專(zhuān)題03 新八省高考閱讀理解說(shuō)明文通關(guān)20篇（滿分攻略+八省名校模擬）

2025年新八省新高考英語(yǔ)滿分通關(guān)練專(zhuān)題03新八省高考閱讀理解說(shuō)明文通關(guān)20篇原卷版（山西、河南、陜西、內(nèi)蒙古、四川、云南、寧夏、青海）說(shuō)明說(shuō)明文滿分作答解題妙招一、命題特點(diǎn)1.選材特點(diǎn)文章主要源自主流雜志、報(bào)刊、網(wǎng)站等，通常是關(guān)于各學(xué)科的前沿問(wèn)題，如自然科學(xué)類(lèi)、前沿科技發(fā)明類(lèi)和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生類(lèi)；高科技領(lǐng)域的最新科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等領(lǐng)域話題。2.語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)科普類(lèi)說(shuō)明文文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，通常開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，直奔主題。文章基本可以分為兩大類(lèi)：事物性科普說(shuō)明文和事理性科普說(shuō)明文。兩類(lèi)文章，通常都比較客觀、準(zhǔn)確地介紹一個(gè)新產(chǎn)品、前沿技術(shù)的功能、用途、材料、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)、市場(chǎng)前景等，或者說(shuō)明某個(gè)科學(xué)道理、科學(xué)現(xiàn)象或科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)，目的是幫助讀者明白“為什么是這樣”。事物說(shuō)明文一般會(huì)以實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程進(jìn)展為線索，多用描述法、問(wèn)題與對(duì)策法等方法，通過(guò)列數(shù)據(jù)、作對(duì)比等來(lái)說(shuō)明新的科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)及其產(chǎn)生的影響；事物說(shuō)明文通常是介紹一種新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)，更多運(yùn)用描述法從功能、用途、材料和市場(chǎng)前景等方面進(jìn)行介紹。3.設(shè)題特點(diǎn)就語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)，科普說(shuō)明文通常篇幅較長(zhǎng)，用詞地道，專(zhuān)業(yè)性強(qiáng)，語(yǔ)言正式，且邏輯性強(qiáng)，句式結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)復(fù)雜。這就需要考生具備扎實(shí)的詞匯量和堅(jiān)實(shí)的語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)，且具備一定的科普相關(guān)知識(shí)，并能夠理解分析長(zhǎng)難句。4.命題熱點(diǎn)科普類(lèi)說(shuō)明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層理解。提問(wèn)形式為：Whatdoyouknowfromthepassage?標(biāo)題判斷題、文章或段落主旨題也較為常見(jiàn)，考查對(duì)文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提問(wèn)形式為：Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?其次，科普說(shuō)明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)、產(chǎn)品工藝原理以及最新科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步，文中易出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的生詞，因此常出現(xiàn)詞義猜測(cè)題，提問(wèn)形式為：Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase…inparagraph…mean/referto?5.語(yǔ)篇模式二、說(shuō)明方法1.羅列法（listing）在文章開(kāi)始時(shí)提出需要說(shuō)明的東西和觀點(diǎn)，然后常用first，second，…andfinally加以羅列說(shuō)明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類(lèi)指導(dǎo)性的說(shuō)明文之中。羅列法經(jīng)常用下列句式展開(kāi)段落，我們可以注意模仿學(xué)習(xí)：

Thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.Firstofall，

…Secondly，

…Andfinally，

…WeshouldtryourbesttoplantmoretreesforseveralgoodreasonsFirstofall，

…Secondly，

…Andfinally，必須指出的是，有時(shí)羅列法并不一定有明確的first，

second…等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據(jù)展開(kāi)的。2.舉例法（examples）舉例法是用具體的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明我們要表達(dá)的意思，常用forexample，

forinstance，

stillanotherexampleis…等詞語(yǔ)引出，舉例法和羅列法有時(shí)可以結(jié)合使用：即用羅列法來(lái)列出例子，用例子充實(shí)羅列的說(shuō)明。3.比較法（comparisonandcontrast）比較法是對(duì)兩個(gè)對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較，從而進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的寫(xiě)作手法。比較法又可細(xì)分為比較相同點(diǎn)（comparison）和比較不同點(diǎn)（contrast）兩種方法。在比較相同點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，常用到similarly，also，too，inthesamecase，inspiteofthedifference等這樣的詞語(yǔ)。however，ontheotherhand，incontrast，but，nevertheless等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)對(duì)不同點(diǎn)的比較。4.定義法（definition）定義法也是英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明文中常用的寫(xiě)作手法，特別是在對(duì)具體事物概念進(jìn)行說(shuō)明時(shí)經(jīng)常使用。定義法的基本要素是定義句。英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)定義句的模式是

被定義對(duì)象is所屬類(lèi)別+限制性定語(yǔ)。比如Abatisasmallmouse-likeanimalthatfliesatnightandfeedson（以…為食品）fruitandinsectsbutisnotabird.5.順序法（sequenceoftime，spaceandprocess）順序法是指按時(shí)間、空間或過(guò)程的順序進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的一種寫(xiě)作手法。比如按照時(shí)間順序介紹一個(gè)科學(xué)家的生平，用空間順序闡述逐漸開(kāi)發(fā)西部的重要意義，用過(guò)程順序法解釋葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程等等。6.分類(lèi)法（classification）分類(lèi)法是將寫(xiě)作對(duì)象進(jìn)行分類(lèi)說(shuō)明的一種寫(xiě)作手法。Somebooksaretobetasted，

otherstobeswallowed，

andsomefewtobechewedanddigested,thatis,

somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts，

otherstoberead，

butnotcuriously，andsomefewtobereadwholly,

andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,

andextractsmadeofthembyothers;

butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,

andthemeanersortofbooks…二、解題策略1.利用語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)，概括全文主旨大意，明晰寫(xiě)作意圖科普說(shuō)明文主題鮮明、脈絡(luò)清晰，行文結(jié)構(gòu)模式比較固定，梳理文本結(jié)構(gòu)有助于把握文章主旨。學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)，可以首先用略讀法快速瀏覽每段的首尾句，分析文本結(jié)構(gòu)，然后根據(jù)作者謀篇布局的邏輯線索歸納主旨大意。在做主旨大意、寫(xiě)作意圖和最佳標(biāo)題等題目時(shí)，需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注首尾段落里面高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞匯和內(nèi)容。文章導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、主體和結(jié)尾是有機(jī)整體，解題時(shí)要綜合起來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷。2.利用文中語(yǔ)境線索，分析長(zhǎng)難句，進(jìn)行邏輯推理判斷科普說(shuō)明文往往專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)較多、句式較復(fù)雜，且經(jīng)常采用舉例、對(duì)比、列數(shù)據(jù)、引用權(quán)威人士觀點(diǎn)等方法進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。設(shè)題形式上，主要側(cè)重考查深層理解和推理判斷、猜測(cè)生詞含義以及代詞指代等。如果句子成分復(fù)雜、有生詞，學(xué)生不要退縮，抓住行文邏輯的標(biāo)志詞，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，厘清主句和分句或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系，蹭蹭剖析，就能明晰句意，進(jìn)行合理判斷。3.諳熟選項(xiàng)設(shè)置規(guī)律，對(duì)比原文，去偽存真高考作為一個(gè)成熟的考試體系，在選項(xiàng)設(shè)置上有章可循。正確選擇一般為文中內(nèi)容的“同義替換”或者“歸納概括”。而干擾項(xiàng)分為“張冠李戴”、“偷梁換柱”、“無(wú)中生有”和“以偏概全”四種類(lèi)型。因此，仔細(xì)辨析選項(xiàng)，對(duì)比選項(xiàng)間的差異，甄別選項(xiàng)與原文的異同，會(huì)對(duì)同學(xué)們選出正確答案大有幫助。三、說(shuō)明文實(shí)用答題妙招1.閱讀理解說(shuō)明文深層理解解題居多，落實(shí)“題文同序”和“同義替換”。2.推理判斷題注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清來(lái)龍去脈再推斷。3主旨大意題要關(guān)注文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及關(guān)鍵詞。4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重視首尾段照應(yīng)和首段概括引領(lǐng)作用。5.滿分策略：讀題干→找原文→做標(biāo)記→留痕跡→看選項(xiàng)→扣字眼。新八省最新新八省最新名校模擬試題【新八省閱讀·說(shuō)明文01】（24-25高三上·河南駐馬店·階段練習(xí)）Whenitcomestodiatoms(硅藻類(lèi))thatliveintheocean,newresearchsuggeststhatphotosynthesis(光合作用)isnottheonlystrategyforaccumulatingcarbon.Instead,thesesingle-celledarealsobuildingbiomassbyfeedingdirectlyonorganiccarbonintheocean.Thesenewfindingscouldleadresearcherstoreducetheirestimateofhowmuchcarbondioxidediatomspulloutoftheairviaphotosynthesis,whichinturn,couldtakeamuchcloserlookattheunderstandingoftheglobalcarboncycle,whichisespeciallyrelevantgiventhechangingclimate.ThenewfindingswerepublishedinScienceAdvancesonJuly17,2024.TheteamshowedthatthediatomCylindrothecaclosterium,whichisfoundinoceansaroundtheworld,regularlyperformsamixofbothphotosynthesisanddirecteatingofcarbonfromorganicsourcessuchasplankton(浮游生物).Inmorethan70%ofthewatersamplestheresearchersanalyzedfromoceansaroundtheworld,theteamfoundsignsofsimultaneousphotosynthesisanddirectorganiccarbonconsumptionfromCylindrothecaclosterium.Theteamalsoshowedthatthisdiatomspeciescangrowmuchfasterwhenconsumingorganiccarboninadditiontophotosynthesis.Furthermore,thenewresearchhintedatthepossibilitythatspecificspeciesofbacteriaarefeedingorganiccarbondirectlytoalargepercentageofthesediatomslivingallacrosstheglobalocean.Thisworkisbasedonagenome-scalemetabolicmodelingapproachthattheteamusedtorevealthemetabolismofthediatomCylindrothecaclosterium.Theteam’snewmetabolicmodelingdatasupportrecentlabexperimentssuggestingthatsomediatomsmayrelyonstrategiesotherthanphotosynthesistointakethecarbontheyneedtosurvive,thriveandbuildbiomass.TheUCSanDiegoledteamisintheprocessofexpandingthescopeoftheprojecttodeterminehowwidespreadthisnon-photosyntheticactivityisamongotherdiatomspecies.1．What’snewaccordingtotheresearch?A．Thewayofthediatom’scarbonaccumulation. B．Theimpactofclimateondiverseseaplants.C．Theprocedureofexploringcarbon. D．Thesystemofbuildingbiomass.2．Whatdothenewfindingsmakeresearchersmorefocuson?A．Thecausesofclimatechange. B．Thegraspofthecarboncycle.C．Thebadeffectofphotosynthesisondiatoms. D．Aroughestimateoftheamountofcarbondioxide.3．Whatdoweknowfromparagraph3?A．Alargenumberofdiatomsmayfeedonbacteria.B．Thediatomlivesonplankton.C．Watersamplesarekeyfactorsfortheresearch.D．Diatomspeciesgrowfasterwithsufficientsunlight4．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．PhotosynthesisinDiatoms B．Plankton’sRoleinOceansC．NewCarbonStrategiesinDiatoms D．AdvancesinModelingData【新八省閱讀·說(shuō)明文02】（24-25高三上·河南駐馬店·階段練習(xí)）Accordingtoareportin2023,theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)recommendedthatnon-sugarsweetenersnotbeusedasameansofachievingweightcontrolorreducingtheriskofdiseases.Theguidelinecameasasurprise.Afterall,theverypurposeofnon-sugarsweeteners-whichcontainlittletonocalories—istohelpconsumerscontroltheirweightandreducetheirriskofdiseasebyreplacingsugar.Initsreport,theWHOcitedevidencethatlong-termuseofnon-sugarsweetenersisassociatedwithanincreasedriskofdiabetes(糖尿病)anddeath.Howisitthatnon-sugarsweetenersarelinkedtothenegativehealtheffectsthey’resupposedtofendoff?TheWHOmadeitsrecommendationafterreviewinghundredsofpublishedstudies.Theproblemisthattheoverwhelmingmajorityofthesestudiesareobservational.Insuchstudies,subjectstendtoself-reporttheirfoodintake,whichmightnotguaranteeinaccuracy.Moreimportantly,observationalstudiescannotdeterminecauseandeffect.Arenon-sugarsweetenerscausingdiabetes,orarepeopleatriskofdiabetessimplymorelikelytoconsumethem?Lastly,therearenumerousvariablesthatresearcherscan’tpossiblycontrolforinthesestudiesthatcouldinfluencetheresults.Randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCTs)telladifferentstoryaboutnon-sugarsweeteners.Thesestudiescontrolforvariablesbyrandomlyassigningpeopletoeitheratreatmentorcontrolgroup,andtheycandeterminecauseandeffect.Theyshowthatsweetenersmodestlybenefitweightlossandhelpcontrolbloodsugar,withoutthenegativeeffectsseeninobservationalresearch.ThedownsideofRCTsisthattheyareshorterinduration,oftenlastingjustafewmonths.Sonegativeeffectscouldappearafterlongeruseandwewouldn’tbeabletotellfromtheseRCTs.Butwealsocan’ttellfromobservationalstudies,whichonlymeasurecorrelationandnotcausality(因果關(guān)系).Changingthecurrentsituationmightbehard,though.RCTsareexpensiveandrequirerecruitingparticipants,settingupdietplans,andregularlymeasuringsubjects’healthoutcomes.Forchangetohappen,itmightneedtostartatthetop,wherescienceisfundedGovernmentagencies,whichappropriatebillionsforresearch,shouldstartprioritizingRCTs.1．Whatdotheunderlinedphrase“fendoff”probablymeaninparagraph2?A．Putout. B．Defendagainst. C．Keepup. D．Counton.2．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．TheWHO’ssuggestionsonobservationalstudies.B．Thestrategiestodecidecauseandeffectinconductingstudies.C．Thesignificanceofcontrollingvariablesinobservationalstudies.D．ThelimitationsoftheobservationalstudiesintheWHOreport.3．WhatisafeatureofRCTsaccordingtothetext?A．Theycostlittle B．Theytendtolastlong.C．Theycancontrolvariablesanddeterminecausality. D．Theyrequireparticipantstoself-reportrelateddata4．HowshouldthegovernmenthelpRCTs?A．Bymakingappropriateplans B．ByprovidingfinancialsupportC．Byraisingpeople’sawarenessofhealth D．Byfoundingmorerelatedgovernmentagencies【新八省閱讀·說(shuō)明文03】（24-25高三上·河南南陽(yáng)·階段練習(xí)）Humanresponsestomoraldilemmas(兩難選擇)canbeinfluencedbystatementswrittenbytheartificialintelligencechatbotChatGPT,accordingtoastudypublishedinScientificReports.Thefindingsindicatethatusersmayunderestimatetheextenttowhichtheirownmoraljudgmentscanbeinfluencedbythechatbot.SebastianKrigelandcolleaguesaskedChatGPTmultipletimeswhetheritisrighttosacrifice(犧牲)thelifeofonepersoninordertosavethelivesoffiveothers.TheyfoundthatChatGPTwroterandomstatementsarguingbothforandagainstsacrificingonelife,indicatingthatitisnotbiasedtowardsacertainmoralstance(立場(chǎng)).Theauthorsthenpresented767U.S.participants,whowereonaverage39yearsold,withadilemmawhethertosacrificeoneperson’slifetosavefiveothers.Beforeanswering,participantsreadastatementprovidedbyChatGPTarguingeitherfororagainstsacrificingonelifetosavefive.StatementswerefromeitheramoraladvisororChatGPT.Afteranswering,participantswereaskedwhetherthestatementtheyreadinfluencedtheiranswers.Eightypercentofparticipantsreportedthattheiranswerswerenotinfluencedbythestatementstheyread.However,theauthorsfoundthattheanswersparticipantsbelievedtheywouldhaveprovidedwithoutreadingthestatementswerestillmorelikelytoagreewiththemoralstanceofthestatementtheydidreadthanwiththeoppositestance.ThisindicatesthatparticipantsmayhaveunderestimatedtheinfluenceofChatGPT’sstatementsontheirownmoraljudgments.Theauthorssuggestthatthepotentialforchatbotstoinfluencehumanmoraljudgmentshighlightstheneedforeducationtohelphumansbetterunderstandartificialintelligence.Theyproposethatfutureresearchshoulddesignchatbotsthateitherdeclinetoanswerquestionsrequiringamoraljudgmentoranswerthesequestionsbyprovidingmultipleargumentsandwarnings.1．WhatareChatGPT’sanswerstoacertainmoralstancelikeaccordingtoParagraph2?A．Inconsistent. B．Valuable. C．Creative. D．Simple.2．Whatislearnedabouttheparticipants?A．TheyadmittedthepowerofChatGPT.B．Theywereinterviewedbyamoraladvisor.C．TheywereaffectedbyChatGPTunknowingly.D．Theywerepresentedwithdifferentmoraldilemmas.3．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Differentfindingsofthestudy. B．Futurepotentialsforchatbots.C．Majorfocusesoffutureeducation. D．Solutionstotheimpactofchatbots.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ChatGPTTendstoCauseMoralPanics B．ChatGPT:IsItLikelytoAffectOurLife?C．ChatGPT:WhyIsItMakingUsSoNervous? D．ChatGPTCanInfluenceHumanMoralJudgments【新八省閱讀·說(shuō)明文04】（24-25高三上·四川·階段練習(xí)）Aglobalstudycomparing2,062birdsfindsthatinhighlyvariableenvironmentsbirdstendtohaveeitherlargerorsmallerbrainsrelativetotheirbodysize,butbirdswithsmallerbrainstendtouseecologicalstrategiesthatarenotavailabletobig-brainedones.Thefactisthatthereareagreatmanyspeciesthatdoquitewellwithsmallbrains.Previousstudieshadfoundgeneraltrendstowardlargerrelativebrainsizesathigherlatitudes(緯度)whereconditionsaremorevariable.Thisnewstudyisdifferentbecauseitlooksatthefulldistributionofbrainsizesacrossenvironments,allowingtheresearcherstotestwhetherdifferentsizesareover-orunder-represented.Theyfoundthatathigherlatitudes,somebirdbrainsaresignificantlymorelikelytoberelativelysmallercomparedtobodysize.“InAlaska,theptarmigan(雷鳥(niǎo))mightbeatypicalexampleofthesmall-brainedspecies.Lovablethoughitis,it’snotexactlyknownforitssmarts.Theptarmigancan,however,feedonbranchesandwillowleaves.”saidTrevorFristoe,firstauthorofthestudyfromWashingtonUniversity.“Wefindthatsmall-brainedspeciesintheseenvironmentsemploystrategiesthatareunachievablewithalargebrain.Thesespeciesareabletoliveonreadilyavailablebutdifficulttodigestresourcessuchasneedlesofconifers(針葉樹(shù))orevenbranches.Thesefoodscanbefoundevenduringextremewinterconditions,buttheyarefibrousandrequirealargegut(腸道)todigest,”Fristoesaid.“Guttissue,likebraintissue,isenergeticallydemanding,andlimitedbudgetsmeanthatitischallengingtomaintainalotofboth.”“Brainsarenotevolvingseparately—theyarepartofabroadersuiteofadaptationsthathelpcreaturessucceedintheirlives,”saidCarlosBotero,assistantprofessorofbiologyandco-authorofthestudy.“Biologists,ourselvesincluded,havehistoricallybelievedthatenvironmentalvariabilitydrivestheexpansionofbrainsize.Butwhenwetakeabroaderview,werealizethatotherstrategiesalsoworkandremarkably,thealternativehereinvolvesmakingabrainactuallysmaller!”1．HowdoesFristoe’sresearchdifferfrompreviousstudies?A．Itrevealsbirds’evolvingprocesses. B．Itarrivesataconflictingconclusion.C．Itfocusesonbirdswithsmallerbrains. D．Itcoversawiderrangeofbrainsizes.2．Whatdoweknowabouttheptarmigan?A．Ithasachangeablefeedinghabit. B．Itisconsideredfairlyintelligent.C．Ithasanextremelylargebodysize. D．Ithasapowerfuldigestingsystem.3．WhatdoesBoterothinkofsmallerbrains?A．Theyarearesultoflimitedbudgets. B．Theyareaneffectivesurvivalstrategy.C．Theyarenotforvariableenvironments. D．Theyaretypicalofindependentevolution.4．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．BigBrainsorBigGuts.ChooseOne B．EvolutionofBrainSizeinBirdsC．BigBrains:AdapttoHigherLatitudes D．TheSmallertheBrain,theSmartertheBird【新八省閱讀·說(shuō)明文05】（24-25高三上·四川內(nèi)江·開(kāi)學(xué)考試）Thestreets,sidewalksandroofsofcitiesallabsorbheatduringtheday,makingsomeurbanareasacrosstheUnitedStatesupto6degreesFahrenheithotterthanruralonesduringtheday-and22degreesFhotteratnight.These“urbanheatislands”canalsodevelopundergroundasthecityheatspreadsdownward,beneaththesurface.Andbasements,subwaytunnelsandotherundergroundinfrastructurealsoconstantlybleedheatintothesurroundingearth,creatinghotspots.Nowtheundergroundheatisbuildingupastheplanetwarms.AccordingtoanewstudyofdowntownChicago,undergroundhotspotsmaythreatentheverysamestructuresthatemittheheatinthefirstplace.Suchtemperaturechangesmakethegroundaroundthemexpandandcontract(收縮)enoughtocausepotentialdamage.“Withoutanyonerealizingit,thecityofChicago’sdowntownwasdeforming,”saysthestudy’sauthorAlessandroF.RottaLoria,acivilandenvironmentalengineeratNorthwesternUniversity.Thefindings,publishedinCommunicationsEngineering,exposea“silenthazard(危險(xiǎn))”tocivilinfrastructureincitieswithsofterground-especiallythosenearwater-RottaLoriasays.“Theremighthavebeenstructuralissuescausedbythisundergroundclimatechangethathappened,andwedidn’tevenrealize,”headds.Whilenotanimmediateordirectdangertohumanlives,thispreviouslyunknowneffecthighlightstheimpactsofalesser-knowncomponentofclimatechange.Similartoclimatechangeabovethesurface,theseundergroundchangesoccuroverlongperiodsoftime.“Theseeffectstookdecades,acentury,todevelop,”RottaLoriasays,addingthatelevatedundergroundtemperatureswouldlikewisetakealongtimetodissipate(逐漸消失)ontheirown.Butotherresearchersinterviewedforthisstoryallsaythiswastedenergycouldalsoberecycled,presentinganopportunitytobothcoolthesubsurfaceandsaveonenergycosts.Subwaytunnelsandbasementscouldbeupdatedwithtechnologiestorecapturetheheat.Forexample,waterpipescouldbeinstalledtorunthroughundergroundhotspotsandpickupsomeoftheheatenergy.1．Whatcanwelearnaboutthe“urbanheatislands”?A．Theycandevelopundergroundstructures. B．Theyareimpactedbyglobalwarming.C．Theycandestroythegroundaround. D．TheyonlyexistintheUnitedStates.2．WhydoesAlessandroF.RottaLoriamention“silenthazard”inparagraph3?A．Todiscussstructuralissues. B．Tocategorizeclimatechange.C．Toexplainundergroundheat. D．Toemphasizetheneglectedreality.3．Whatwilltheauthorprobablywriteaboutintheparagraphthatfollows?A．Thefutureoftunnelsandbasements. B．Thereusingapproachesofheatenergy.C．Thecostofmaintainingstructures. D．Theevolutionofundergroundenvironment.4．Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A．Undergroundclimatechangeisasilentdanger.B．Humansfailtonoticethedramaticclimatechange.C．Coolingthesurfacehelpscontrolurbanheatrises.D．Researchingundergroundheathelpssaveonenergycosts.【新八省閱讀·說(shuō)明文06】（24-25高三上·四川雅安·開(kāi)學(xué)考試）Anartificialintelligence(AI)toolofstreetviewcouldbeusedtopredicttheriskofcoronaryheartdisease—aconditionwheretheheart’sarteries(動(dòng)脈)areblocked,limitingbloodflowtotheheartbyanalysingneighbourhoodenvironments,accordingtoresearch.Astudy,publishedintheEuropeanHeartJournal,monitoredeverydaysurroundings,includingthequalityofroads,buildings,andgreenspaces,andtheroletheyplayindetermininghearthealth.Researcherswereabletotrackthelinkbetweentheseenvironmentalelements,includingthepresenceorabsenceofpollution,andtheriskofcoronaryheartdisease.Theyfoundthattheseneighbourhoodcharacteristicscouldaccountfor63%ofthedifferencesinheartdiseaseriskfromonecommunitytoanother.ThediscoverystemsfromanalysingmorethanhalfamillionAIstreetviewimagesacrossUScities,usingcomputervisiontoidentifyandinterpretdetailsthatmightgounnoticedbythehumaneye.Thedataprovidesurbanplannersandpublichealthofficialswithinformationtodesignhealthierlivingspacesandneighbourhoods.“Undoubtedly,thereisavastamountofsocial,economicandenvironmentaldataset,”saidoneofthestudy'sauthors,ProfSanjayRajagopalan.“However,therestillremainsignificantgapsinourknowledgeregardinguniqueenvironmentalaspectsofdatathatarecurrentlybeyondhumancomprehension.Thisiswheretheuseofcomputervisionapproachesmayenableuniqueunderstandingofthephysicalandbuiltenvironment.”ByemployingAI,researchershavebeenabletoexaminethedetailsofneighbourhoods’environment.Thestudyemployedcomputervisiontechnology,includingapplicationsusedinmedicalimagingandautonomousdriving,toidentifydetailsandtheninterpretthemtomakepredictionsordecisions.“WearegettingtoaplaceinhumancivilizationwheretraditionalapproachesthathavebeenusedareratherlimitedandtheuseofAItoenhancehumanunderstandingisgoingtobecriticallyimportantatsolvingcomplexproblems,”P(pán)rofRajagopalansaid.1．Whatisthefindingofthestudy?A．Howpeoplecanpreventheartdiseases. B．Howenvironmentsaffecthearthealth.C．HowAIcanreduceheartdiseaserisks. D．Howtheheart'sarteriesareblocked.2．Whatcanthefindingofthestudyhelptodo?A．Promotecomputertechnology. B．Reduceairandwaterpollution.C．Designgreenneighbourhoods. D．AdvertiseforanAIcompany.3．Whywascomputervisionusedinthestudy?A．Theresearchershadnoenvironmentaldata. B．Ithadsolvedsomeenvironmentalproblems.C．Peopleignoredtheenvironmenttheylivein. D．Ithelpedpeopleunderstandtheenvironment.4．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ThedevelopmentofAIforhospitals B．ThemedicaluseofastreetviewtoolC．Theinsightintohealthyneighbourhoods D．Thelinkbetweentheheartandenvironment【新八省閱讀·說(shuō)明文07】（24-25高三上·四川成都·開(kāi)學(xué)考試）Anewstudybyaninternationalteamofexpertshighlightshowglobalmethane(甲烷)emissionshavebeenrisingrapidlysince2006,particularlysince2020,atrendthat’sexpectedtocontinueunlesswedosomethingverysignificantverysoon.Thestudyauthorshavethenoutlinedsomestrategiescountriescanusetotakeaction,anddevelopedanonlinetooltohelpwiththis.Thiscontinualclimbinmethaneemissionsislargelyduetothecontinueduseoffossil(化石)fuelsratherthancleaneroptions,theresearcherssay.It’sdirectlyproducedbyoil,gas,andcoaldrillingandprocessing.Theincreasingreleaseofmethanefromnaturalwetlands,causedbyahotterclimate,isnowalsocontributing.Methaneisproducedbyrubbishsites,thawingpermafrost,andanimalstoo.Theresearchers,ledbyphysicistandclimatespecialistDrewShindellofDukeUniversityintheUS,suggesttheseareminorcontributorsatthemoment—althoughonesthatalsoneedtobecloselywatched.“Worldwideeffortstolimitclimatechangearerightlyfocusedoncarbondioxide(CO2),theprimarydriver,”writestheteamintheirpublishedpaper.“However,sincehumanityhasfailedtoproperlyaddressclimatechangeforseveraldecades,keepingwarmingbelowagreedgoalsnowrequiresthatweaddressallmajorclimatepollutants.”Thereiscurrentlymuchlessmethaneinouratmospherethancarbondioxide(CO2),butmethaneisastrongergreenhousegas.Weknowthatmethaneisamajorcontributortothewarmingoftheworld,trappingheatlikeCO2does.Italsocontributestotheformationofozone(臭氧)atgroundlevel,increasingtheriskofdeaththroughrespiratoryillnessesandcardiovasculardiseases.“Rapidreductionsinmethaneemissionsthisdecadeareessentialtoslowingwarminginthenearfuture,limitingovershootbythemiddleofthecenturyandkeepinglow-warmingcarbonbudgetswithinreach,”writetheresearchers.WarningsfromscientistsaboutthestateofEarth’sclimatepatharenowreachingadeafeninglevel.Humanityshouldpaycloseattentiontothosewarningsandtakeaction.1．Whatdoweknowaboutmethaneemissions?A．Theyarecurrentlyaminorconcern.B．Theyhavebeengoingupsince2006.C．Theyhavedecreasedsteadilysince2020.D．Theyaremainlycausedbycleaneroptions.2．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thecontinueduseofmethaneemissions.B．Strategiesforreducingmethaneemissions.C．Theimpactofmethaneemissionsonhumanhealth.D．Thecontributionsofsourcestomethaneemissions.3．Whyisreducingmethaneemissionsconsideredurgent?A．Methanelessenstheamountofozone.B．Methanelimitsclimatechangeeffectively.C．Methanepromotesglobalwarminggreatly.D．Methanekeepslow-warmingcarbonbudgets.4．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Tocallonpeopletohandlemethaneemissions.B．Tointroducethehistoryofmethaneemissions.C．Tohighlightthedangersofmethaneformation.D．Toadvocatefortheincreaseduseoffossilfuels.【新八省閱讀·說(shuō)明文08】（24-25高三上·云南昆明·階段練習(xí)）Ifyourecentlyhadtroublefiguringoutifanimageofapersonisrealorgeneratedthroughartificialintelligence(AI),you’renotalone.AnewstudyfromUniversityofWaterlooresearchersfoundthatpeoplehadmoredifficultythanwasexpecteddistinguishingwhoisarealpersonandwhoisartificiallygenerated.TheWaterloostudysaw260participantsprovidedwith20unlabeledpictures:10ofwhichwereofrealpeopleobtainedfromGooglesearches,andtheother10generatedbyStableDiffusionorDALL-E,twocommonlyusedAIprogramsthatgenerateimages.ParticipantswereaskedtolabeleachimageasrealorAI-generatedandexplainwhytheymadetheirdecision.Only61%ofparticipantscouldtellthedifferencebetweenAI-generatedpeopleandrealones,farbelowthe85%threshold(門(mén)檻)thatresearchersexpected.“Peoplearenotasadeptatmakingthedistinctionastheythinktheyare,”saidAndreeaPocol,aPhDcandidateinComputerScienceattheUniversityofWaterloo.Participantspaidattentiontodetailssuchasfingers,teeth,andeyesaspossibleindicatorswhenlookingforAI-generatedcontent-buttheirassessmentsweren’talwayscorrect.Pocolnotedthatthenatureofthestudyallowedparticipantstocomparephotosindetail,whilemostInternetuserslookatimagesinpassing.“Peoplewhoarejustdoomscrolling(滾動(dòng))ordon’thavetimewon’tpickupontheseclues,”P(pán)ocolsaid.PocoladdedthattheextremelyrapidrateatwhichAItechnologyisdevelopingmakesitparticularlydifficulttounderstandthepotentialformaliciousorillegalactionposedbyAI-generatedimages.Thepaceofacademicresearchandlegislation(立法)isn’toftenabletokeepup:AI-generatedimageshavebecomeevenmorerealisticsincethestudybeganinlate2022.“Disinformationisn’tnew,butthetoolsofdisinformationhavebeenconstantlyshiftingandprogressing,”P(pán)ocolsaid.“Itmaygettoapointwherepeople,nomatterhowtrainedtheyare,willstillstruggletodifferentiaterealimagesfromfakes.That’swhyweneedtodeveloptoolstoidentifyandcounterthis.”1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“adept”inparagraph3mean?A．Expert. B．Quick. C．Alarmed. D．Puzzled.2．Whatdecreasedtheaccuracyoftheresultoftheexperiment?A．Ignoringfacialexpressions. B．Drawingaconclusioninahurry.C．Lackingprofessionalguidance. D．Failingtodistinguishthedetails.3．What’sPocol’sadviceondealingwithdisinformation?A．Providingpeoplewithrelatedtraining. B．Banningthespreadoffakeinformation.C．Doingsomefieldresearchinperson. D．Developingpracticaltoolstoidentifyit.4．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Methodsofdistinguishingdisinformation. B．ThreatscausedbyAI-generatedimages.C．DifficultiesintellingAI-generatedimages. D．Differencesbetweenartificialandrealimages.【新八省閱讀·說(shuō)明文09】（24-25高三上·云南大理·階段練習(xí)）Shanghaiscientistshavedevisedanewmaterialthatcanbeusedtodeveloptwo-dimensional,low-power-consumptioncomputerchips,whichmaysignificantlyimprovetheirenergyefficiencyandhaveimportantmeaningsforsmartphonebatteryendurance.Low-powerconsumption,high-performance