2022年高考英語閱讀理解技巧 專題02閱讀推理探究（含解析）

閱讀推理探究

推理判斷的解題方法指導(dǎo)：

題型介紹

推理題即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含

意義和深層意義。推理判斷題屬于主觀性極強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時(shí)，要嚴(yán)格依據(jù)作者所陳

述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)以及作者的措詞、態(tài)度和語氣，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語，然后利用

自己已獲得的相關(guān)知識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。此時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意：當(dāng)問及作者的看法、

意圖與態(tài)度時(shí)，不要誤認(rèn)為是在問“你”（考生）的想法切忌主觀，要通過文章內(nèi)容推斷作者的意圖，即作

者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點(diǎn)。

解題技巧

要通過文章的措辭、上下文關(guān)系以及文章的文體結(jié)構(gòu)等來理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度，領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之

意。不能用主觀臆斷代替文中作者的觀點(diǎn)，不能以事實(shí)代替推理，不能以具體代替抽象、以現(xiàn)象代替實(shí)質(zhì)。

要特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境以及反映作者情感、態(tài)度的語句。

正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

不是文中直接或明確說明的內(nèi)容，是間接表達(dá)出來的，除符合文章主旨外，還符合邏輯，讓考生有推敲的

余地。另外，正確選項(xiàng)大多含義深刻，不是常識(shí)選項(xiàng)。注意不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)；推理的根據(jù)

一定來自于上下文。

干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

1.夸大事實(shí)：對(duì)于原文中的細(xì)節(jié)或論斷的某方面程度進(jìn)行了夸大處理。

2.無中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作為依據(jù)進(jìn)行推理。

3.摻入常識(shí)：根據(jù)考生已有的常識(shí)是正確的，但是卻不是基于文章。

4.推理過頭：引申過度，使結(jié)論過于絕對(duì)化。

推理短文出處

提問方式

推理判斷題

1隱含意義的推斷

2因果推斷題

3作者意圖，目的推斷

4人物性格，態(tài)度，觀點(diǎn)推斷

5文章出處推斷題

推斷文章出處的設(shè)題形式有：

Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom.

Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?

Thepassageismostlikelyapartof.

解題技巧

這類問題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處：

1.報(bào)紙：前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱。

2.廣告：因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)。

3.產(chǎn)品說明：器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、

藥量等。

Youmaythinkthatsailingisadifficultsport,butitisreallynothardtoleamit.Youdonotneedtobestrong.

Butycuneedtobequick.Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrulesaboutthewind.

First,youmustaskyourself,...

Let'sstartwiththewindblowingfromthebehind.Thismeans...

Ifthewindisblowingfromtheside,itisblowingacrosstheboat.Inthiscase,youmust...

Sailingintothewindisnotpossible.Ifyoutry,thesailwillflapandtheboatwillstop.Youmaywantto...

48.Wherecanyouprobablyfindthetext?

A.Inapopularmagazine.B.Inatouristguidebook.

C.Inaphysicstextbook.D.Inanofficialreport.

Ao帆船運(yùn)動(dòng)是普通的一種體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，因此，本文很可能從流行雜志中節(jié)選。

推斷寫作意圖

提問方式

考查整篇文章的寫作目的

Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto.

Thewriter'spurposeofwritingthispassageisto.

Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?

Inwritingthepassage,theauthorintendsto.

考查某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作意圖

Thewriterusestheexampleof...toshowthat.

Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto.

...arementionedinthefirstparagraphto.

技巧點(diǎn)撥

推斷作者寫作目的和意圖題的解題方法：

1記敘文的特點(diǎn)，此類文章有時(shí)是單純地講述某個(gè)有意義或者令人深刻的經(jīng)歷以娛樂讀者，但更多的

時(shí)候會(huì)在首段或者末段呈現(xiàn)出高度概括性的語言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有敘事都是圍繞該哲理展開

的。

2廣告類應(yīng)用文特點(diǎn)：里面有對(duì)某物品或者某項(xiàng)目詳細(xì)的介紹，并充斥著明顯支持傾向的煽動(dòng)性語言。

3議論文結(jié)構(gòu)：提出觀點(diǎn)-一進(jìn)行論證一得出結(jié)論（提出解決問題的方法），閱讀這類文章要特別注意

最后一部分，因?yàn)樽髡叩囊鈭D和觀點(diǎn)往往就隱含其中。

4說明文的特點(diǎn)，內(nèi)容涉及廣泛，有時(shí)候就是說明一種新技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)，有時(shí)介紹一中社會(huì)文化，有時(shí)是

談?wù)撘豁?xiàng)研究的發(fā)展及成果。這類文章佗寫作目的有賴于文章主題的把握，閱讀時(shí)找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句，或

很好的對(duì)主題加以歸納。

寫作意圖通?？梢愿爬橐韵滤姆N：報(bào)道（report）,警告（warming）,闡述（explain概念、原理等），

辯論（argument）.

娛樂讀者的寫作目的常見于故事類的文章。

說服讀者的寫作目的常見于廣告類的文章。在這樣的文章中，作者或是要推銷一種產(chǎn)品、一種服務(wù)（t。

sellaproductoraservice）,或是要通過對(duì)旅游景點(diǎn)、報(bào)刊雜志、影片,電視節(jié)目等的介紹來達(dá)到他

的寫作目的：吸引更多的游客、讀者或訂戶、觀眾等。

科普類、新聞報(bào)道類、文化類或社會(huì)類的文章多為闡述某種概念、原理，或就某觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行辯論，或就

某現(xiàn)象提出警告，了解這類文章的寫作目的有利于對(duì)文章主題的正確把握，閱讀時(shí)有必要找準(zhǔn)文章的主題

句，或較好地對(duì)主題加以歸納.

Eatingtoomuchfattyfood,exercisingtoolittleandsmokingcanraiseyourfutureriskofheartdisease.But

thereisanotherfactorthatcancauseyourheartproblemsmoreimmediately:theairyoubreathe.

Previousstudieshavelinkedhighexposure（暴露）toenvironmentalpollutiontoanincreasedriskofheart

problem,buttwoanalysesnowshowthat...

Theauthorsofbothstudiesstressthattheserisksarerelativelysmallfbrhealthypeopleandcertainlymodest

comparedwithotherriskfactorssuchassmokingandhighbloodpressure.Howevsr,itisimportanttobeawareof

thesedangersbecauseeveryoneisexposedtoairpollutionregardlessoflifestylechoices.Sostricterregulationby

theEPAofpollutantsmaynotonlyimproveenvironmentalairqualitybutcouldalsobecomenecessarytoprotect

publichealth.

56.Theauthor'spurposeofwritingthetextismostlikelyto.

A.informB.persuadeC.describeD.entertain

Ao本文是一篇說明文，主要意思是說明人們所呼吸的空氣和心臟病的發(fā)病率之間的關(guān)系，由此可知作者的

寫作目的是告知人們一個(gè)事實(shí)。

推斷作者態(tài)度

提問方式

Thewriter'sattitudetoward...is.

Thewriterthoughtthat.

Accordingtotheauthor,.

干擾選項(xiàng)

化類試題的干擾項(xiàng)通常具有以下特點(diǎn)：或是自己的某種看法或觀點(diǎn)，或是社會(huì)的一種普遍的傾向，或

是與本文無關(guān)或與作者相反的觀點(diǎn)或看法等。

解題技巧

WhenFridaKahlo'spaintingswereonshowinLondon,apoetdescribedherpaintingsas“aribbon（絲帶）

aroundabomb^^.SuchcommentsseemtosuggestKahlohadabiginfluenceontheartworldofhertime.Sadly,she

isactuallyamuchbiggernametodaythanshewasduringhertime.

Bornin1907inavillagenearMexicoCity,Kahlosufferedfrompolio（小兒麻痹癥）...

Unfortunately,herworksdidnotattractmuchattentioninthe1930sand1940s,eveninherhomecountry

Whatisauthor'sattitudetowardKahlo?

A.DevotionB.SympathyC.WorryD.Encouragement

Bo態(tài)度推理題，bomb,sadly和Unfortunately告訴我們這是一個(gè)悲劇，aribbon告訴我們主人公很積極

樂觀，說明作者是同情的態(tài)度。

推斷結(jié)論

提問方式

結(jié)論推斷題常以infer,imply,suggest,conclude,learn,intend等詞提問，提問中往往含有表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)

動(dòng)詞，如can,could,would,should等以及其他表示可能性的詞probably,mostlikely等。例如：

Fromthetest,itcanbeinferredthat.

Thepassagesuggeststhat.

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?

解題技巧

要求考生根據(jù)語篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根

據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷推理。

推斷細(xì)節(jié)題的方法

1）尋讀，首先通過尋讀找到相關(guān)的信息點(diǎn)。

2）研讀，不但要理解相關(guān)信息的字面意義，而且要由表及里，由淺入深的分析推理，在文中提供的信息為

依據(jù)，結(jié)合語境和嘗試，在字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。

Whilehouseholdrobotstodaydothenormalhousework,socialrobotswillbemuchmorelikecompanions

thanmeretools.Forexample,theserobotswillbeabletodistinguishwhensomeoneishappyorsad.Thisallows

themtorespondmoreappropriatelytotheuser.

41.Howaresocialrobotsdifferentfromhouseholdrobots?

A.Theycancontroltheiremotions.

B.Theyaremorelikehumans.

C.Theydothenormalhousework.

D.Theyrespondtousersmoreslowly.

首先根據(jù)題干的信息“socialrobotsdifferentfromhouseholdrobots",定位文章“muchmorelike

companionsthanmeretools”，結(jié)合后面例子中的等內(nèi)容，可以判斷出答案為B。A項(xiàng)提到情感，但沒有

提到“控制情感”，理解有偏差；C項(xiàng)沒提到差別；D項(xiàng)appropriately和slowly有區(qū)別。

2017（新課標(biāo)I）C

Someoftheworld'smostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirst

annualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO（UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization）

recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying（聯(lián)合）

voiceacrosscultures.

Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthe

musichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.

It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter'sartisticadviserfbrjazz,Moranhopesto

widentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.

“Jazzseemslikeit'snotreallyapartoftheAmericanappetite,“MorantellsNationalPublicRadio'sreporter

NealConan."WhatI'mhopingtoaccomplishisthatmygenerationandyoungerstarttoreconsiderandunderstand

thatjazzisnotblackandwriteanymore.It'sactuallycolor,andit'sactuallydigital.M

Moransaysoneoftheproblemswithjazztodayisthattheentertainmentaspectofthemusichasbeenlost.

“Themusiccan'tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausetheway

theworldworksisnotthesame,“saysMoran.

Lastyear,MoranworkedonaprojectthatarrangedFatsWaller'smusicfbradanceparty,4lJusttokindofput

itbackinthemindthatWallerisdancemusicasmuchasitisconcertmusic,"saysMoran.uForme,ifsthe

recontextualization.Inmusic,wheredoestheemotion（情感）lie?Arewe,ashumans,gaininganyinsight（J^1§）on

howtotalkaboutourscivcsandhowsomethingasabstractasaCharlieParkcrrecordgetsusintoadialogueabout

ouremotionsandourthoughts?Sometimeswelosesightthatthemusichasawidercontext,"saysMoran,“soI

wanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.5,

30.V/hatcanweinferaboutMoran'sopiniononjazz?

A.Itwilldisappeargradually.

B.Itremainsblackandwhite.

C.Itshouldkeepupwiththetimes.

D.Itchangesevery50years.

2017（新課標(biāo)I）D

Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸播器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswherethe

liquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it'sanexcellent

watercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou.sinceit'sallbutimpossibleto

findnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5'x5sheetofclearorslightlymilky

plastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer-perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescan

befoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.

Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Tryto

maketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher,sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthe

hole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup——and

out—thesideofthehole.

Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet's

centerdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone（圓錐體）with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpoint

ofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.

Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates（蒸發(fā)）andcollects

onthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontaineris

full,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneed

adrink.

32.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?

A.It'sdelicate.B.It,sexpensive.

C.It'scomplex.D.It'sportable.

33.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher“inparagraph2referto?

A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.

35.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupform

A.theplastictubeB.outsidethehole

C.theopenairD.beneaththesheet

2017新課標(biāo)IIB

IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid,

introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn'twantmefbrthefilm-itwantedsomebodyaswellknown

asPaul-hestoodupfbrme.Idon'tknowhowmanypeoplewouldhavedonethat;theywouldhavelistenedto

theiragentsorthestudiopowers.

ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootin

thefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.Wcwere

respectfulofcraft（技藝）andfocusedondiggingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.Bothofushadthe

qualitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors:humorous,aggressive,andmakingfunofeachother-but

alwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore（核心）ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.

Wesharedthebriefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback-hewith

hisNewman'sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsfbrkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceand

theinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn'tseeeachotherallthatregularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.

Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.

Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He'dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthedealwas,

andwedidn'ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn'tneedalotofwords.

26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?

A.Theirbelief.B.Theircareforchildren.

C.Theirsuccess.D.Theirsupportfbreachother.

2017新課標(biāo)II（D）

Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIan

Baldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboring

plantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplants

pumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.

ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.\fsaplant'swayofcrying

out.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighboursreact.

Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpout

perfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarcnaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetables

areturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.

Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymore

seriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknew

whattodo.

Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon'tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryof

painorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighbors

justhappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn'tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.

CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate（親密的）thantheworld

wecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.Thereisawholelotgoingon.

35.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Thewordischangingfasterthanever.

B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore

C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems

D.PeopleinDarwin'stimeweremoreimaginative.

2017江蘇卷D

OldProblem,NewApproaches

Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarningwillcontinueforsomedecadesafter

CO2emissions（排放）peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallenge

ofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.

Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearetherefore

nottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartat

least,（heUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:"Thereisno'one-sizefitsall*adaptation.Nevertheless,

therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.

Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcountries.Floodshave

becomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssaw

onlydisaster.Hisnot-fbr-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries,schools,andhealth

clinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloating

connectivity連體）toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:

hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondspreventstarvationduringthewetseason.

ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainous

regioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarming

representsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenit

candamagecrops.Norphel5sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.

Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsofice

supplyperfectlytimedirrigalion（灌溉）water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehas

storedabout200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphePsicereserveswillnotlast

forever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,be

abletofindothermeansofadapting.

IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses

（whichreflectlightbacktospace）haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.While

Spainasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldact

asaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.

InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehave

begunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-giving

ice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitsof"100ideastosavethe

planet".

Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.Afriendofmineownsanareaoflandin

westernVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetfbrcropping.Butduringthepastdecade

decliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarcalsoadaptinglike

this-citherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsome

suggestionsfbradaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbon

pollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.

Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemost

sensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadapt

inthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.

65.TheunderlinedpariinParagraph2implies.

A.adaptationisanever-changingprocess

B.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtime

C.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationforms

D.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging

68.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?

A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.

B.Theglobalwarmingtreadcannotbestopped.

C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.

D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.

2017天津卷B

Fifteenyearsago,ItookasummervacationinLecceinsouthernItaly.Afterclimbingupahillforapanoramic（全

景的）viewofthebluesea,whitebuildingsandgreenolivetrees,Ipausedtocatchmybreathandthenpositioned

myselftotakethebestphotoofthispanorama.

Unfortunately,justasItookoutmycamera,awomanapproachedfrombehind,andplantedherselfrightin

frontofmyview.Likeme,thiswomanwasheretostop,sighandappreciatetheview.

PatientasIwas,afterabout15minutes,mycamerascanningthesunandreviewingtheshotIwould

eventuallytake,Igrewfrustrated.WasittoomuchtoaskhertomovesoIcouldtakejustonepictureofthe

landscape?Sure,Icouldhaveaskedher,butsomethingpreventedmefromdoingso.Sheseemedsocontentinher

observation.Ididn'twanttomesswiththat.

Another15minutespassedandIgrewbored.Thewomanwasstillthere.Idecidedtotakethephotoanyway.

AndnowwhenIlookatit,Ithinkherpresenceinthephotoiswhatmakestheimageinteresting.Thelandscape,

beautifulonitsown,somehowcomestolifeandbreathesbecausethiswomanisengagingwithit.

Thisphoto,withtheuniquebeautythatunfoldedbeforemeandthatwomanwho“ruined"it,nowhangsona

wallinmybedroom.Whatwouldshethinkifsheknewthatherfigureiscaptured（1?E）andfrozenonsome

stranger'sbedroomwall?Abedroom,afterall,isaveryprivatespace,inwhichsomewomanIdon'tevenknowhas

beenimmortalized（使...永存）.Insomeways,shelivesinmyhouse.

Perhapsweallliveineachothers*spaces.Perhapsthisiswhatphotosarefbr:toremindusthatweall

appreciatebeauty,thatweallshareacommondesireforpleasure,forconnection,forsomethingthatisgreaterthan

us.

Thatphotoisareminder,acapturedmoment,anunspokenconversationbetweentwowomen,separatedonly

byathinsquareofglass.

44.Ihephotoonthebedroomwallenablestheauthortobetterunderstand.

A.theneedtobeclosetonature

B.theimportanceofprivatespace

C.thejoyofthevacationinItaly

D.thesharedpassionforbeauty

2017天津卷C

Thismonth,Germany'stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomous

vehicles（自主駕駛車輛）.Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformin

crasheswherelivesmightbelost.

Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyarea

betweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.

Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty（財(cái)產(chǎn)）damageoverpersonalinjury;thatit

neverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthe

drivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar'smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.

“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,MsaysDobrindt.Itwillputfully

driverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.

Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.

“Theliability（法律責(zé)任）issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,“saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.

AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“be

watchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.

Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.uWhenyousay'driverless

cars',peopleexpectdriverlesscars."Meratsays."Youknow—nodriver.”

Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomated

withoutoperation.

Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloat

StanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddriverless

vehiclesarcbeinglaunched.

ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.uTheideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscars

andtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,"saysCalo.

47.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto.

A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrules

B.helppromotefullyautomaticdriving

C.protectdriversofallagesandraces

D.preventseriouspropertydamage

2017浙江卷A

BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.

Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays,abrushwasmadefrom

cameFshair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefi.ir

fromthefamilycattomakeabrush.

Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong,thecatbegantolookragged（蓬

亂）.Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.

Thecat'slotwasabouttoimprove.Thatyear,oneofBenjamin'scousins,Mr.Pennington,cametovisit.Hewas

impressedwithBenjamin'sdrawings.Whenhewenthome,hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.He

alsosentsixengravings（版畫）byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjamin

hadeverseen.

In1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,Mr.Penningtonreturnedforanothervisit.Hewasamazedat

whatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjamin'sparentsifhemighttaketheboytoPhiladelphiafora

visit.

Inthecity,Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape（風(fēng)

景）painting.Williams,awell-knownpainter,cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminand

gavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlya

little,havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid,“Thosetwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermy

pillowatnight."Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductiontoclassical

paintings.Thenine-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.

22.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3suggest?

A.Thecatwouldbecloselywatched.

B.Thecatwouldgetsomemedicalcare.

C.Benjaminwouldleavehishomeshortly.

D.Benjaminwouldhaverealbrushessoon.

2017浙江卷C

FLORENCE,Italy—SvetlanaCojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregiverto

Italiankidsandtheelderly,butinordertostayshe'shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequires

hertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad.

ItalyisthelatestWesternEuropeancountrytryingtocontrolagrowingimmigrant（移民）populationby

demandinglanguageskillsinexchangeforworkpermits,orinsomecases,citizenship.

Someimmigrantadvocatesworrythatashardfinancialtimesmakeitmoredifficultfornativestokeepjobs,

suchmeasureswillbecomemoreavehicleforintolerancethanintegration（融合）.Otherssayit,sonlynaturalthat

newcomersteamthelanguageoftheirhostnation,seeingitasaconditiontoensuretheycancontributetosociety.

OtherEuropean