經(jīng)濟學專業(yè)英語教程（第四版-下）課件：The European Union

《經(jīng)濟學專業(yè)英語教程（第四版·下）》

Text:TheEuropeanUnion（歐洲聯(lián)盟）1.Keywords2.ProcessoftheEuropeanintegration3.InstitutionalstructuresoftheEuropeanUnion4.EUsummitonDecember11~12,19935.Questions1.KeywordsEuropeanUnionEuropeanintegrationECSCEECEuropeanCouncilSingleEuropeanActTreatyofRomeEuropeanParliamentCouncilofMinistersMaastrichtTreatyEuropeanMonetaryInstitute(EMI)EuropeanCentralBank“opt-out”concessionbyaverynarrowmarginTheCourtofJusticeTheCourtofAuditorsEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyEuropoldrugtraffickingmoneylaunderingforthefirstcampEUenlargementSpanishpesetaPortugueseescudo2.ProcessoftheEuropeanintegration2.119522.219582.319872.419922.11952TheEuropeanUnionwasfirstformalizedbythecreationoftheECSCin1952.2.21958TheEuropeanUnionexpandedin1958bythelaunchingofEuratomandtheEEC.2.31987SingleEuropeanActamendedtheTreatyofRomeinwaysintendedtostreamlinethedecisionmakingprocess,openupmoreareastoECjurisdiction,andreinvigoratethemovementtowardEuropeaneconomicandpoliticalcooperation.TheAct,whichwentintoeffectonJuly1,1987,followingratificationbyeachECmember,calledfortheestablishmentofawhollyintegratedinternalmarketbytheendof1992inthisandotherareas.2.41992TheMaastrichtTreatywasformallysignedbytheECForeignandFinanceMinistersonFebruary7,1992.TheMaastrichtTreatycallsforestablishmentofasinglecurrencyandregionalcentralbankby1999andcommitsthesignatoriestothepursuitof“evercloser”politicalunion,includingcommonforeignandsecuritypolicies.3.InstitutionalstructuresoftheEuropeanUnion3.1EuropeanCouncil3.2EuropeanCommission3.3EuropeanParliament3.4TheCourtofJustice3.5TheCourtofAuditors3.6TheEuropeanMonetaryInstitute(EMI)3.7Europol3.1EuropeanCouncilTheEuropeanCouncil(comprisingtheheadsofstateorgovernmentofthememberstates)wasauthorized“toprovidetheUnionwiththenecessaryimpetusforitsdevelopment”andto“definethegeneralpoliticalguidelines”forthegrouping.TheCouncilmeetsatleasttwiceayearunderthechairmanshipoftheheadofstateorgovernmentofthememberstateholdingthePresidencyoftheEUCouncilofMinisters.3.2EuropeanCommissionTheEuropeanCommissionischargedwiththeinitiationandimplementationofEUpolicies.Ingeneral,theCommissionmediatesbetweenthemembergovernmentsinCommunitymatters,exercisesabroadrangeofexecutivepowers,andinitiatesCommunityaction,itsmembersarecompletelyindependentandareforbiddenbytreatytoacceptinstructionsfromanynationalgovernment.Decisionsaremadebymajorityvotealthoughinpracticemostareadoptedbyconsensus.3.3EuropeanParliamentEuropeanParliamentrepresentsthepublic.Undera1975treatyitwasempoweredtoparticipate,savefordeferencetotheCouncilofMinistersinregardtoagriculturalspending,informulationoftheannualECbudget,adraftofwhichitcanrejectbyatwo-thirdsvote.TheSingleEuropeanActandtheTreatyonEuropeanUnionfurtherextendedParliament’sbudgetarypowersandabilitytoaffectlegislation.Inaddition,theParliament,previouslyonlyauthorizedtodismisstheentireCommission(butnotindividualmembers)byavoteofcensure,cannowrejectnomineesforindividualposts.TheParliament,whichmeetsannuallyforabouttwelveweeksandhasafive-yearterm,mustalsoapproveEUtreatiesaswellastheadmissionofnewEUmembers.3.4TheCourtofJusticeTheCourtofJusticeadjudicateslegalissues.IthasthepowertodecidewhetheractsoftheCommission,theCouncilofMinisters,themembergovernments,andotherbodiesarecompatiblewiththegoverningtreaties.3.5TheCourtofAuditorsTheCourtofAuditors,firstestablishedin1977,wasgivenfullinstitutionalstatusonaparwiththeCommission,CouncilofMinisters,andParliamentbytheTreatyonEuropeanUnion.TheCourt,whose15membersareappointedforsix-yeartermsbytheCouncilofMinistersinconsultationwiththeParliament,isresponsibleforreviewingallEUexpendituresandrevenuesandconductsexternalaudits,sometimesonthespot,ofEUaswellasnationalinstitutions.3.6TheEuropeanMonetaryInstitute(EMI)TheEuropeanMonetaryInstitute(EMI),aninterimadvisorybodyscheduledeventuallytobetransformedintoaEuropeanCentralBank,wasopenedonJanuary1,1994,atFrankfurt,Germany.ComprisingthegovernorsofthecentralbanksofEUstatesandapresidentappointedbytheEuropeanCouncil,theEMIattemptstocoordinatemonetarypoliciesamongmemberswithspecialemphasisonpromotingcurrencystability.3.7EuropolEuropolisaregionalpoliceagency,whichopenedheadquartersinFebruary1994atTheHague,Netherlands.Itwasmandatedinitiallytoassistthepoliceforcesofmemberstatesincollectingandanalyzinginformationregardingdrugtraffickingandmoneylaundering.However,undertheEuropolConventionendorsedbytheEUheadsofstateinJuly1995,Europolwouldeventuallybeauthorizedtoconductitsowninvestigations.4.EUsummitonDecember11~12,1993ThefirstofwhatcouldbeappropriatelytermedEUsummitswasheldonDecember11~12,1993,atBrussels.AttentionhavingfocusedfortwoyearsontheTreatyonEuropeanUnionratificationprocess,theEUheadsofstateandgovernmentturnedtotheregion’seconomicproblems,particularlycontinuedhighunemployment.Thesummitadoptedaneconomicrecoveryplanthatappearedtorepresentacompromisebetweenthoseadvocatingactivistlaborpoliciesandthoseconvincedthatgovernmentinfluencewasalreadytoogreatineconomicaffairs.Forthefirstcamp,thesummitapprovedasix-yearpublicworkprogramdesignedtocreatejobsin,amongotherareas,t