2021春走向高考(人教版)高三化學一輪復習課時訓練-第2章-化學物質(zhì)及其變化專項突破

其次章專項突破一、氧化還原反應方程式書寫正誤推斷1．向Ca(ClO)2溶液中通入SO2：Ca2＋＋2ClO－＋H2O＋SO2=CaSO3↓＋2HClO()2．SO2通入NaClO溶液中：SO2＋ClO－＋2OH－=SOeq\o\al(2－,4)＋Cl－＋H2O()3．鐵與稀HNO3反應：Fe＋2H＋=Fe2＋＋H2↑()4．2MnOeq\o\al(－,4)＋H2O2＋6H＋=2Mn2＋＋3O2↑＋4H2O()5．3MnOeq\o\al(2－,4)＋4H＋=2MnOeq\o\al(－,4)＋MnO2↓＋2H2O()6．少量Cl2通入KI溶液中：Cl2＋2I－=2Cl－＋I2()7．向Fe(OH)2中加入足量的稀HNO3：Fe(OH)2＋2H＋=Fe2＋＋2H2O()8．Fe(OH)3溶于氫碘酸：Fe(OH)3＋3H＋=Fe3＋＋3H2O()9．FeS溶于稀HNO3中：FeS＋2H＋=Fe2＋＋H2S↑()10．將磁性氧化鐵溶于稀HNO3：Fe3O4＋8H＋=2Fe3＋＋Fe2＋＋4H2O()11．將FeCl2溶液與稀HNO3混合：Fe2＋＋4H＋＋NOeq\o\al(－,3)=Fe3＋＋NO↑＋2H2O()12．用稀H2SO4酸化的KMnO4溶液與H2O2反應，證明H2O2具有還原性：2MnOeq\o\al(－,4)＋6H＋＋5H2O2=2Mn2＋＋5O2↑＋8H2O()13．向FeBr2溶液中通入等量Cl2：2Fe2＋＋4Br－＋3Cl2=2Fe3＋＋2Br2＋6Cl－()14．濃硝酸中加入過量鐵粉并加熱：Fe＋6H＋＋3NOeq\o\al(－,3)=Fe3＋＋3NO2↑＋3H2O()答案：1．×2.√3.×4.×5.√6.√7.×8.×9.×10.×11.×12.√13.×14.×二、必需學會的易考易錯36個離子方程式1．CuSO4溶液與過量Ba(OH)2反應：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。2．碳酸氫銨溶液和過量NaOH溶液反應：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。3．向AgCl懸濁液中滴加Na2S溶液：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。4．向NaHCO3溶液中加入過量澄清石灰水：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。5．Al2(SO4)3溶液中加入過量氨水：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。6．向NH4HCO3溶液中加少量NaOH溶液并加熱：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。7．將過量SO2氣體通入冷氨水中：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。8．硅酸鈉溶液與醋酸溶液混合：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。9．0.01mol·L－1NH4Al(SO4)2溶液與0.02mol·L－1Ba(OH)2溶液等體積混合：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。10．醋酸溶液與水垢中的CaCO3反應：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。11．向NaAlO2溶液中通入過量CO2：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。12．用Na2S去除廢水中的Hg2＋：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。13．向污水中投放明礬，生成能分散懸浮物的膠體：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。14．少量SO2通入苯酚鈉溶液中：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。15．等體積、等濃度的Ca(HCO3)2溶液和NaOH溶液混合：________________________________________________________________________。16．用NaOH溶液除去鋁表面的氧化膜：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。17．向明礬溶液中加入過量的Ba(OH)2溶液：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。18．小蘇打與NaOH溶液混合：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。19．將Al片放入NaOH溶液中：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。20．CuSO4溶液吸取H2S氣體：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。21．等體積、等濃度的Ba(OH)2溶液與NH4HCO3溶液混合：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。22．鐵和過量稀硝酸反應：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。23．銅溶于稀硝酸：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。24．用濃鹽酸與MnO2反應制取少量Cl2：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。25．用稀NaOH溶液吸取NO2：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。26．用惰性電極電解熔融NaCl：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。27．淀粉-碘化鉀溶液在空氣中變藍：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。28．漂白粉溶液在空氣中失效：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。29．將Cl2溶于水制備HClO：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。30．FeSO4溶液中加入用H2SO4酸化的H2O2溶液：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。31．用稀硝酸洗滌試管內(nèi)壁的銀鏡：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。32．用KIO3氧化酸性溶液中的KI：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。33．FeCl3溶液與Cu反應：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。34．NO2與H2O的反應：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。35．Na2O2和H2O的反應：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。36．在強堿溶液中NaClO與Fe(OH)3反應生成Na2FeO4：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。答案：1．Cu2＋＋SOeq\o\al(2－,4)＋Ba2＋＋2OH－=Cu(OH)2↓＋BaSO4↓2．NHeq\o\al(＋,4)＋HCOeq\o\al(－,3)＋2OH－=NH3·H2O＋COeq\o\al(2－,3)＋H2O3．2AgCl(s)＋S2－(aq)eq\o(,\s\up14(),\s\do14())Ag2S(s)＋2Cl－(aq)4．HCOeq\o\al(－,3)＋Ca2＋＋OH－=CaCO3↓＋H2O5．Al3＋＋3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)3↓＋3NHeq\o\al(＋,4)6．HCOeq\o\al(－,3)＋OH－eq\o(=,\s\up14(△))COeq\o\al(2－,3)＋H2O7．SO2＋NH3·H2O=HSOeq\o\al(－,3)＋NHeq\o\al(＋,4)8．SiOeq\o\al(2－,3)＋2CH3COOH=H2SiO3↓＋2CH3COO－9．NHeq\o\al(＋,4)＋Al3＋＋2SOeq\o\al(2－,4)＋2Ba2＋＋4OH－=2BaSO4↓＋Al(OH)3↓＋NH3·H2O10．2CH3COH＋CaCO3=Ca2＋＋2CH3COO－＋H2O＋CO2↑11．AlOeq\o\al(－,2)＋CO2＋2H2O=Al(OH)3↓＋HCOeq\o\al(－,3)12．S2－＋Hg2＋=HgS↓13．Al3＋＋3H2O=Al(OH)3(膠體)＋3H＋14．2C6H5O－＋SO2＋H2O=2C6H5OH＋SOeq\o\al(2－,3)15．Ca2＋＋HCOeq\o\al(－,3)＋OH－=CaCO3↓＋H2O16．Al2O3＋2OH－=2AlOeq\o\al(－,2)＋H2O17．Al3＋＋2SOeq\o\al(2－,4)＋2Ba2＋＋4OH－=AlOeq\o\al(－,2)＋2H2O＋2BaSO4↓18．HCOeq\o\al(－,3)＋OH－=COeq\o\al(2－,3)＋H2O19．2Al＋2OH－＋2H2O=2AlOeq\o\al(－,2)＋3H2↑20．Cu2＋＋H2S=2H＋＋CuS↓21．Ba2＋＋2OH－＋NHeq\o\al(＋,4)＋HCOeq\o\al(－,3)=BaCO3↓＋H2O＋NH3·H2O22．Fe＋4H＋＋NOeq\o\al(－,3)=Fe3＋＋NO↑＋2H2O23．3Cu＋8H＋＋2NOeq\o\al(－,3)=3Cu2＋＋2NO↑＋4H2O24．4H＋＋2Cl－＋MnO2eq\o(=,\s\up14(△))2H2O＋Cl2↑＋Mn2＋25．2NO2＋2OH－=NOeq\o\al(－,3)＋NOeq\o\al(－,2)＋H2O26．2Na＋＋2Cl－eq\o(=,\s\up14(通電))2Na＋Cl2↑27．4I－＋O2＋2H2O=2I2＋4OH－28．Ca2＋＋2ClO－＋CO2＋H2O=CaCO3↓＋2HClO、2HClOeq\o(=,\s\up14(光))2HCl＋O2↑29．Cl2＋H2Oeq\o(,\s\up14(),\s\do14())H＋＋Cl－＋HClO30．2Fe2＋＋2H＋＋H2O2=2Fe3＋＋2H2O31．3Ag＋4H＋＋NOeq\o\al(－,3)=3Ag＋＋NO↑＋2H2O32．IOeq\o\al(－,3)＋5I－＋6H＋=3I2＋3H2O33．2Fe3＋＋Cu=2Fe2＋＋Cu2＋34．3NO2＋H2O=2H＋＋2NOeq\o\al(－,3)＋NO35．2Na2O2＋2H2O=4Na＋＋4OH－＋O2↑36．3ClO－＋4OH－＋2Fe(OH)3=3Cl－＋5H2O＋2FeOeq\o\al(2－,4)三、再練氧化還原反應方程式配平【應用1】配平下列氧化還原反應方程式：(1)正向配平①________Cu＋________HNO3(稀)=________Cu(NO3)2＋________NO↑＋________H2O②________KI＋________KIO3＋________H2SO4=________I2＋________K2SO4＋________H2O(2)逆向配平③________S＋________KOH=__