidativemetabolism

(E)explainanaerobicglycolysisanditseffectsonanimalsurvival

6.Accordingtotheauthor,glycogeniscrucialtotheprocessofanaerobicglycolysisbecause

glycogen

(A)increasestheorganism'sneedforATP

(B)reducestheamountofATPinthetissues

(C)isaninhibitoroftheoxidativemetabolicproductionofATP

(D)ensuresthatthesynthesisofATPwilloccurspeedily

(E)isthematerialfromwhichATPisderived

7.Accordingtotheauthor,amajorlimitationofanaerobicglycolysisisthatitcan

(A)produceinlargeanimalsmorelacticacidthanthelivercansafelyreconvert

(B)necessitateadangerouslylongrecoveryperiodinlargeanimals

(C)produceenergymoreslowlythanitcanbeusedbylargeanimals

(D)consumealloftheavailableglycogenregardlessofneed

(E)reducesignificantlytherateatwhichenergyisproducedbyoxidativemetabolism

8.Thepassagesuggeststhatthetotalanaerobicenergyreservesofavertebrateareproportionaltothe

vertebratessizebecause

(A)largervertebratesconservemoreenergythansmallervertebrates

(B)largervertebratesuselessoxygenperunitweightthansmallervertebrates

(C)theabilityofavertebratetoconsumefoodisafunctionofitssize

(D)theamountofmuscletissueinavertebrateisdirectlyrelatedtoitssize

(E)thesizeofavertebrateisproportionaltothequantityofenergyitcanutilize

9.Theauthorsuggeststhat,onthebasisofenergyproduction,a100-tondinosaurwouldhavebeen

markedlyvulnerabletowhichofthefollowing?

I.Repeatedattacksbyasinglesmaller,moreactiveadversary

II.Sustainedattackbynumeroussmaller,moreactiveadversaries

III.Anattackbyanindividualadversaryofsimilarsize

(A)IIonly

(B)IandIIonly

(C)IandIIIonly

(D)IIandIIIonly

(E)I,II,andIII

10.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthetimerequiredtoreplenishmuscleglycogenfollowing

anaerobicglycolysisisdeterminedbywhichofthefollowingfactors?

LRateofoxidativemetabolism

ILQuantityoflacticacidinthebodyfluids

III.Percentageofglucosethatisreturnedtothemuscles

(A)Ionly

(B)IIIonly

(C)IandIIonly

(D)IandIIIonly

(E)I,II,andIII

11.Theauthorismostprobablyaddressingwhichofthefollowingaudiences?

(A)Collegestudentsinanintroductorycourseonanimalphysiology

(B)Historiansofscienceinvestigatingthediscoveryofanaerobicglycolysis

(C)Graduatestudentswithspecializedtrainingincomparativeanatomy

(D)Zoologistsinterestedinprehistoricanimals

(E)Biochemistsdoingresearchonoxidativemetabolism

12.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?

(A)Thedisadvantageofalowoxidativemetabolicrateinlargeanimalscanbeoffsetbytheir

abilitytoconvertsubstantialamountsofglycogenintoenergy.

(B)Themostsignificantproblemfacinganimalsthathaveusedanaerobicglycolysisforenergyis

theresynthesisofitsby-product,glucose,intoglycogen.

(C)Thebenefitstoanimalsofanaerobicglycolysisareoffsetbytheprofoundcoststhatmustbe

paid.

(D)Themajorfactorensuringthatalargeanimalwilltriumphoverasmalleranimalisthelarge

animal'sabilitytoproduceenergyviaanaerobicglycolysis.

(E)Thegreatdifferencesthatexistinmetabolicratesbetweenspeciesofsmallanimalsandspecies

oflargeanimalscanhaveimportanteffectsonthepatternsoftheiractivities.

ExerciseThree

By1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedrather

discouraging.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthe

likeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossible

correlationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.

Neartheturnofthecentury,ithadbeensuggestedbyHeringthatdifferentmodesofsensation,

suchaspain,taste,andcolor,mightbecorrelatedwiththedischargeofspecifickindsofnervousenergy.

However,subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtoreveal

anysuchqualitativediversity.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructural

differencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseorits

conditionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmental

patterningoftheneuralcircuits.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidly

disproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerve

impulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“commoncurrency^^throughout

thenervoussystem.Accordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthat

determinesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,butratherthedifferentareasofthebrain

intowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview.Inoneexperiment,whenan

electricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushuman

subject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisual

sensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.Other

experimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthe

nervecells,butasfaraspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthese

sensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.

However,corticallocus,initself,turnedouttohavelittleexplanatoryvalue.Studiesshowedthat

sensationsasdiverseasthoseofred,black,green,andwhite,ortouch,cold,warmth,movement,pain,

posture,andpressureapparentlymayarisethroughactivationofthesamecorticalareas.Whatseemed

toremainwassomekindofdifferentialpatterningeffectsinthebrainexcitation:itisthedifferencein

thecentraldistributionofimpulsesthatcounts.Inshort,braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetween

mentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogeneousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentially

homogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.Tomatchthemultipledimensionsof

mentalexperiencepsychologistscouldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporal

patterningofnerveimpulses.

1.Theauthorsuggeststhat,by1950,attemptstocorrelatementalexperiencewithbrainprocesses

wouldprobablyhavebeenviewedwith

(A)indignation

(B)impatience

(C)pessimism

(D)indifference

(E)defiance

2.Theauthormentions“commoncurrency”inline26primarilyinordertoemphasizethe

(A)lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulsesinhumanbeings

(B)similarityofthesensationsthatallhumanbeingsexperience

(C)similaritiesintheviewsofscientistswhohavestudiedthehumannervoussystem

(D)continuouspassageofnerveimpulsesthroughthenervoussystem

(E)recurrentquestioningbyscientistsofanacceptedexplanationaboutthenervoussystem

3.Thedescriptioninlines32-38ofanexperimentinwhichelectricstimuliwereappliedtodifferent

sensoryfieldsofthecerebralcortextendstosupportthetheorythat

(A)thesimplepresenceofdifferentcorticalareascannotaccountforthediversityofmental

experience

(B)variationinspatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulsescorrelateswithvariationinsubjective

experience

(C)nerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousandarerelativelyunaffectedastheytravelthrough

thenervoussystem

(D)thementalexperiencesproducedbysensorynerveimpulsesaredeterminedbythecorticalarea

activated

(E)variationinneurontypesaffectsthequalityofnerveimpulses

4.Accordingtothepassage,someevidenceexiststhattheareaofthecortexactivatedbyasensory

stimulusdetermineswhichofthefollowing?

I.Thenatureofthenerveimpulse

ILThemodalityofthesensoryexperience

III.Qualitativedifferenceswithinamodality

(A)IIonly

(B)IIIonly

(C)IandIIonly

(D)IIandIIIonly

(E)I,IIandIII

5.Thepassagecanmostaccuratelybedescribedasadiscussionconcerninghistoricalviewsofthe

(A)anatomyofthebrain

(B)mannerinwhichnerveimpulsesareconducted

(C)significanceofdifferentcorticalareasinmentalexperience

(D)mechanicsofsenseperception

(E)physiologicalcorrelatesofmentalexperience

6.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor'sopinionofthesuggestionthatdifferentareas

ofthebraindetermineperceptionsproducedbysensorynerveimpulses?

(A)Itisaplausibleexplanation,butithasnotbeencompletelyproved.

(B)Itisthebestexplanationofbrainprocessescurrentlyavailable.

(C)Itisdisprovedbythefactthatthevariousareasofthebrainarephysiologicallyverysimilar.

(D)Thereissomeevidencetosupportit,butitfailstoexplainthediversityofmentalexperience.

(E)Thereisexperimentalevidencethatconfirmsitscorrectness.

7.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingexhibittheLEASTqualitative

variation?

(A)Nervecells

(B)Nerveimpulses

(C)Corticalareas

(D)Spatialpatternsofnerveimpulses

(E)Temporalpatternsofnerveimpulses

AMarxistsociologisthasarguedthatracismstemsfromtheclassstrugglethatisuniquetothe

capitalistsystem—thatracialprejudiceisgeneratedbycapitalistsasameansofcontrollingworkers.

HisthesisworksrelativelywellwhenappliedtodiscriminationagainstBlacksintheUnitedStates,but

hisdefinitionofracialprejudiceas“raciallybasednegativeprejudgmentsagainstagroupgenerally

acceptedasaraceinanygivenregionofethniccompetition,“canbeinterpretedasalsoincluding

hostilitytowardsuchethnicgroupsastheChineseinCaliforniaandtheJewsinmedievalEurope.

However,sinceprejudiceagainsttheselatterpeopleswasnotinspiredbycapitalists,hehastoreason

thatsuchantagonismswerenotreallybasedonrace.Hedisposesthusly(albeitunconvincingly)ofboth

theintolerancefacedbyJewsbeforetheriseofcapitalismandtheearlytwentieth-century

discriminationagainstOrientalpeopleinCalifornia,which,inconveniently,wasinstigatedbyworkers.

I.Thepassagesuppliesinformationthatwouldanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

(A)WhataccountsfortheprejudiceagainsttheJewsinmedievalEurope?

(B)WhatconditionscausedthediscriminationagainstOrientalpeopleinCaliforniaintheearly

twentiethcentury?

(C)WhichgroupsarenotinethniccompetitionwitheachotherintheUnitedStates?

(D)WhatexplanationdidtheMarxistsociologistgivefortheexistenceofracialprejudice?

(E)WhatevidencedidtheMarxistsociologistprovidetosupporthisthesis?

2.TheauthorconsiderstheMarxistsociologist'sthesisabouttheoriginsofracialprejudicetobe

(A)unoriginal

(B)unpersuasive

(C)offensive

(D)obscure

(E)speculative

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheMarxistsociologistwouldarguethatinanoncapitalist

societyracialprejudicewouldbe

(A)pervasive

(B)tolerated

(C)ignored

(D)forbidden

(E)nonexistent

4.Accordingtothepassage,theMarxistsociologist'schainofreasoningrequiredhimtoassertthat

prejudicetowardOrientalpeopleinCaliforniawas

(A)directedprimarilyagainsttheChinese

(B)similarinorigintoprejudiceagainsttheJews

(C)understoodbyOrientalpeopleasethniccompetition

(D)provokedbyworkers

(E)nonracialincharacter

ExerciseFour

Inhis1976studyofslaveryintheUnitedStates,HerbertGutman,likeFogel,Engerman,and

Genovese,hasrightlystressedtheslaves'achievements.Butunlikethesehistorians,Gutmangives

plantationownerslittlecreditfortheseachievements.Rather,Gutmanarguesthatonemustlooktothe

Blackfamilyandtheslaves*extendedkinshipsystemtounderstandhowcrucialachievements,suchas

themaintenanceofaculturalheritageandthe