專題02-閱讀理解說明文-五年(2016-2020)高考英語真題分項詳解(浙江)

五年（2016~2020）浙江省高考英語試題分項解析02閱讀理解·說明文1.（2020年7月，浙江高考）Iamanactiveplaygoerandplay-reader,andperhapsmybestreasonforeditingthisbookisahopeofsharingmyenthusiasmforthetheaterwithothers.TodothisIhavesearchedthroughdozensofplaystofindtheonesthatIthinkbestshowthepowerandpurposeoftheshortplay.Eachplayhasathemeorcentralideawhichtheplaywright(劇作家)hopestogetacrossthroughdialogueandaction.Afewcharactersareusedtocreateasingleimpressiongrowingoutofthetheme.Itisnotmyintentiontopointoutthecentralthemeofeachoftheplaysinthiscollection,forthatwould,indeed,ruinthepleasureofreading,discussing,andthinkingabouttheplaysandtheeffectivenessoftheplaywright.However,avarietyoftypesisrepresentedhere.Theseincludecomedy,satire,poignantdrama,historicalandregionaldrama.Toshowtheversatility(多面性)oftheshortplay,Ihaveincludedaguidanceplay,aradioplayandatelevisionplay.Amongthewritersoftheplaysinthiscollection,PaulGreen,SusanGlaspell,MaxwellAnderson,ThorntonWilder,WilliamSaroyan,andTennesseeWilliamshaveallreceivedPulitzerPrizesfortheircontributionstothetheater.Moreinformationabouttheplaywrightswillbefoundattheendofthisbook.Togetthemostoutofreadingtheseplays,trytopicturetheplayonstage,withyou,thereader,intheaudience.Thehouselightsdim(變暗).Thecurtainsareabouttoopen,andinafewminutestheactionanddialoguewilltellyouthestory.1.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthorfromthefirstparagraph?A.Hehaswrittendozensofplays. B.Hehasadeeploveforthetheater.C.Heisaprofessionalstageactor. D.Helikesreadingshortplaystoothers.2.Whatdoestheauthoravoiddoinginhiswork?A.Statingtheplays’centralideas. B.Selectingworksbyfamousplaywrights.C.Includingvarioustypesofplays. D.Offeringinformationontheplaywrights.3.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowhilereadingtheplays?A.Controltheirfeelings. B.Applytheiractingskills.C.Usetheirimagination. D.Keeptheiraudienceinmind.4.Whatisthistext?A.Ashortstory. B.Anintroductiontoabook.C.Aplayreview. D.Anadvertisementforatheater.【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.B【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了作者的書籍的序言部分，包括其編寫目的，書籍內(nèi)容主體，以及如何實現(xiàn)有樂趣的閱讀本書的建議。1.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容“…andperhapsmybestreasonforeditingthisbookisahopeofsharingmyenthusiasmforthetheaterwithothers”可知，作者編輯這本書的最好的原因是希望與他人分享對戲劇的熱情，因此可知作者對于戲劇飽含熱情。故選B項。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容“Itisnotmyintentiontopointoutthecentralthemeofeachoftheplaysinthiscollection,forthatwould,indeed,ruinthepleasureofreading,discussing,andthinkingabouttheplaysandtheeffectivenessoftheplaywright.”可知，作者并不想指出這本書中每一部戲劇的中心主題，因為那樣確實會破壞閱讀、討論和思考戲劇以及劇作家的有效性的樂趣。A項“Statingtheplays”centralideas(陳述戲劇的中心思想)”與原文表達信息一致。故選A項。3.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章末尾段內(nèi)容“Togetthemostoutofthereadingtheseplays,trytopicturetheplayonstage,withyou,thereader,intheaudience.”可知，作者建議讀者試著想象戲劇在舞臺上上演，不再是讀者而是成為觀眾，才能實現(xiàn)最佳的閱讀樂趣。C項“Usetheirimagination”與原文“trytopicturetheplayonthestage”表達信息一致。故選C項。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章首段內(nèi)容“Iamanactiveplaygoerandplay-reader,andperhapsmybestreasonforeditingthisbookisahopeofsharingmyenthusiasmforthetheaterwithothers”可知，該句內(nèi)容應是書籍的“自序”內(nèi)容，且結合末尾“Togetthemostoutofthereadingtheseplays,trytopicturetheplayonstage,withyou,thereader,intheaudience.”可知，在講述如何更好地實現(xiàn)閱讀樂趣，再結合全文內(nèi)容可推知，作者通過該文章介紹自己的一本書。故選B項。2.（2020年7月，浙江高考）ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9:37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast-growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:intersection(十字路口)signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.“Adaptivesignalscanmakesurethatthetrafficdemandthatisthereisbeingaddressed,”saysAlexStevanovic,aresearcheratFloridaAtlanticUniversity.ForallofBellevue’ssuccess,adaptivesignalsarenotacure-allforjammedroadways.KevinBalke,aresearchengineerattheTexasA&MUniversityTransportationInstitute,saysthatwhilesmartlightscanbeparticularlybeneficialforsomecities,othersaresojammedthatonlyasharpreductioninthenumberofcarsontheroadwillmakeameaningfuldifference.“It’snotgoingtofixeverything,butadaptivesignalshavesomebenefitsforsmallercities,”hesays.InBellevue,theswitchtoadaptivesignalshasbeenalessoninthevalueofwelcomingnewapproaches.Inthepast,therewasoftenanautomaticreactiontoincreasedtraffic:justwidentheroads,saysMarkPoch,theBellevueTransportationDepartment’strafficengineeringmanager.Nowhehopesthatothercitieswillconsidermakingtheirstreetsrunsmarterinsteadofjustmakingthembigger.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights. B.Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.C.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals. D.Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.6.WhatdoesKevinBalkesayaboutadaptivesignals?A.Theyworkbetteronbroadroads.B.Theyshouldbeusedinothercities.C.Theyhavegreatlyreducedtrafficontheroad.D.Theyarelesshelpfulincitiesseriouslyjammed.7.WhatcanwelearnfromBellevue’ssuccess?A.Itisrewardingtotrynewthings. B.Theoldmethodsstillworktoday.C.Ipaystoputtheoryintopractice. D.Thesimplestwayisthebestway.【答案】5.C6.D7.A【解析】這是一篇說明文。美國華盛頓州的Bellevue采用了能隨交通狀況而調節(jié)交通燈時間的適應性信號燈，大大緩解了交通壓力，也表明人們對于交通阻塞問題不再只是拓寬道路，而是能夠采用新方法。5.指代猜測題。That位于第二段句首，應是指代第一段的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容尤其是第一段最后一句“Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.(就像交通本身一樣，信號燈的時間也會變化)”可知，第一段主要講述的是信號燈的時間會靈活變化；“Thatisbydesign.”意為“那是有意為之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信號燈的靈活時間”。故選C項。6.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句中“adaptivesignalsarenotacure-allforjammedroadways(但自適應信號并不是解決擁堵道路的萬能藥)”及第二句中“othersaresojammedthatonlyasharpreductioninthenumberofcarsontheroadwillmakeameaningfuldifference(其他城市交通堵塞如此嚴重，只有減少道路上的車輛才能起有意義的作用)”可推知，KevinBalke認為適應性信號燈對于交通堵塞很嚴重的城市沒有太大幫助。故選D項。7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.(這些燈，被稱為適應性信號燈，已經(jīng)大大減少了通勤的麻煩和花費)”最后一段第一句“InBellevue,theswitchtoadaptivesignalshasbeenalessoninthevalueofwelcomingnewapproaches.(在Bellevue，對適應性信號燈的轉變是一個在歡迎新方法的價值方面的榜樣)”可推知，從Bellevue的成功中可以得出，嘗試新事物是值得的。故選A項。3.（2020年7月，浙江高考）Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage,astudypublishedWednesdayinthejournalNeurologysuggests.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1,000retiredworkerswhowereoverage75andassessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.Then,foreightyears,thescientistsaskedthesamegrouptocomebacktothelabevery18monthstotakethesamesortsoftests.Thosewhohadheldmentallystimulating(刺激),demandingjobsbeforeretirementtendedtodothebestonthetests.Andtheytendedtolosecognitive(認知)functionatamuchslowerratethanthosewiththeleastmentallychallengingjobs.Theresultsheldtrueevenafterthescientistsaccountedfortheparticipants’overallhealthstatus.“Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise,”saysFranciscaThen,wholedthestudy.“Afteralongrun,youmayfeellikeyou’reinpain,youmayfeeltired.Butitmakesyoufit.Afteralongdayatwork-sure,youwillfeeltired,butitcanhelpyourbrainstayhealthy.”It'snotjustcorporatejobs,orevenpaidworkthatcanhelpkeepyourbrainfit,Thenpointsout.Awaiter’sjob,forexample,thatrequiresmultitasking,teamworkanddecision-makingcouldbejustasstimulatingasanyhigh-levelofficework.And“runningafamilyhouseholdrequireshigh-levelplanningandcoordinating(協(xié)調),”shesays.“Youhavetoorganizetheactivitiesofthechildrenandtakecareofthebillsandgroceries.”O(jiān)fcourse,ourbrainscandeclineaswegrowolderforlotsofreasons-includingotherenvironmentalinfluencesorgeneticfactors.Still,continuingtochallengeyourselfmentallyandkeepingyourmindbusycanonlyhelp.8.Whydidthescientistsaskthevolunteerstotakethetests?A.Toassesstheirhealthstatus. B.Toevaluatetheirworkhabits.C.Toanalyzetheirpersonality. D.Tomeasuretheirmentalability.9.HowdoesFranciscaThenexplainherfindingsinparagraph4?A.Byusinganexpert’swords. B.Bymakingacomparison.C.Byreferringtoanotherstudy. D.Byintroducingaconcept.10.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkillsB.OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobsC.YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharpD.CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge【答案】8.D9.B10.C【解析】這是一篇說明文?！渡窠?jīng)病學》雜志發(fā)布的一則研究顯示，需要大量的分析思考、細致規(guī)劃和其他管理技能有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，有可能會幫助你的大腦隨著年齡的增長而保持敏銳。8.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1,000retiredworkerswhowereoverage75andassessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.(來自德國萊比錫大學的研究人員召集了1000多名75歲以上的退休老人，并通過一系列的測試對他們的記憶力和思維能力進行了評估。)”可知，科學家讓志愿者做測試是為了測試他們的心智能力。故選D項。9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中FranciscaThen說的話“Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise,(這就像體育鍛煉一樣有效。)”及接下來進一步的解釋“長跑后人就會感到痛苦和疲憊，但它確實能強身健體。工作一天下來會感到勞累，但這也使你的大腦處于健康狀態(tài)”可知，F(xiàn)ranciscaThen是通過與“身體鍛煉”作比較來解釋他的發(fā)現(xiàn)的。故選B項。10.主旨大意題。第一段“Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage(需要大量的分析思考、細致規(guī)劃和其他管理技能有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，有可能會幫助你的大腦隨著年齡的增長而保持敏銳。)”是本文的主題句，結合全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要講述了有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作可能會使大腦保持敏捷，所以C項“困難的工作可能有助于大腦保持敏捷”適合作本文標題。故選C項。4.（2020年1月，浙江高考）Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isroadtestinganewwaytokeepwinterroadsice-free–byspreadingonthemcheesebrine,thesaltyliquidusedtomakesoftcheese,likemozzarella.Wisconsin,alsocalled"America'sDairyland,"isfamousforitscheese.Thestateproduced2.8billionpoundsofcheeselastyear!aresult,therewasalotofleftovercheesebrine.Disposingof(處置)thebrinecanbeexpensive.Sowhatshouldcheesemakersdowiththewaste?Normally,townsuserocksalttode-icestreets.Thesaltlowerswaters'freezingpoint,causingicetomelt(融化).Butusingcheesebrinecouldhelpbothcheeseproducersandcitiessavemoney,whilekeepingroadssafe.Cheesebrinehassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.Inadditiontosavingmoney,cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreenvironment-friendlyoption.Manypeoplesuspectthatalltherocksaltusedeverywinterisharmingtheenvironment.Rocksaltismadeofsodiumchloride,thesanecon-pound(化合物)inordinarytablesalt.Soundsharmless,right?Butwhileyouprobablyaddonlyasmallamountofsalttoyourfood,roadcrewsspreadabout20milliontonsofsaltonU.S.Roadseveryyear!Thechemicalwashesoffroadsandgoesintotheground.Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater,harmplants.andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingcheesebrineonstreetsbeforeaddingalayerofrocksalt,Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby30percent.Cheesebrinehasadownsidetoo–ashellsimilartothatofbadmilk."Idon'treallymindit,"EmilNorbytoldModernFarmermagazine.HeworksforoneofWisconsin'scountyhighwaycommissionsandcameupwiththeideaofusingcheesebrine."OurroadssmelllikeWisconsin!"hesaid.11.Whycancheesebrinehelpkeepwinterroadsice-free?A.Itissoft. B.Itcontainssalt. C.Itiswarm. D.Ithasmilkinit.12.Whatisabenefitofusingcheeseurineonroads?A.Improvingairquality. B.Increasingsalesofrocksalt.C.Reducingwaterpollution. D.Savingthecheeseindustry.13.Milwaukee'snewwaytode-icestreetsmaybeanexampleof_______________.A.barkingupthewrongtree B.puttingthecartbeforethehorseC.robbingPetertopayPaul D.killingtwobirdswithonestone【答案】11.B12.C13.D【解析】這是一篇說明文。主要說明了威斯康辛州的密爾沃基市正在試驗一種新的路面防凍方法——在路面上涂上奶酪鹽水。文章說明了這種新方法的好處是，相比于常用的巖鹽，奶酪鹽水既可以幫助道路不結冰，同時又很省錢環(huán)保。11.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Cheesebrinehassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.（奶酪鹽水中含有鹽，就像巖鹽一樣，有助于降低水的冰點）可知因為奶酪鹽水含有鹽，所以能幫助冬季道路不結冰。故選B。12.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater,harmplants.andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingcheesebrineonstreetsbeforeaddingalayerofrocksalt,Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby30percent.（在那里它可以污染飲用水，傷害植物，侵蝕土壤。通過在街道上撒上奶酪鹽水，然后再撒上一層巖鹽，密爾沃基或許可以將巖鹽的使用量減少30%）可知巖鹽會污染飲用水，而在道路上使用奶酪鹽水可以減少水污染。故選C。13.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Cheesebrinehassaltinit,which,liketherocksalt,helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.（奶酪鹽水中含有鹽，就像巖鹽一樣，有助于降低水的冰點）以及第四段第一句Inadditiontosavingmoney,cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreenvironment-friendlyoption.（除了省錢，奶酪鹽水也是一個更環(huán)保的選擇）可知相比于常用的巖鹽，奶酪鹽水既可以幫助道路不結冰，同時又很省錢環(huán)保，可知密爾沃基市的街道除冰新方法是一個“一石二鳥”的成功例子。故選D。5.（2020年1月，浙江高考）Today'sworldisnotaneasyadjustmentforyoungadults.Keyskillsetforsuccessispersistence(毅力),acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.BYUprofessorsLauraPadilla-WalkerandRandalDayarrivedatthesefindingsafterfollowing325Americanfamiliesoverseveralyears.Andovertime，thepersistencegainedthroughfathersledtohigherachievementinschool."Therearerelativelyfewstudiesthatstresstheuniqueroleoffathers，"Padilla-Walkersaid."Thisresearchalsohelpstoprovethatcharacteristicssuchaspersistence-whichcanbetaught-arekeytoachild'slifesuccess.”Researchersdeterminedthatdadsneedtopracticean"authoritative"parentingstyle.Authoritativeparentingisnotauthoritarian:rigid，demandingorcontrolling.Rather，anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather；responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressedchildrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy(自主權).Inthestudy，about52percentofthedadsexhibitedabove-averagelevelsofauthoritativeparenting.Akeyfindingisthatovertime，childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence，whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.Thisparticularstudyexamined11to14-year-oldslivingintwo-parenthomes.Yettheresearcherssuggestthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence，whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.14.WhatisspecialabouttheBYUprofessors'study?A.Itcenteredonfathers'roleinparenting.B.Itwasbasedonanumberoflargefamilies.C.Itanalyzeddifferentkindsofparentingstyles.D.Itaimedtoimprovekids'achievementinschool.15.Whatwouldanauthoritativefatherdowhenraisinghischildren?A.Ignoretheirdemands. B.Makedecisionsforthem.C.Controltheirbehaviors. D.Explaintherulestothem.16.Whichgroupcanbeafocusoffuturestudiesaccordingtotheresearchers?A.Singleparents.B.Childrenagedfrom11to14.C.Authoritarianfathers.D.Mothersintwo-parenthomes.17.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ThreeCharacteristicsofAuthoritativeFathers.B.KeySkillsforYoungAdultstoSucceedinFuture.C.ChildrenTendtoLearnDeterminationfromFather.D.FamilyRelationshipInfluencesSchoolPerformance.【答案】14.A15.D16.A17.C【解析】這是一篇說明文。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，父親在幫助青春期的孩子學習毅力方面具有獨特的地位。研究人員認為，父親們需要采用一種“權威”的養(yǎng)育方式，且一項重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，隨著時間的推移，由權威父親撫養(yǎng)長大的孩子更有可能培養(yǎng)出堅持不懈的精神，從而在學校取得更好的成績。14.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.（楊百翰大學的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，父親在幫助青春期的孩子學習毅力方面具有獨特的地位）可知楊百翰大學研究的特別之處在于，它關注的是父親在養(yǎng)育子女中的角色。故選A。15.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中Rather，anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather；responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressedchildrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy.（相反，權威的養(yǎng)育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子們感受到來自父親的溫暖和愛；強調責任和規(guī)則背后的原因；孩子們被給予適當?shù)淖灾鳈啵┛芍粋€有權威的父親在撫養(yǎng)孩子時會向他們解釋規(guī)則。故選D。16.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句Yettheresearcherssuggestthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence，whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.（然而，研究人員認為，單親父母仍然可能在教授堅持不懈的好處方面發(fā)揮作用，這是未來研究的一個方向）可知根據(jù)研究人員的說法，單親父母是未來研究的重點。故選A。17.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中Akeyfindingisthatovertime，childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence，whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.（一項重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，隨著時間的推移，由權威父親撫養(yǎng)長大的孩子更有可能培養(yǎng)出堅持不懈的精神，從而在學校取得更好的成績）和文章主要內(nèi)容為說明父親在養(yǎng)育子女中的角色，故選C選項“孩子們傾向于向父親學習決心”最符合文章標題。故選C。6.（2019年6月，浙江高考）Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(資源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.18.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.19.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B.Banningwoodcutting.C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.D.Firecontrolmeasures.20.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt. B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate. D.Dampnessoftheair.21.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D.PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia【答案】18.A19.D20.C21.A【解析】這是一篇說明文。根據(jù)一項研究顯示，自20世紀30年代以來，加州已經(jīng)損失了一半的大樹，而氣候變化似乎是其主要因素。18.主旨大意題。第二段中，作者用具體數(shù)據(jù)說明了大樹損失在各個地區(qū)的嚴重程度，沒有任何地區(qū)幸免或不受影響，故選A。19.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(資源).可知，對野火的控制使得加利福尼亞的森林里擠滿了小樹，與大樹爭奪資源，也就是對野火的控制是善意的，但對大樹產(chǎn)生了不利的影響。故選D。20.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.可知，造成加州水資源短缺的最大因素是溫度升高，這導致樹木向空氣中流失更多的水分，以及更早的融雪，這減少了旱季對樹木的供水量。故選C。21.主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，自20世紀30年代以來，加州已經(jīng)損失了一半的大樹，文章分析了引起該現(xiàn)象的幾個主要因素。全文圍繞“加州森林的大樹都去哪兒了”話題展開，故選項A。7.（2018年11月，浙江高考）Themostwelcomesightonacold,wetwinternightinLondonisthefamiliarshapeofaLondontaxicabapproachingwithitsyellow“forhire”signshiningbrightly.Thatshowsitisreadytopickyouup.TravellingbytaxiinLondonisnotjustawayofgoingfromoneplacetoanother.Itisanexperiencetobeenjoyedandremembered.Themainreasonforthisisthedrivers,whoarecalled"cabbies."ManyofthemaretrueCockneys.ThismeanstheywerebornintheheartofLondonandspeaktheirownspecialdialect(方言)ofEnglish.Allofthemknoweverystreetandfamousbuildinginthecity,andallofthemlovetotalk.Asimpletwenty-minuteJourneyacrosstowncanbecomeveryinteresting.Youmayhaveadiscussionaboutthegovernmentanditsleadersorafriendlytalkaboutthedriver’sAuntyNellie!Onethingisforsure,itwillneverbeboring.Cabbiesknowallthelatestnewsaboutfilmstars,theRoyalFamily,governmentleaders,andpopularsingersoractorsandactresses.Theyalsoknowthebestplacestoeat,shopandrelax.Andtheycantakeyoustraighttoanylargehotel,departmentstore,theatreormuseum.Theyknowtheshortestwaypossiblewithoutevenlookingatamap,becauseeveryonewhowantstobecomeataxidrivermustpassaverydifficultexaminationinordertogetalicensetodriveataxi.Theexamiscalled“TheKnowledge.”Itisawrittentest,andinitdriversareaskedtheshortestwayfromoneplacetoanother.Theymusttakeintoaccountthetimeofday—inrushhour,alongerroute(路線)maybequicker—anddescribethebestway.Moreovertheymustneverforgettheone-waystreets!22.FromwhatcanwetellthatsomeoneisaCockney?A.Theirinterest.B.Theirmanners.C.Theirspeech.D.Theirappearance.23.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestbymentioning"AuntyNellie"inparagraph2?A.Passengersarefullofcuriosity.B.Cabbies’topicsarewide-ranging.C.AuntyNellieispopularinLondon.D.Londonersarefriendlytoeachother.24.Whatisthepurposeof"TheKnowledge"?A.Toqualifyonetodriveataxi.B.Toassessone’sdrivingskills.C.Totestdrivers’abilitytowrite.D.Tochecktaxidriversmemory.【答案】22.C23.B24.A【解析】本文是說明文。文章介紹了在倫敦坐出租車是一種值得享受和銘記的經(jīng)歷，倫敦出租車司機們友好健談，對倫敦非常熟悉，都是通過考試的合格司機。22.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段ManyofthemaretrueCockneys.ThismeanstheywerebornintheheartofLondonandspeaktheirownspecialdialect(方言)ofEnglish.Allofthemknoweverystreetandfamousbuildinginthecity,andallofthemlovetotalk.可知，真正的Cockneys出生在倫敦，說倫敦特殊的方言，對倫敦地理熟悉且喜歡交談。所以通過一個人的說話就能判斷是不是Cockney。故選C。23.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中Asimpletwenty-minuteJourneyacrosstowncanbecomeveryinteresting.Youmayhaveadiscussionaboutthegovernmentanditsleadersorafriendlytalkaboutthedriver’sAuntyNellie!可知，倫敦出租車司機能夠讓乘客旅途很有趣，可能會談論政府和領導，也可能會談論司機的家人。作者提到"AuntyNellie"是為了說明出租車司機的話題很廣泛，他們很健談。故選B。24.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段everyonewhowantstobecomeataxidrivermustpassaverydifficultexaminationinordertogetalicensetodriveataxi.Theexamiscalled“TheKnowledge.”Itisawrittentest,andinitdriversareaskedtheshortestwayfromoneplacetoanother.可知，TheKnowledge是出租車司機的資格考試，通過筆試測試司機對路線的熟悉程度，應變能力等。故選A。8.（2018年11月，浙江高考）ThismonthmillionsofAmericankidscanforgetaboutclassroombellsandsetoffforgrandparents’homes,sleep-awaycampsandlifeguardstands.Butsummervacationhasn’talwaysbeenabirthrightofU.S.schoolchildren.BeforetheCivilWar,schoolsoperatedononeoftwocalendars(日歷),neitherofwhichincludedasummervacation.Rural(農(nóng)村的)schoolingwasdividedintosummerandwinterterms,leavingkidsfreetohelpwiththefarmworkinthespringplantingandfallharvestseasons.Urbanstudents,meanwhile,regularlyhadasmanyas48weeksofstudyayear,withonebreakperquarter.Inthe1840s,however,educationalreformerslikeHoraceMannmovedtocombinethetwocalendarsoutofconcernthatruralschoolingwasnotenoughandthatoverusingofyoungmindscouldleadtonervousdisorders.Summerappearedastheobvioustimeforabreak：itofferedarestforteachers,fitinthefarmingcalendarandreduceddoctors’concernthatpackingstudentsintohotclassroomswouldpromotethespreadofdisease.Butpeople’sopinionaboutthemodernU.S.schoolyear,whichaverages180days,isstilldivided.Someexpertssayitspleasantbutlazysummerbreak,whichtookholdintheearly20thcentury,isoneofthereasonsmathskillsandgraduationratesofU.S.highschoolersrankedwellbelowaverageintwointernationaleducationreportspublishedin2007.Othersinsistthatwithchildrenunderincreasingpressuretodevotetheirdowntimetointernships(實習)orstudy,there’sstillroomforaninstitutionthatprotectsthelazydaysofchildhood.25.WhatdidtheruralschoolcalendarbeforetheCivilWarallowchildrentodo?A.Enjoyasummervacation.B.Takeabreakeachquarter.C.Have48weeksofstudyayear.D.Assisttheirparentswithfarmwork.26.Whatdidtheeducationalreformersdointhe1840s?A.Theyintroducedsummervacation.B.Theyshortenedruralschoolterms.C.Theypromotedthestudyoffarming.D.Theyadvocatedhigherpayforteachers.27.WhyaresomepeopleunhappyaboutthemodernU.S.schoolyear?A.Itpushestheteacherstoohard.B.Itreducesthequalityofeducation.C.Itignoresscienceinstruction.D.Itincludesnotimeforinternships.【答案】25.D26.A27.B【解析】本文是說明文，介紹了美國學校假期的設置，變化，暑假的設立過程及優(yōu)缺點。25.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段Rural(農(nóng)村的)schoolingwasdividedintosummerandwinterterms,leavingkidsfreetohelpwiththefarmworkinthespringplantingandfallharvestseasons.可知，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)前的農(nóng)村校歷包括夏季學期和冬季學期，讓孩子們在春天播種和秋天收獲時過假期幫助父母干農(nóng)活。故選D。26.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段Inthe1840s,however,educationalreformerslikeHoraceMannmovedtocombinethetwocalendarsoutofconcern……Summerappearedastheobvioustimeforabreak.可知，1840年代的教育改革提出了暑假休息的說法及各方面的原因，故選A。27.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段Someexpertssayitspleasantbutlazysummerbreak,whichtookholdintheearly20thcentury,isoneofthereasonsmathskillsandgraduationratesofU.S.highschoolersrankedwellbelowaverageintwointernationaleducationreportspublishedin2007.可知，針對現(xiàn)在的美國學年，根據(jù)2007年發(fā)表的兩份國際教育報告，美國高中學生的數(shù)學能力和畢業(yè)率遠低于平均水平的現(xiàn)狀，一些專家認為慵懶的暑假降低了教育質量。故選B。9.（2018年6月，浙江高考）StevenSteinlik