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《片煙貯存養(yǎng)護(hù)氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法》技術(shù)報(bào)告項(xiàng)目組2019年4月目錄1 概述 31.1 項(xiàng)目背景 31.2 項(xiàng)目意義 32 項(xiàng)目的前期研究成果 33 技術(shù)路線與實(shí)施方案 43.1 技術(shù)路線 43.2 實(shí)施方案 53.2.1 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法工藝驗(yàn)證 53.2.2 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法殺蟲驗(yàn)證 63.2.3 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙品質(zhì)驗(yàn)證 64 項(xiàng)目研究的主要內(nèi)容 64.1 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙貯存養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)工藝的驗(yàn)證 64.1.1 帳幕氣密性驗(yàn)證 64.1.2 密封帳幕承壓驗(yàn)證 84.1.3 密封堆垛煙箱內(nèi)外氧氣平衡驗(yàn)證 84.1.4 帶內(nèi)襯與不帶內(nèi)襯煙垛降氧過程驗(yàn)證 104.1.5 氧氣回調(diào)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證 114.1.6 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法拆垛安全驗(yàn)證 134.2 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙貯存養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)蟲害治理的驗(yàn)證 154.2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組與條件設(shè)置 154.2.2 試蟲的準(zhǔn)備與處理 154.2.3 低氧對(duì)煙草甲卵的作用效果 164.2.4 低氧對(duì)煙草甲幼蟲的作用效果 164.2.5 低氧對(duì)煙草甲成蟲的作用效果 174.2.6 結(jié)論 184.3 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙貯存養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)的驗(yàn)證 184.3.1 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法殺蟲階段對(duì)片煙品質(zhì)影響 184.3.2 氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法養(yǎng)護(hù)階段對(duì)片煙品質(zhì)分析 195 結(jié)論 32參考文獻(xiàn): 32
概述項(xiàng)目背景近年來隨著國內(nèi)煙草需求的增加,煙葉的儲(chǔ)存規(guī)模和儲(chǔ)量的增大,“綠色、健康、安全、環(huán)保、高效”的煙葉養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)受到越來越多的關(guān)注[1-3],項(xiàng)目組近年來聯(lián)合國內(nèi)同行及相關(guān)科研院所進(jìn)行了氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)相關(guān)研究和試驗(yàn)。由于氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法能有效的防治煙草蟲害和霉變,降低庫存煙葉損耗,替代磷化氫熏蒸并杜絕有毒氣體的排放,近年來逐步為國內(nèi)煙草行業(yè)所接受和認(rèn)可[4-5]。2012年以來,項(xiàng)目組在廣東中煙工業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司的黃埔倉庫、塞壩口倉庫、北襯倉庫和霸王倉庫等地進(jìn)行了氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙貯藏養(yǎng)護(hù)的推廣應(yīng)用,至2018年底,采用氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法養(yǎng)護(hù)的片煙累計(jì)超過260萬擔(dān),為企業(yè)帶來了顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。項(xiàng)目意義項(xiàng)目的前期研究成果2011年,湖南華望熏蒸消毒有限公司委托河南工業(yè)大學(xué)糧油食品學(xué)院進(jìn)行了氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)技術(shù)防治煙草甲的實(shí)際工業(yè)驗(yàn)證生物測(cè)定,報(bào)告顯示溫度為15℃-25℃,相對(duì)濕度為55%-65%,氮?dú)鉂舛却笥?8%的條件下,24天內(nèi)均能殺滅各蟲態(tài)的煙草甲,且氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法殺滅煙草甲的效果明顯優(yōu)于除氧劑氣調(diào)貯存法。根據(jù)前期的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),項(xiàng)目組提出了采用氮?dú)鈱?duì)片煙進(jìn)行貯存養(yǎng)護(hù)的方法,并在國內(nèi)主要卷煙廠進(jìn)行了科研立項(xiàng),開展了大量的工藝研究工作。2011-2012年,廣東中煙工業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司聯(lián)合湖南華望熏蒸消毒有限公司進(jìn)行了《物理氣調(diào)法片煙貯存技術(shù)與工藝的研究》科技項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)。研究了氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙儲(chǔ)藏技術(shù)與工藝,結(jié)果表明氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法殺滅煙草甲的效果優(yōu)異。氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法能快速將氮?dú)鉂舛忍嵘?8%以上,對(duì)煙草甲卵、幼蟲和成蟲都有很好的殺滅效果,對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法工業(yè)化快速殺蟲具有重要意義。2012年,上海煙草集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司上海煙草儲(chǔ)運(yùn)公司與湖南華望熏蒸消毒有限公司進(jìn)行了《膜制氮技術(shù)在儲(chǔ)煙蟲害防治中的應(yīng)用研究》科技項(xiàng)目的研究,完成了氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法在清潔倉間儲(chǔ)煙蟲害防治的應(yīng)用研究,氮?dú)鉂舛葹?9-100%和98%-99%的氮?dú)猸h(huán)境在30d時(shí)間內(nèi)均能完全殺滅各蟲態(tài)蟲害,氮?dú)鉂舛仍礁摺囟仍礁?,殺滅效果越好,?jīng)氮?dú)馓幚淼臒熑~與未經(jīng)氮?dú)猓▽?duì)照組)處理的煙葉理化指標(biāo)基本一致,氮?dú)馓幚韺?duì)煙葉的自然醇化速度無影響。2013-2015年,紅塔遼寧煙草有限責(zé)任公司與湖南華望熏蒸消毒有限公司進(jìn)行了《物理氣調(diào)法片煙貯藏養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)的研究》項(xiàng)目研究,驗(yàn)證了氮?dú)鈱?duì)儲(chǔ)煙蟲害防治和煙葉品質(zhì)的影響。氮?dú)鉂舛雀哂?8%的低氧環(huán)境處理30天完全致死各蟲態(tài)的煙草甲;經(jīng)過15個(gè)月氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)處理的煙葉和常規(guī)貯藏的煙葉總糖、總氮、煙堿、鉀和氯等理化指標(biāo)差異不顯著;貯藏期越長,煙葉顏色保持越好;2個(gè)月富氮?dú)⑾x后調(diào)節(jié)至環(huán)境氧濃度水平繼續(xù)儲(chǔ)存的片煙、只密封不降氧的片煙和自然醇化的片煙抽吸品質(zhì)無明顯差別。項(xiàng)目申報(bào)前,本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)申報(bào)單位共計(jì)發(fā)表論文3篇[4,7-8],取得授權(quán)專利2項(xiàng)[9-10]。技術(shù)路線與實(shí)施方案技術(shù)路線項(xiàng)目技術(shù)路線圖如圖1所示,本項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)路線主要集中在以下兩部分:研究氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法工藝指標(biāo),確定帳幕氣密性、帳幕充氮壓力、煙箱內(nèi)外氮?dú)馄胶鈺r(shí)間、有無內(nèi)襯煙垛充氣頻次及拆垛安全等參數(shù)。研究氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法低氧殺蟲要求,詳細(xì)分析不同溫度區(qū)間低氧殺蟲的保持時(shí)間及殺蟲效果。圖1技術(shù)路線實(shí)施方案針對(duì)技術(shù)路線中確定的氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法工藝、低氧殺蟲和片煙品質(zhì)三大部分,分別確定相應(yīng)的驗(yàn)證方法。具體如下:氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法工藝驗(yàn)證針對(duì)帳幕氣密性要求,根據(jù)GB/T25229-2010《糧油儲(chǔ)藏平房倉氣密性要求》中第四條氣密性分級(jí)中的氣調(diào)儲(chǔ)糧1級(jí)氣密性等級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,帳幕充氮壓力直接采用帳幕充氣測(cè)試,通過在堆垛煙箱內(nèi)設(shè)置檢測(cè)點(diǎn)試驗(yàn)煙箱內(nèi)外氮?dú)馄胶鈺r(shí)間為帳幕充氮靜置時(shí)間提供數(shù)據(jù)。針對(duì)拆垛用煙過程中存在的安全隱患,分別試驗(yàn)了倉庫門窗緊閉和啟動(dòng)庫內(nèi)通風(fēng)設(shè)施的前提下,拆垛后氮?dú)鈹U(kuò)散的規(guī)律,為氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法用氮安全提供依據(jù)。此外,針對(duì)醇化階段存在氧氣回調(diào)的要求,驗(yàn)證了氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙養(yǎng)護(hù)氧氣回調(diào)的方式方法。氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法低氧殺蟲驗(yàn)證低氧環(huán)境下(氧氣濃度≤2%),不同溫度區(qū)間,驗(yàn)證煙草甲各蟲態(tài)(卵、幼蟲、成蟲)的致死時(shí)間(LT99)和半致死時(shí)間(LT50)。氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙品質(zhì)驗(yàn)證氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙品質(zhì)驗(yàn)證分為兩個(gè)階段:殺蟲階段和醇化階段,分別驗(yàn)證了水分、煙堿、總糖、還原糖、總氮、鉀、氯和pH指標(biāo)的變化趨勢(shì)。項(xiàng)目研究的主要內(nèi)容氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙貯存養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)工藝的驗(yàn)證帳幕氣密性驗(yàn)證密封工藝的確定目前行業(yè)內(nèi)使用除氧劑氣調(diào)或氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法進(jìn)行片煙養(yǎng)護(hù)時(shí),其密封工藝一般為熱封式工藝和壓槽式密封工藝兩種。湖南華望熏蒸消毒有限公司與上海煙草集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司上海煙草儲(chǔ)運(yùn)公司合作展開的《膜制氮技術(shù)在儲(chǔ)煙蟲害防治中的應(yīng)用研究》項(xiàng)目研究成果表明,使用槽管密封方法對(duì)煙葉堆垛進(jìn)行密封時(shí),帳幕內(nèi)負(fù)壓從-300Pa升至-150Pa的壓力下半衰期時(shí)間為2分24秒至3分42秒,且后期實(shí)驗(yàn)堆垛氧氣濃度無法維持在2%以下。因此,在煙葉氣調(diào)領(lǐng)域普遍采用塑料薄膜作為密封材質(zhì)的情況下,壓槽式密封工藝所制作的帳幕不適用于氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法,本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行煙垛密封均采用熱封工藝。氣密性驗(yàn)證塑料薄膜密封堆垛后,防止氮?dú)庑孤侗U隙鈨?nèi)氮?dú)鉂舛染S持在穩(wěn)定的范圍內(nèi),對(duì)密封堆垛進(jìn)行氣密性檢測(cè)是確保氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法工藝的關(guān)鍵。密封帳幕氣密性效果的判定方式有兩種:正壓衰減法半衰期判定和負(fù)壓衰減法半衰期判定。本研究中選擇負(fù)壓衰減法對(duì)36個(gè)試驗(yàn)堆垛的氣密性進(jìn)行判定。判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依據(jù)《GB/T25229-2010糧油儲(chǔ)藏平房倉氣密性要求》(氣調(diào)儲(chǔ)糧一級(jí)氣密性要求:從-300帕升至-150帕的半衰期時(shí)間≥5min)確定,若半衰期≥5min,則堆垛密封效果良好,半衰期時(shí)間越長,堆垛密封效果越好。相同負(fù)壓半衰期,其負(fù)壓值越高,密封效果越好。具體操作方法為:用抽風(fēng)機(jī)將堆垛內(nèi)抽成較高負(fù)壓(為了盡可能減少垛內(nèi)氣體)后停止抽氣。記錄負(fù)壓變化,確定并記錄負(fù)壓由-300帕衰減至-150帕的時(shí)間,即為負(fù)壓半衰期?,F(xiàn)將供試片煙分為A、B、C、D四組(共計(jì)1360件),每組包含三個(gè)產(chǎn)地中各三個(gè)等級(jí)的片煙堆垛(共36個(gè)堆垛),A組中九個(gè)堆垛編號(hào)依次為A1-A9,B、C、D組依此類推(見表1)。垛內(nèi)氣密性檢測(cè)見表2。表1試驗(yàn)煙葉等級(jí)及分組產(chǎn)地等級(jí)堆垛編號(hào)及數(shù)量A組(數(shù)量/箱)B組(數(shù)量/箱)C組(數(shù)量/箱)D組(數(shù)量/箱)云南曲靖B2F(JD)A1(24)B1(60)C1(32)D1(35)C3F(A)A2(24)B2(60)C2(32)D2(35)X2F(B)A3(24)B3(60)C3(32)D3(35)貴州畢節(jié)B2F(B1)A4(24)B4(60)C4(32)D4(35)C3F(A)A5(24)B5(60)C5(32)D5(35)X2FA6(24)B6(60)C6(32)D6(35)湖南衡陽B2F(B1JD)A7(24)B7(60)C7(32)D7(35)C3F(C1)A8(24)B8(60)C8(32)D8(35)X2F(JD)A9(24)B9(60)C9(32)D9(36)表2密封煙垛負(fù)壓半衰期表編號(hào)負(fù)壓半衰期(min)編號(hào)負(fù)壓半衰期(min)編號(hào)負(fù)壓半衰期(min)編號(hào)負(fù)壓半衰期(min)A132B160C143D126A244B252C255D215A317B363C338D342A425B417C416D418A551B545C515D519A636B640C650D622A730B715C760D715A860B865C847D828A922B910C945D940表2實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,采用PA/PE復(fù)合薄膜作為煙垛帳幕材質(zhì)通過熱封工藝縫合完全能達(dá)到氣調(diào)儲(chǔ)糧一級(jí)氣密性要求,通過后續(xù)的密封殺蟲期和片煙養(yǎng)護(hù)期的垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度跟蹤監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明煙垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度保持穩(wěn)定,未發(fā)現(xiàn)劇烈波動(dòng)現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。小結(jié):根據(jù)上述數(shù)據(jù)表明,密封性能達(dá)到《GB/T25229-2010糧油儲(chǔ)藏平房倉氣密性要求》后,密封帳幕內(nèi)氧氣濃度未發(fā)生劇烈波動(dòng),符合氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法工藝技術(shù)要求。密封帳幕承壓驗(yàn)證氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法帳幕所使用的材料為PA/PE復(fù)合膜,帳幕由底膜和頂膜通過熱封縫合,同時(shí)安裝有充氮接口、垛內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)檢測(cè)口等。制氮機(jī)制備的氮?dú)馔ㄟ^輸?shù)艿垒斔椭翢煻獾膲毫h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出PE/PA復(fù)合薄膜的承受壓力,為了調(diào)控氮?dú)鈮毫?,一方面需在氮?dú)獬隹诎惭b減壓閥調(diào)節(jié)輸出壓力,另一方面在煙垛進(jìn)氣端必須控制充氣壓力。堆垛密封且氣密性合格后,將制氮機(jī)產(chǎn)生的高純氮?dú)獬淙朊芊舛讯鈨?nèi),同時(shí),將壓力檢測(cè)儀與密封帳幕相連,以檢測(cè)垛內(nèi)壓力變化。密封帳幕在充氮過程中,垛內(nèi)壓力緩慢上升,當(dāng)達(dá)到帳幕最大承受壓力后帳幕破裂,垛內(nèi)壓力下降,表3記錄了實(shí)驗(yàn)堆垛帳幕承受最大壓力值。表3密封煙垛帳幕充氣最大承壓試驗(yàn)編號(hào)充氣壓力(Pa)編號(hào)充氣壓力(Pa)編號(hào)充氣壓力(Pa)編號(hào)充氣壓力(Pa)A18.9B16.7C19.5D19.2A28.6B27.2C29.3D27.3A38.4B39.5C38.2D37.7A47.9B49.6C48.7D46.9A59.1B57.5C55.4D58.3A69.6B67.0C66.9D68.6A76.8B75.9C77.6D77.8A87.7B88.5C87.4D88.4A98.4B98.1C98.2D97.3密封堆垛煙箱內(nèi)外氧氣平衡驗(yàn)證在A、B、C、D四組帳幕堆垛內(nèi)隨機(jī)各選擇4個(gè)堆垛,在每個(gè)堆垛不同方位不同層級(jí)選取3個(gè)檢測(cè)點(diǎn),密封完畢后進(jìn)行降氧操作,每輪降氧操作完成后,每隔30min檢測(cè)1次帳幕空間和煙箱中心的氧氣濃度,直至帳幕空間和煙箱中心氧氣濃度基本相同,記錄氧氣濃度平衡所需的時(shí)間。圖2密封堆垛煙箱內(nèi)外氧氣平衡試驗(yàn)示意圖煙箱內(nèi)的氧氣濃度檢測(cè)采用用長60cm、管徑Φ10mm、壁厚2mm的不銹鋼氣體取樣探頭,煙垛密封前,選擇正常碼放(從上往下)在第一層、第二層和第三層的不同方位煙箱,取樣探頭一端帶吸氣細(xì)孔且頭部尖銳部分插入煙箱內(nèi)部正中,另一端與Φ10mm的硅膠管相連作為氣體取樣口,硅膠管通過帳幕密封接頭密封后延伸至帳幕外,并用燕尾夾夾緊,不銹鋼管與煙箱接觸處用橡皮泥封糊,以防漏氣。同時(shí)帳幕內(nèi)預(yù)留一個(gè)氧氣濃度檢測(cè)口,如圖2所示。表4不帶內(nèi)襯煙垛降氧煙箱內(nèi)外氧氣平衡試驗(yàn)編號(hào)第一輪(h)第二輪(h)第三輪(h)第四輪(h)第五輪(h)第六輪(h)A13.53.02.2BC3.02.82.4D表5帶內(nèi)襯煙垛降氧煙箱內(nèi)外氧氣平衡試驗(yàn)編號(hào)第一輪(h)第二輪(h)第三輪(h)第四輪(h)第五輪(h)第六輪(h)第七輪(h)第八輪(h)A211.511.011.410.69.811.310.39.5B211.610.411.011.010.1C210.810.711.410.510.110.510.59.8D211.511.310.711.511.711.511.59.6帶內(nèi)襯與不帶內(nèi)襯煙垛降氧過程驗(yàn)證選擇兩類堆垛:一類為帶內(nèi)襯薄膜的煙垛,另一類為不帶內(nèi)襯薄膜的煙垛。兩類煙垛密封并檢測(cè)氣密性后,將制氮機(jī)產(chǎn)生的高純氮?dú)獬淙朊芊舛讯鈨?nèi),置換垛內(nèi)的氣體,直至垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度穩(wěn)定在設(shè)定的范圍內(nèi)。試驗(yàn)堆垛每次充氣前和充氣后檢測(cè)垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度。采用間歇式降氧模式,帶內(nèi)襯薄膜的煙垛經(jīng)過8-9次左右降氧后,垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度穩(wěn)定在2%以下,如圖3所示。不帶內(nèi)襯薄膜的煙垛經(jīng)過6次左右降氧后,垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度穩(wěn)定在2%以下,如圖4所示。圖3帶內(nèi)襯煙垛每次降氧前后垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度情況圖4不帶內(nèi)襯煙垛每次降氧前后垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度情況圖3和圖4表明:1、在每次充氣后,降氧過程的前期堆垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度下降幅度較大,后期較小,5次降氧后垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度逐漸穩(wěn)定;2、每次充氣放置一段時(shí)間后,密封堆垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度略有回升,這主要是由于每次充氣后帳幕空間內(nèi)氧氣濃度快速降低,而帳幕空間與煙箱內(nèi)氣體交換需要較長時(shí)間,靜置期間煙箱內(nèi)的較高濃度的氧氣向帳幕空間擴(kuò)散,導(dǎo)致密封堆垛氧氣濃度略有回升。采用連續(xù)式降氧模式,帶內(nèi)襯薄膜的煙垛經(jīng)過134h降氧后,垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度穩(wěn)定在2%以下。不帶內(nèi)襯薄膜的煙垛經(jīng)過72h降氧后,垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度穩(wěn)定在2%以下,如表6所示。表6煙垛連續(xù)充氮降氧時(shí)間與垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度關(guān)系煙垛類型連續(xù)充氮后垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度變化81624367296120134煙箱有內(nèi)襯19.6%17.4%15.7%13.8%12.5%6.3%3.6%1.7%煙箱無內(nèi)襯17.3%14.2%10.35.6%1.8%因此,采用連續(xù)式降氧模式,帶內(nèi)襯和不帶內(nèi)襯的煙垛差異較大,帶內(nèi)襯的煙垛降氧時(shí)間過長,能耗過大,不適宜采用。氧氣回調(diào)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證煙垛補(bǔ)氧量的估算氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法經(jīng)低氧殺蟲階段后各地可根據(jù)實(shí)際需要進(jìn)行后期回氧貯存養(yǎng)護(hù),目前回氧方式主要有兩種:一種是補(bǔ)充高濃度氧氣;另一種是補(bǔ)充空氣。第二種氧氣回調(diào)方式經(jīng)濟(jì)、安全、方便,項(xiàng)目組以第二種方式進(jìn)行補(bǔ)氧量的估算。片煙貯藏養(yǎng)護(hù)的煙箱規(guī)格為1.136m×0.72m×0.725m(0.6m3),一件煙箱重量在200k左右,氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法降氧過程當(dāng)煙箱內(nèi)外氧氣濃度達(dá)到平衡后,帳幕氧氣濃度維持穩(wěn)定。表7煙垛氧氣回調(diào)前后檢測(cè)參數(shù)序號(hào)試驗(yàn)階段煙垛規(guī)格(件)帳幕體積(m3)氧氣濃度(%)補(bǔ)充空氣體積(m3)1氧氣回調(diào)前148104.41.0%02氧氣回調(diào)后8.0%15.6煙箱的總體積為:148件×0.6立方/件=88.8立方。實(shí)驗(yàn)煙垛經(jīng)補(bǔ)充空氣后氧氣濃度為8%,則:氧氣88其中a為煙箱空體積百分率。解得:a=1/3即對(duì)于200kg一件的片煙,能容納空氣的體積占三分之一,其余為片煙的體積。因此,通過補(bǔ)充空氣方式進(jìn)行氧氣回調(diào),煙垛氧氣回調(diào)濃度與補(bǔ)充空氣體積之間的關(guān)系為:y其中:n煙箱件數(shù);0.6n煙箱體積;0.6n/3煙箱內(nèi)容納空氣體積;V2補(bǔ)充空氣體積;V1帳幕體積;21%空氣中氧氣體積百分比;x回調(diào)前帳幕氧氣濃度。調(diào)氧公式的驗(yàn)證氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法完成蟲害治理工作后,應(yīng)按照YC/T322-2018第5.4條中的相關(guān)要求,或不同卷煙產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的要求進(jìn)行養(yǎng)護(hù)和氧氣濃度的回調(diào)。氧氣濃度的回調(diào)可通過充入空氣進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),充入空氣的體積可參照下列經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式估算:y其中:V1帳幕體積;V2補(bǔ)充的空氣體積;n煙垛煙箱數(shù)(件);x煙垛初始氧氣濃度;y煙垛回調(diào)氧氣濃度。根據(jù)此經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,選取煙垛規(guī)格為31件、55件、86件、148件和179件進(jìn)行充氮體積和最終濃度的驗(yàn)證。表8氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法氧氣回調(diào)補(bǔ)充空氣經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式驗(yàn)證序號(hào)煙垛規(guī)格(件)帳幕體積(m3)初始濃度(%)回調(diào)濃度(%)計(jì)算體積(m3)實(shí)際體積(m3)13130.31.07.3%5.935.65255480.98.5%10.110.46386%12.1612.664148%19.3318.455179%24.4825.65針對(duì)不同規(guī)格煙垛進(jìn)行氧氣回調(diào)的驗(yàn)證表明(表8),充入計(jì)量的空氣后,當(dāng)垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度趨于平衡時(shí),經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算所得的數(shù)值與實(shí)際數(shù)值誤差控制在5%以內(nèi),但充氮量的大小還受密封質(zhì)量、煙堆大小、氧氣濃度、氣壓等其他因素的影響,故并未在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文本中設(shè)定統(tǒng)一的計(jì)算公式。氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法拆垛安全驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容倉庫門窗密閉時(shí),全部或部分拆除低氧(<2%)狀態(tài)煙垛帳幕對(duì)垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度變化規(guī)律的影響。倉庫門窗打開或啟動(dòng)庫內(nèi)通風(fēng)設(shè)施時(shí),全部或部分拆除低氧(<2%)狀態(tài)煙垛帳幕對(duì)垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度變化規(guī)律的影響。庫內(nèi)門窗緊閉情況下垛內(nèi)氧氣變化當(dāng)垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度穩(wěn)定在2%以下后,關(guān)閉庫內(nèi)所有門窗和通風(fēng)設(shè)施,選擇試驗(yàn)堆垛一邊,沿帳幕底邊劃開馬蹄形4m*3m的口子,然后,分別于煙葉堆垛的前后左右四個(gè)方位設(shè)置1個(gè)連續(xù)氧氣濃度檢測(cè)點(diǎn),持續(xù)檢測(cè)氧氣濃度變化情況,待帳幕氧氣濃度超過19.5%(安全用氧濃度)后停止記錄(表9),記錄氧氣濃度變化規(guī)律,確定拆垛時(shí)工作人員所需的散氣(氧氣回升至安全濃度)等待時(shí)間。表9庫內(nèi)門窗緊閉時(shí),低氧拆垛氧氣濃度變化數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)目垛位號(hào)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)(1)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)(2)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)(3)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)(4)探頭位置平衡時(shí)間(s)氧氣濃度%探頭位置平衡時(shí)間(s)氧氣濃度%探頭位置平衡時(shí)間(s)氧氣濃度%探頭位置平衡時(shí)間(s)氧氣濃度%A1緊貼煙箱3019.6%緊貼煙箱2519.5%緊貼煙箱2819.7%緊貼煙箱2619.8%A2緊貼煙箱2319.5%緊貼煙箱2719.5%緊貼煙箱2219.5%緊貼煙箱2119.7%A3緊貼煙箱2919.5%緊貼煙箱2919.6%緊貼煙箱3019.6%緊貼煙箱2719.5%當(dāng)庫內(nèi)門窗緊閉后拆垛,帳幕空間氧氣濃度回升至19.5%最長需耗時(shí)30秒。庫內(nèi)門窗打開(或啟動(dòng)通風(fēng)設(shè)施)情況下垛內(nèi)氧氣變化當(dāng)垛內(nèi)氧氣濃度穩(wěn)定在2%以下后,打開庫內(nèi)所有門窗或通風(fēng)設(shè)施,選擇試驗(yàn)堆垛一邊,沿帳幕底邊劃開馬蹄形4m*3m左右的口子,分別在片煙堆垛前后左右四個(gè)方位設(shè)置1個(gè)連續(xù)氧氣濃度檢測(cè)點(diǎn),持續(xù)檢測(cè)氧氣濃度變化情況,待帳幕氧氣濃度超過19.5%(安全用氧濃度)后停止記錄(表10),記錄氧氣濃度變化規(guī)律,確定拆垛時(shí)所需的散氣等待時(shí)間。表10庫內(nèi)門窗打開(或啟動(dòng)通風(fēng)設(shè)施)時(shí),低氧拆垛氧氣濃度變化數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)目垛位號(hào)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)(1)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)(2)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)(3)檢測(cè)點(diǎn)(4)探頭位置平衡時(shí)間(s)氧氣濃度%探頭位置平衡時(shí)間(s)氧氣濃度%探頭位置平衡時(shí)間(s)氧氣濃度%探頭位置平衡時(shí)間(s)氧氣濃度%B1緊貼煙箱519.7%緊貼煙箱419.6%緊貼煙箱919.6%緊貼煙箱619.5%B2緊貼煙箱319.5%緊貼煙箱519.7%緊貼煙箱919.7%緊貼煙箱419.8%B3緊貼煙箱419.5%緊貼煙箱619.9%緊貼煙箱1019.7%緊貼煙箱519.6%當(dāng)庫內(nèi)門窗打開或啟動(dòng)庫內(nèi)通風(fēng)設(shè)施后拆垛,帳幕空間氧氣濃度經(jīng)10秒后迅速回升到19.5%,與庫內(nèi)門窗緊閉比較,打開倉庫門窗或啟動(dòng)庫內(nèi)通風(fēng)實(shí)施對(duì)氧氣濃度的回升效果更好。氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙貯存養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)蟲害治理的驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)分組與條件設(shè)置試驗(yàn)共分為1個(gè)對(duì)照垛和2個(gè)試驗(yàn)垛。對(duì)照垛編號(hào)CK,只密封不降氧;試驗(yàn)垛編號(hào)為A、B,采用物理氣調(diào)法降氧,最終氧氣濃度為:≤2%,每個(gè)堆垛中設(shè)置5個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)(圖5)。EE圖5蟲籠布置示意圖試蟲的準(zhǔn)備與處理試蟲的準(zhǔn)備每個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)(埋入煙箱表層煙葉)放置3種不同蟲態(tài)的煙草甲試蟲籠各5個(gè),蟲態(tài)為卵、幼蟲和成蟲,每蟲籠內(nèi)均放置煙草甲15頭。在對(duì)試驗(yàn)堆垛降氧后的第5、10、15、20、25、和30天,分別從每個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)取出3種蟲態(tài)的試蟲籠各1個(gè)用于檢測(cè)。卵的處理與觀察取直徑15mm,長度50mm的透明塑料離心管,管壁四周用縫衣針扎出30個(gè)左右的小孔,做成試蟲籠,管內(nèi)裝入適量煙草甲飼料,每個(gè)蟲籠放入15頭日齡一致的煙草甲卵。將試蟲籠放入片煙堆垛帳幕內(nèi),按設(shè)定時(shí)間進(jìn)行低氧處理,處理后的試蟲籠置于溫度為30±1℃,相對(duì)濕度為75±5%的環(huán)境中培養(yǎng),1個(gè)月后,記錄羽化的數(shù)量,計(jì)算死亡率。幼蟲的處理與觀察按上述方法制作試蟲籠,并將適量煙草甲飼料裝入管內(nèi),每個(gè)蟲籠放入15頭日齡、體型一致的煙草甲幼蟲。將試蟲籠放入片煙堆垛帳幕內(nèi),按設(shè)定時(shí)間進(jìn)行低氧處理,處理后的試蟲籠置于溫度為30±1℃,相對(duì)濕度為75±5%環(huán)境中培養(yǎng),1個(gè)月后,記錄羽化的數(shù)量,計(jì)算死亡率。成蟲的處理與觀察低氧對(duì)煙草甲卵的作用效果垛內(nèi)相對(duì)濕度維持在55%~65%且氧氣濃度≤2%的條件下,在15℃~25℃,25℃~30℃,30℃~35℃時(shí),低氧處理煙草甲卵平均死亡率見表11,經(jīng)Probit分析,結(jié)果見表12。致死99%煙草甲卵的時(shí)間LT99分別是29.1天、24.6天和24.1天。半致死時(shí)間LT50分別是19.2天、12.2天和11..8天。表11相對(duì)濕度55%~65%,不同溫度條件下,低氧處理煙草甲卵平均死亡率處理時(shí)間(天)平均死亡率(%)±SE15℃~25℃25℃~30℃30℃~35℃517.0±6.235.0±5.840.3±3.31043.1±4.058.7±3.260.7±1.41567.3±2.478.7±4.481.2±2.02085.3±5.895.0±0.097.5±1.12594.8±5.5100±3.3100.0±0.030100±4.3對(duì)照5.0±2.916.7.0±1.76.7±3.1溫度(℃)Reg.EquationLT99(d)(95%F.Limits)LT50(d)(95%F.Limits)R.Chi-Square15-25Y=2.4lg(x)+0.36.8(3.9~62.6)0.7(0.1~1.1)0.092725-30Y=5.2lg(x)-1.45.1(4.5~6.0)1.8(1.7~2.0)0.212930-35Y=5.0lg(x)+0.032.9(2.4~3.8)1.0(0.9~1.1)0.221低氧對(duì)煙草甲幼蟲的作用效果垛內(nèi)相對(duì)濕度維持在55%~65%且氧氣濃度≤2%的條件下,在15℃~25℃,25℃~30℃和30℃~35℃時(shí),低氧處理煙草甲幼蟲平均死亡率見表13,經(jīng)Probit分析,結(jié)果見表14。致死99%煙草甲幼蟲的時(shí)間LT99分別是28.4天、18.7天和19.3天。半致死時(shí)間LT50分別是13.8天、9.0天和9.5天。處理時(shí)間(天)平均死亡率(%)±SE15℃~25℃25℃~30℃30℃~35℃510.3±4.034.0±10.645.3±2.51034.0±3.077.7±2.480.0±3.11560.0±5.891.0±3.094.2±1.52089.7±4.3100.0±0.0100.0±0.02593.7±1.730100.0±0.0對(duì)照5.0±4.315.8±1.78.6±2.5溫度(℃)Reg.EquationLT99(d)(95%F.Limits)LT50(d)(95%F.Limits)R.Chi-Square15-25Y=3.4lg(x)+0.36.4(3.9~62.6)1.2(0.1~1.1)0.092725-30Y=4.5lg(x)-1.44.8(4.5~6.0)1.9(1.7~2.0)0.212930-35Y=5.1lg(x)+0.033.2(2.4~3.8)1.5(0.9~1.1)0.2011低氧對(duì)煙草甲成蟲的作用效果垛內(nèi)相對(duì)濕度維持在55%~65%且氧氣濃度≤2%的條件下,在15℃~25℃,25℃~30℃和30℃~35℃時(shí),低氧處理煙草甲成蟲平均死亡率見表15,經(jīng)Probit分析,結(jié)果見表16。致死99%煙草甲成蟲的時(shí)間LT99分別是27.8天、23.6天和22.9天。半致死時(shí)間LT50分別是14.8天、9.5天和8.9天。處理時(shí)間(天)平均死亡率(%)±SE15℃~25℃25℃~30℃30℃~35℃515.0±4.039.0±5.843.3±4.31036.8±3.060.9±3.263.7±1.81567.3±4.378.1±4.480.3±1.22084.7±2.796.3±3.398.5±1.12597.2±0.0100.0±0.0100.0±0.030100.0±0.0對(duì)照4.9±2.813.4±1.77.1±1.1表16溫度(℃)Reg.EquationLT99(d)(95%F.Limits)LT50(d)(95%F.Limits)R.Chi-Square15-25Y=3.2lg(x)-1.16.4(5.7~41.8)2.1(1.4~2.8)0.006225-30Y=2.8lg(x)+0.39.3(3.9~62.6)0.7(0.1~1.1)0.092730-35Y=5.1lg(x)-1.44.7(4.5~6.0)1.8(1.7~2.0)0.2129結(jié)論(1)氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法殺滅煙草甲,在溫度為15℃~25℃,相對(duì)濕度為55%-65%的條件下,致死99%煙草甲卵、幼蟲和成蟲的時(shí)間分別是29.1天、28.4天和27.8天。(2)氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法殺滅煙草甲,在溫度為25℃~30℃,相對(duì)濕度為55%-65%的條件下,致死99%煙草甲卵、幼蟲和成蟲的時(shí)間分別是24.6天、18.7天和23.6天。(3)氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法殺滅煙草甲,在溫度為30℃~35℃,相對(duì)濕度為55%-65%的條件下,致死99%煙草甲卵、幼蟲和成蟲的時(shí)間分別是24.1天、19.3天和22.9天。綜上所述,15℃~25℃溫度區(qū)間殺蟲時(shí)間明顯較后兩者長,25℃~30℃和30℃~35℃溫度區(qū)間下,氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法殺滅煙草甲各蟲態(tài)所需時(shí)間差異不大。氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法片煙貯存養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)的驗(yàn)證氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法殺蟲階段對(duì)片煙品質(zhì)影響實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置數(shù)據(jù)分析3組實(shí)驗(yàn)堆垛殺蟲前樣品理化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)結(jié)果見表17,低氧殺蟲前三組實(shí)驗(yàn)樣品含水率為11.87%~12.42%,煙堿含量為2.47%~2.60%,總糖含量為24.06%~25.92%,還原糖含量為19.65%~22.66%,總氮含量為2.34%~2.46%,鉀含量為2.16%~2.70%,氯含量為0.38%~0.48%,pH值為5.42~5.46。表17低氧殺蟲前煙葉理化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)結(jié)果樣品編號(hào)水(%)煙堿(%)總糖(%)還原糖(%)總氮(%)鉀(%)氯(%)pH第一組12.422.5724.8021.202.432.420.425.4512.262.6024.6320.192.442.340.385.44第二組11.972.5325.6921.922.392.610.435.4611.872.4924.0619.652.462.700.385.46對(duì)照組12.002.4725.9222.662.342.160.485.4411.872.4824.1821.282.452.400.475.42殺蟲后樣品理化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)結(jié)果見表18。低氧殺蟲前三組實(shí)驗(yàn)樣品含水率為11.55%~12.02%,煙堿含量為2.40%~2.66%,總糖含量為23.25%~25.98%,還原糖含量為19.60%~22.74%,總氮含量為2.16%~2.45%,鉀含量為2.39%~2.73%,氯含量為0.29%~0.38%,pH值為5.39~5.55。表18低氧殺蟲后煙葉理化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)結(jié)果樣品編號(hào)水分(%)煙堿(%)總糖(%)還原糖(%)總氮(%)鉀(%)氯(%)pH第一組11.892.6624.3820.742.352.670.375.4311.892.6523.8420.762.452.720.385.41第二組11.632.4325.9822.502.362.570.295.5312.022.4023.2519.602.382.730.345.55對(duì)照組11.552.5324.7021.992.392.390.305.4912.002.3625.8822.742.162.390.305.39實(shí)驗(yàn)小結(jié)經(jīng)過30天低氧密閉殺蟲后,三組實(shí)驗(yàn)堆垛煙葉水分、總氮、氯降低,鉀含量升高,煙堿、總糖、還原糖和pH基本不變。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,低氧處理后的煙葉和未處理對(duì)照樣煙葉各項(xiàng)理化指標(biāo)基本無差別,說明低氧環(huán)境對(duì)煙葉自然醇化進(jìn)度基本無影響。氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法養(yǎng)護(hù)階段對(duì)片煙品質(zhì)分析實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置項(xiàng)目組于廣東中煙工業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司韶關(guān)卷煙廠進(jìn)行了氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)法養(yǎng)護(hù)階段對(duì)片煙品質(zhì)影響的實(shí)驗(yàn),選用云南曲靖(B2F(JD)、C3F(A)和X2F(B))、貴州畢節(jié)(B2F(B1)、C3F(A)和X2F)、湖南衡陽(B2F(B1JD)、C3F(C1)和X2F(JD))三個(gè)產(chǎn)地不同等級(jí)的片煙(共1360箱),把供試片煙根據(jù)不同產(chǎn)地和等級(jí)分為編號(hào)Ⅰ-Ⅸ的9種;將這9種片煙分為4組,編號(hào)A、B、C、D,每組各包含9個(gè)不同的片煙堆垛,共36個(gè)堆垛。A組中9個(gè)堆垛編號(hào)依次為A1-A9,B、C、D組同A組,分組情況及編號(hào)見表19。表19試驗(yàn)片煙產(chǎn)地、等級(jí)及堆垛分組分組編號(hào)產(chǎn)地等級(jí)堆垛編號(hào)及數(shù)量A(數(shù)量/箱)B(數(shù)量/箱)C(數(shù)量/箱)D(數(shù)量/箱)Ⅰ云南曲靖B2F(JD)A1(24)B1(60)C1(32)D1(35)Ⅱ云南曲靖C3F(A)A2(24)B2(60)C2(32)D2(35)Ⅲ云南曲靖X2F(B)A3(24)B3(60)C3(32)D3(35)Ⅳ貴州畢節(jié)B2F(B1)A4(24)B4(60)C4(32)D4(35)Ⅴ貴州畢節(jié)C3F(A)A5(24)B5(60)C5(32)D5(35)Ⅵ貴州畢節(jié)X2FA6(24)B6(60)C6(32)D6(35)Ⅶ湖南衡陽B2F(B1JD)A7(24)B7(60)C7(32)D7(35)Ⅷ湖南衡陽C3F(C1)A8(24)B8(60)C8(32)D8(35)Ⅸ湖南衡陽X2F(JD)A9(24)B9(60)C9(32)D9(36)氧氣濃度回調(diào)后各組最終氧氣濃度設(shè)定范圍:A組(對(duì)照組)為21%;B組為2%-10%;C組為10%-15%;D組為15%-21%。片煙堆垛在低氧密封處理一定時(shí)間后,先用抽風(fēng)機(jī)抽出垛內(nèi)的低氧氣體,然后開啟制氮機(jī)和控濕設(shè)備往垛內(nèi)充氣,進(jìn)行氧氣濃度回調(diào)。根據(jù)煙草行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《YC/T147-2010打葉煙葉養(yǎng)護(hù)》中4.1.1進(jìn)行煙葉取樣。即每批次等級(jí)煙箱按3%抽樣,不足100箱按3箱抽樣,且要求兩個(gè)箱號(hào)間隔在20以上。打開片煙煙箱,用管式取樣器(?40mm×660mm)隨機(jī)取樣,取樣質(zhì)量為150-200g,取出的樣品裝入塑料袋中,密封塑料袋,避免用手接觸,加標(biāo)簽后送檢驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)。研究3種濃度的氧氣回調(diào)方式對(duì)片煙品質(zhì)的影響,樣品用塑料袋密封后送至湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)煙草研究中心,對(duì)片煙的含水率、總糖、還原糖、煙堿、綠原酸、蕓香苷、葉黃素和β-胡蘿卜素等理化指標(biāo)進(jìn)行檢測(cè),第一批取樣:堆垛密封前,每種片煙取1個(gè)樣品,共取9個(gè)樣,進(jìn)行理化指標(biāo)檢測(cè);第二批取樣:堆垛密封后3個(gè)月,根據(jù)試片煙產(chǎn)地等級(jí)和低氧處理的不同,每個(gè)堆垛取一個(gè)樣,共計(jì)取36個(gè)樣;第三批取樣:堆垛密封后6個(gè)月,根據(jù)試片煙產(chǎn)地等級(jí)和低氧處理的不同,每個(gè)堆垛取一個(gè)樣,共計(jì)取36個(gè)樣;第四批取樣:堆垛密封后9個(gè)月,根據(jù)試片煙產(chǎn)地等級(jí)和低氧處理的不同,每個(gè)堆垛取一個(gè)樣,共計(jì)取36個(gè)樣;第五批取樣:堆垛密封后12個(gè)月,根據(jù)試片煙產(chǎn)地等級(jí)和低氧處理的不同,每個(gè)堆垛取一個(gè)樣,共計(jì)取36個(gè)樣。數(shù)據(jù)分析在降氧操作前,分別對(duì)每種不同產(chǎn)地和等級(jí)的片煙取1個(gè)樣,共取9個(gè)樣;片煙密封降氧后的第3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月、9個(gè)月和12個(gè)月,分3批對(duì)每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)堆垛取1個(gè)樣,每批取36個(gè)樣,共144個(gè)樣。樣品用塑料袋密封后送至湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)煙草研究中心,對(duì)片煙的含水率、總糖、還原糖、煙堿、綠原酸、蕓香苷、葉黃素和β-胡蘿卜素等理化指標(biāo)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)(表20-表23)。表20A組堆垛片煙理化指標(biāo)產(chǎn)區(qū)等級(jí)樣品總糖%還原糖%煙堿%含水率%葉黃素ug/gβ-胡蘿卜素ug/g蕓香苷mg/g綠原酸mg/g云南曲靖B2F117.1915.313.6311.25108.4291.849.647.62217.0115.573.6012.8099.2588.439.437.53317.3915.643.2712.5896.0077.517.047.47414.2510.713.1011.5768.0665.076.165.79513.2311.303.3612.9154.0157.474.905.64C3F124.7620.072.6313.33107.7283.418.687.61223.6921.922.6812.5197.0383.318.687.51323.3018.952.4913.2297.0182.186.446.23421.1317.492.3412.2269.1868.455.744.49519.6917.902.5613.3362.5959.734.044.20X2F121.2118.532.5612.5281.6555.947.437.36221.1519.622.7313.1081.4455.677.186.95324.5320.402.4013.2580.5751.575.856.73420.2016.422.3412.6456.4242.445.624.87521.1519.543.4612.7243.2738.664.314.68貴州畢節(jié)B2F113.9811.034.3212.4494.1786.478.846.84213.7912.154.5712.4393.0084.477.806.82315.4212.404.0013.7978.3283.646.326.68413.7510.473.9612.1663.4750.445.406.27511.598.604.2112.1449.5546.874.864.18C3F127.9420.683.6511.4273.4354.5811.148.41225.7220.303.7112.4972.5953.459.808.29329.0420.973.5312.5764.7752.247.388.17423.8016.773.4212.1650.5542.406.156.62522.3016.422.4613.2147.2539.574.964.91X2F120.4417.393.3211.2775.2746.657.446.47219.0716.463.5312.2874.864322.2218.133.1911.0670.3144.175.065.77418.7016.063.0011.7247.1838.094.434.76518.9416.513.1112.7745.2234.234.423.87湖南衡陽B2F113.079.434.3012.5487.2557.457.146.23210.899.514.5211.4877.9653.996.935.70312.2410.423.9712.4477.6253.973.925.39411.668.934.0011.8446.0134.663.554.2259.637.474.0411.7342.1333.203.063.45C3F113.159.853.5411.99110.1374.573.625.4727.526.433.3412.44110.0974.453.215.1338.857.813.1211.68110.0073.863.204.99412.349.523.0712.0573.7150.963.113.6557.645.703.1212.6068.4050.543.023.03X2F18.196.342.0711.75143.8695.045.173.8926.855.592.1012.76127.0887.645.133.4538.567.842.1212.34126.8481.094.463.3946.715.321.9912.2875.9058.424.053.0356.263.861.9412.8270.4956.533.322.63對(duì)照組A中云南曲靖B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前17.19%,15.31%,3.63%,11.25%,108.42ug/g,91.84ug/g,9.64mg/g和7.62mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至13.23%,11.30%,3.36%,12.91%,54.01ug/g,57.47ug/g,4.90mg/g和5.64mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前14.76%,20.07%,2.63%,13.33%,107.72ug/g,83.41ug/g,8.68mg/g和7.61mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至19.69%,17.90%,2.56%,13.33%,62.59ug/g,59.73ug/g,4.04mg/g和4.20mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前21.21%,18.53%,2.56%,12.52%,81.65ug/g,55.94ug/g,7.43mg/g,和7.36mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至21.15%,19.54%,3.46%,12.72%,43.27ug/g,38.66ug/g,4.31mg/g和4.68mg/g。貴州畢節(jié)B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.98%,11.03%,4.32%,12.44%,94.17ug/g,86.47ug/g,8.84mg/g和6.84mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至11.59%,8.60%,4.21%,12.14%,49.55ug/g,46.87ug/g,4.86mg/g和4.18mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前27.94%,20.68%,3.65%,11.42%,73.43ug/g,54.58ug/g,11.14mg/g和8.41mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至22.30%,16.42%,2.46%,13.21%,47.25ug/g,39.57ug/g,4.96mg/g和4.91mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前21.21%,18.53%,2.56%,12.52%,81.65ug/g,55.94ug/g,7.43mg/g,和7.36mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至20.44%,17.39%,3.32%,11.27%,75.27ug/g,46.65ug/g,7.44mg/g和6.47mg/g。湖南B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.07%,9.43%,4.30%,12.54%,87.25ug/g,57.45ug/g,7.14mg/g和6.23mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至9.63%,7.47%,4.04%,11.73%,42.13ug/g,33.20ug/g,3.06mg/g和3.45mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.15%,9.85%,3.54%,11.99%,110.13ug/g,74.57ug/g,3.62mg/g和5.47mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至7.64%,5.70%,3.12%,12.60%,68.40ug/g,50.54ug/g,3.02mg/g和3.03mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前8.19%,6.34%,2.07%,11.75%,143.86ug/g,95.04ug/g,5.17mg/g和3.89mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至6.26%,3.86%,1.94%,12.82%,70.49ug/g,56.53ug/g,3.32mg/g和2.63mg/g。表21B組堆垛片煙理化指標(biāo)產(chǎn)區(qū)等級(jí)樣品總糖%還原糖%煙堿%含水率%葉黃素ug/gβ-胡蘿卜素ug/g蕓香苷mg/g綠原酸mg/g云南曲靖B2F117.1915.313.6311.25108.4291.849.647.62216.3214.623.8012.4889.865317.7116.163.3812.0782.3852.574.486.57415.4212.023.2112.4363.5644.673.385.30512.2310.393.1913.4860.3636.473.313.25C3F124.7620.072.6313.33107.7283.418.687.61222.1919.312.5612.5894.7353.627.677.39327.3724.052.6511.7072.7247.794.936.17421.3414.972.5512.1662.7941.913.954.68520.7818.672.4213.3660.6934.673.573.92X2F121.2118.532.5612.5281.6555.947.437.36220.4018.522.6113.1680.6248.777.336.64326.0022.672.4312.5380.6141.504.465.40420.0114.802.3012.1444.3038.413.364.41518.5215.902.5013.9140.7835.173.023.02貴州畢節(jié)B2F113.9811.034.3212.4494.1786.478.846.84213.6011.904.4412.5175.5867.708.276.62315.0213.214.1412.1775.0266.435.265.35410.868.313.8911.7968.8056.184.074.70510.458.374.1113.0361.8650.484.073.99C3F127.9420.683.6511.4273.4354.5811.148.41226.7620.013.7412.1373.0447.489.418.03329.6322.563.6612.7165.008424.8017.093.4112.4240.7739.876.245.90523.8820.723.5213.8735.8335.205.495.64X2F120.4417.393.3211.2775.2746.657.446.47218.5716.043.5712.8671.3345.277.256.24322.7419.123.3212.2067.5939.324.775.87418.4513.543.0112.6040.8833.823.744.60517.3315.523.1313.8136.4432.303.733.59湖南衡陽B2F113.079.434.3012.5487.2557.457.146.23211.569.934.4511.5682.1654.016.115.68310.048.633.3611.1774.5447.885.365.09410.167.893.8811.0446.3539.315.073.9159.527.904.0312.4943.8037.912.903.31C3F113.159.853.5411.99110.1374.573.625.4729.898.592.0811.14109.9073.603.544.9238.197.492.0112.53104.4072.293.414.2846.474.772.8710.8482.5863.813.043.1857.444.703.0211.2778.4962.602.432.65X2F18.196.342.0711.75143.8695.045.173.8927.706.103.6611.64130.4091.384.783.56316.9815.593.3911.55128.8988.053.693.0747.515.281.8212.0287.6165.173.282.7455.653.951.9613.9181.9062.842.502.72B組氧氣濃度回調(diào)至2%-10%養(yǎng)護(hù),其中云南曲靖B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前17.19%,15.31%,3.63%,11.25%,108.42ug/g,91.84ug/g,9.64mg/g和7.62mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至12.23%,10.39%,3.19%,13.48%,60.36ug/g,36.47ug/g,3.31mg/g和3.25mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前24.76%,20.07%,2.63%,13.33%,107.72ug/g,83.41ug/g,8.68mg/g和7.61mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至20.78%,18.67%,2.42%,13.36%,60.69ug/g,34.67ug/g,3.57mg/g和3.92mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前21.21%,18.53%,2.56%,12.52%,81.65ug/g,55.94ug/g,7.43mg/g,和7.36mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至18.52%,15.9%,2.50%,13.91%,40.78ug/g,35.17ug/g,3.02mg/g和3.02mg/g。貴州畢節(jié)B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.98%,11.03%,4.32%,12.44%,94.17ug/g,86.47ug/g,8.84mg/g和6.84mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至10.45%,8.37%,4.11%,13.03%,61.86ug/g,50.48ug/g,4.07mg/g和3.99mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前27.94%,20.68%,3.65%,11.42%,73.43ug/g,54.58ug/g,11.14mg/g和8.41mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至23.88%,20.72%,3.52%,13.87%,35.83ug/g,35.20ug/g,5.49mg/g和5.64mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前20.44%,17.39%,3.32%,11.27%,75.27ug/g,46.65ug/g,7.44mg/g,和6.47mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至17.33%,15.52%,3.13%,13.81%,36.44ug/g,32.30ug/g,3.73mg/g和3.59mg/g。湖南B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.07%,9.43%,4.30%,12.54%,87.25ug/g,57.45ug/g,7.14mg/g和6.23mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至9.52%,7.90%,4.03%,12.49%,43.80ug/g,37.91ug/g,2.90mg/g和3.31mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.15%,9.85%,3.54%,11.99%,110.13ug/g,74.57ug/g,3.62mg/g和5.47mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至7.44%,4.70%,3.02%,11.27%,78.49ug/g,62.60ug/g,2.43mg/g和2.65mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前8.19%,6.34%,2.07%,11.75%,143.86ug/g,95.04ug/g,5.17mg/g和3.89mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至5.65%,3.95%,1.96%,13.91%,81.90ug/g,62.84ug/g,2.50mg/g和2.72mg/g。表22C組堆垛片煙理化指標(biāo)產(chǎn)區(qū)等級(jí)樣品總糖%還原糖%煙堿%含水率%葉黃素ug/gβ-胡蘿卜素ug/g蕓香苷mg/g綠原酸mg/g云南曲靖B2F117.1915.313.6311.25108.4291.849.647.62217.0115.573.6012.6102.4386.498.527.53317.3915.643.2712.48101.6785.735.925.71414.2510.713.1012.3645.4348.174.384.21513.2311.303.3613.7442.3245.273.643.87C3F124.7620.072.6313.33107.7283.418.687.61223.6921.922.6812.54105.3180.948.467.02323.3018.952.4912.42103.6980.576.886.42421.1317.492.3412.1857.746.184.924.59519.6917.902.5613.1556.0141.354.014.41X2F121.2118.532.5620.4417.393.326.163.05221.1519.622.7319.0716.463.275.832.61324.5320.402.4018.212.09420.2016.422.3417.716.063.005.91.64521.1519.543.4619.2316.422.467.812.81貴州畢節(jié)B2F113.9811.034.3212.4494.1786.478.846.84213.7912.154.5712.2178.9368.638.346.31315.4212.404.0012.1578.8568.235.916.03413.7510.473.9611.8856.2254.434.574.71511.598.604.2113.3153.0152.644.194.35C3F127.9420.683.6511.4273.4354.5811.148.41225.7220.303.7111.972.9754.439.297.42329.0420.973.5312.9270.6350.857.086.47423.8016.773.4212.5340.4539.396.635.47522.3016.422.4613.7637.2736.265.395.33X2F120.4417.393.3211.2775.2746.657.446.47219.0716.463.5312.6574.5746.597.096.38322.2218.133.1912.1168.3646.574.846.29418.7016.063.0012.1445.5236.624.54.97518.9416.513.1113.3442.94湖南衡陽B2F113.079.434.3012.5487.2557.457.146.23210.899.514.5211.3874.0312.2410.423.9712.0873.0349.584.455.69411.668.934.0011.3340.6432.473.593.8159.637.474.0412.8336.2931.62.892.98C3F113.159.853.5411.99110.1374.573.625.4727.526.433.3412.24108.0672.483.514.9638.857.813.1212.17107.8969.933.283.98412.349.523.0711.4371.8756.052.863.4657.645.703.1212.3670.6152.362.542.62X2F18.196.342.0711.75143.8695.045.173.8926.855.592.1012.66138.3784.144.293.6438.567.842.1212.37135.4381.843.773.5646.715.321.9910.791.7165.692.013.556.263.861.9412.8987.1662.121.892.41C組氧氣濃度回調(diào)至10%-15%養(yǎng)護(hù),其中云南曲靖B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前17.19%,15.31%,3.63%,11.25%,108.42ug/g,91.84ug/g,9.64mg/g和7.62mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至13.23%,11.30%,3.36%,12.91%,54.01ug/g,57.47ug/g,4.90mg/g和5.64mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前24.76%,20.07%,2.63%,13.33%,107.72ug/g,83.41ug/g,8.68mg/g和7.61mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至19.69%,17.90%,2.56%,13.15%,56.01ug/g,41.35ug/g,4.01mg/g和4.41mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前21.21%,18.53%,2.56%,20.44%,17.39ug/g,3.32ug/g,6.16mg/g,和3.05mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至21.15%,19.54%,3.46%,19.23%,16.42ug/g,2.46ug/g,7.81mg/g和2.81mg/g。貴州畢節(jié)B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.98%,11.03%,4.32%,12.44%,94.17ug/g,86.47ug/g,8.84mg/g和6.84mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至11.59%,8.60%,4.21%,13.31%,53.01ug/g,52.64ug/g,4.19mg/g和4.35mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前27.94%,20.68%,3.65%,11.42%,73.43ug/g,54.58ug/g,11.14mg/g和8.41mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至22.30%,16.42%,2.46%,13.76%,37.27ug/g,36.26ug/g,5.39mg/g和5.33mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前20.44%,17.39%,3.32%,11.27%,75.27ug/g,46.65ug/g,7.44mg/g,和6.47mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至18.94%,16.51%,3.11%,13.34%,42.90ug/g,35.23ug/g,4.11mg/g和4.34mg/g。湖南B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.07%,9.43%,4.30%,12.54%,87.25ug/g,57.45ug/g,7.14mg/g和6.23mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至9.63%,7.47%,4.04%,12.83%,36.29ug/g,31.60ug/g,2.89mg/g和2.98mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.15%,9.85%,3.54%,11.99%,110.13ug/g,74.57ug/g,3.62mg/g和5.47mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至7.64%,5.70%,3.12%,12.36%,70.61ug/g,52.36ug/g,2.54mg/g和2.62mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前8.19%,6.34%,2.07%,11.75%,143.86ug/g,95.04ug/g,5.17mg/g和3.89mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至6.26%,3.86%,1.94%,12.82%,87.16ug/g,62.12ug/g,1.89mg/g和2.41mg/g。表23D組堆垛片煙理化指標(biāo)產(chǎn)區(qū)等級(jí)樣品總糖%還原糖%煙堿%含水率%葉黃素ug/gβ-胡蘿卜素ug/g蕓香苷mg/g綠原酸mg/g云南曲靖B2F117.1915.313.6311.25108.4291.849.647.62215.712.933.7612.9391.63316.7615.373.5311.9391.3970.975.876.87414.4110.262.9612.8758.4459.004.623.64513.9212.873.3613.3654.850.763.513.29C3F124.7620.072.6313.33107.7283.418.687.61224.6620.562.6212.59103.6776.887.487.07323.4020.422.6212.39102.6767.667.016.97419.7314.172.1412.7262.4554.875.444.67521.1520.952.4913.3558.851.784.214.46X2F121.2118.532.5612.5281.6555.947.437.36223.6420.42.3713.0271.7241.336.276.28323.0720.362.3813.4771.3639.055.245.75418.3514.242.3212.4452.3522.193.563.97518.6117.072.4113.3942.9819.243.273.52貴州畢節(jié)B2F113.9811.034.3212.4494.1786.478.846.84214.2612.154.3112.3774.9660.657.026.33314.0811.844.149.8073.5437.496.785.76411.1310.163.8912.7134.3121.35.294.46512.1710.864.0713.1232.218.844.314.21C3F127.9420.683.6511.4273.4354.5811.148.41227.7220.113.7911.3572.853.99.357.35330.4822.323.5511.2964.9952.835.376.65423.6817.583.2010.6443.2338.674.84.19524.0922.543.4212.8240.3429.633.764.18X2F120.4417.393.3211.2775.2746.657.446.47218.9216.443.3510.9172.845.847.146.42320.7818.353.1612.0970.0941.364.336.26415.3913.962.8611.7730.3127.663.423.96517.3116.373.2913.2513.12湖南衡陽B2F113.079.434.3012.5487.2557.457.146.23210.668.754.3211.8981.3255.856.385.97312.2911.374.0911.3280.8247.714.435.58412.849.103.8011.1158.4635.813.34.0959.528.644.0910.7149.6132.933.223.08C3F113.159.853.5411.99110.1374.573.625.4727.596.333.4812.0198.1573.353.485.03310.9010.473.351297.2872.043.214.8847.725.332.7012.0476.3947.922.883.8458.797.823.3312.6769.0147.142.672.77X2F18.196.342.0711.75143.8695.045.173.8929.278.322.1412.97130.947310.9810.433.3512.21130.9194.124.413.4848.125.681.8411.3790.5354.83.283.0656.985.861.9713.1279.0050.642.092.56D組氧氣濃度回調(diào)至15%-21%養(yǎng)護(hù),其中云南曲靖B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前17.19%,15.31%,3.63%,11.25%,108.42ug/g,91.84ug/g,9.64mg/g和7.62mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至13.92%,12.87%,3.36%,12.91%,54.01ug/g,50.76ug/g,3.51mg/g和3.29mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前24.76%,20.07%,2.63%,13.33%,107.72ug/g,83.41ug/g,8.68mg/g和7.61mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至21.15%,20.95%,2.49%,13.35%,58.8ug/g,51.78ug/g,4.21mg/g和4.46mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前21.21%,18.53%,2.56%,12.52%,81.65ug/g,55.94ug/g,7.43mg/g,和7.36mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至18.61%,17.07%,2.41%,13.39%,42.98ug/g,19.24ug/g,3.27mg/g和3.52mg/g。貴州畢節(jié)B2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前13.98%,11.03%,4.32%,12.44%,94.17ug/g,86.47ug/g,8.84mg/g和6.84mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至12.17%,10.86%,4.07%,13.12%,32.2ug/g,18.84ug/g,4.31mg/g和4.21mg/g;C3F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前27.94%,20.68%,3.65%,11.42%,73.43ug/g,54.58ug/g,11.14mg/g和8.41mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至24.09%,22.54%,3.42%,12.82%,40.34ug/g,29.63ug/g,3.76mg/g和4.18mg/g;X2F等級(jí)總糖、還原糖、煙堿、含水率、葉黃素、β-胡蘿卜素、蕓香苷和綠原酸分別由密封前20.44%,17.39%,3.32%,11.27%,75.27ug/g,46.65ug/g,7.44mg/g,和6.47mg/g,經(jīng)12個(gè)月醇化變化至17.31%,16.37%,3
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