2022年大學(xué)英語考試真題卷五11測

2022年大學(xué)英語考試真題卷五

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1.{{BHTEXTDH/BH

Trafficstatistiespaintagloomypicture.Tohelpsolvetheirtraffic

woes,somerapidlygrowingUScitieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads.But

trafficexpertssaybuiIdingmoreroadsisaquick-fixsoIutionthatwi11

notalIeviatedthetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcosts,

increasingconcernoversociaIandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedby

roadbuiIding,andtheIikeIihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomore

carsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdownona1950s-styIe

constructionprogram?.

Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnoIogyistomaketrafficsystemswork

atoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestraveling

onthemasanintegraltransportationsystem.Proponentsoftheadvanced

technoIogysayeIectronicdetectionsystems,cIosed-circuittelevision,

radio-communication,rampmeteringvariablemessagesigning,andother

smart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprove

communicationbetweendriversandthepeopIewhomonitortraffic②.

Pathfinder,aSantaMonica,California-basedsmart-highwayproject

inwhicha14-miIestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreeway,makingupwhat

iscalleda"smartcorridor,"isbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloops

inthepavement.Closed-circuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowof

traffic;whilecommunicationIinkedtopropertyequippedautomobiles

advisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours.

Nota11trafficexperts,however,looktosmart-highwaytechnoIogy

astheu11imatesoIutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-tech

approachisIimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaserious

problem.

"Electronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectsoftheproblem:

howtoreguIatetrafficmoreefficiently,"explainsMichaelRenner,

seniorresearcherattheworId-watchInstitute."Itdoesnotdealwith

thecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcannotbebuiItfast

enough.ItsendspeopIethewrongmessage.Theystartthinking'yes,

thereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblem,butthat,sbeensolved

nowbecausewehaveadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace."Larsonagrees

andadds,"SmarthighwayisjustoneofthetoolsthatweusetodeaI

withourtrafficproblems.ItisnotthesoIutionitself,justpanof

package.Therearedifferentstrategies."

Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimerited

withincIudecar-pooling,rapidmass-transitsystems,staggeredor

flexibleworkhoursandroadpricing,asystemwherebymotoristspaya

certainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway③.

Itseemsthatweneedanew,majorthrusttodealwiththetraffic

problemsofthenext20years.Therehastobeabigchangeandalong

waytogo.

AccordingtoLarson,toredressthetrafficproblem,.

A.rapidmasstransitsystemmustbeintroduced

B.overallstrategiesmustbeexperimented

C.afundamentalshiftofnotionsmustbetaken

D.abetterunderstandingoftherootoftrafficproblemsmustbereached

2.

Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsor

unfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarked[A],[B],

[C],and[D].Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.

MarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET.

({BHTEXTA{{/B}}

Oneofthequestionsthatiscomingintofocusaswefacegrowing

scarcityofresourcesofmanykindsintheworIdishowtodivideIimited

resourcesamongcountries.IntheinternationaldeveIopmentcommunity,

theconventionaIwisdomhasbeenthatthe2biIIionpeopIeIivinginpoor

countriescouldneverexpecttoreachthestandardofIivingthatmost

ofusinNorthAmericaenjoy,simplybecausetheworlddoesnotcontain

enoughironore,protein,petroleum,andsoon?.Atthesametime,we

intheUnitedStateshavecontinuedtopursuesuperaffIuenceasthough

therewerenolimitsonhowmuchwecouldconsume.Wemakeup6percent

oftheworId'speopIe;yetweconsumeone-thirdoftheworId'sresources.

Aslongastheresourcesweconsumedeachyearcameprimarilyfrom

withinourownboundaries,thiswaslargelyaninternalmatter.Butas

ourresourcescomemoreandmorefromtheoutsideworld,"outsiders''

aregoingtohavesomestayovertherateatwhichandtermsunderwhich

weconsume.Wewi11nolongerbeabletothinkintermsof"our"resources

and"their”resources,butonlyofcommonresources.

AsAmericansconsumingsuchadisproportionateshareoftheworld,

sresources,wehavetoquestionwhetherornotwecancontinueourpursuit

ofsuperaffIuenceinaworIdofscarcity.Wearenowreachingthepoint

wherewemustcarefullyexaminethepresumedIinkbetweenourlevelof

weIHbeingandthelevelofmateriaIgoodsconsumed.IfyouhaveonIy

onecrustofbread,thenanadditionalcrustofbreaddoesn*tmakethat

muchdifferent.IntheeyesofmostoftheworIdtoday,Americanshave

theirloafofbreadandareaskingforstillmore.PeopIeelsewhereare

beginningtoaskwhy.Thisisthequestionwe*regoingtohavetoanswer,

whetherwe'retryingtopersuadecountriestostepuptheirexportsof

oiItousortryingtoconvineethemthatweoughttobepermittedto

maintainourshareoftheworIdfishcatch?.

Theprospectofascarcityof,andcompetitionfor,theworld*s

resourcesrequirethatwereexaminethewayinwhichwerelatetothe

restoftheworld.Itmeanswefindwaysofcuttingbackonresource

consumptionthatisdependentontheresourcesandcooperationofother

countries.WecannotexpectpeopIeinthesecountriestoconcern

themselveswithourworseningenergyandfoodshortagesunlesswe

demonstratesomeconcernforthehunger,i11iteracyanddiseasethatare

diminishingIifeforthem?.

Thewritergivestheexampleofbreadtoshowthat.

A.theUnitedStateshasbeenmuchricherthananyothercountries

B.theUnitedStateshasacquiredmorethanwhatithascontributed

C.theUnitedStateshasbeentoogreedyinitspursuitofsuperaffluence

D.theUnitedStatesismorecapableofpursuingaffluencethanother

countries

3.{{B}}TEXTC((/B))

Now.morethanever,itdoesn,tmatterwhoyouarebutwhatyoulook

Iike.

Janetwasjusttwenty-fiveyearsold.Shehadagreatjobandseemed

happy.Shecommittedsuicide.Inhersuicidenoteshewrotethatshefelt

"un-pretty*andthatnomaneverlovedher.Amywasjustfifteenwhen

hospitalizedforeatingdisorders.Shesufferedfrombothanorexiaand

bulimia.Shelostmorethanonehundredpoundsintwomonths.Bothvictims

battIedproblemswiththeirbodyimageandphysicalappearance.

n0h,Iamtoofat.""MybuttistoobigandmybreaststoosmalI."

"IhatemybodyandIfeeIugly."nIwanttobebeautiful."Thenumber

ofmenandwomenwhofeelthesethingsaboutthemselvesisincreasing

dramaticaIly.

Icanidentifytwomaincategoriesofbody-imageproblems:additive

versussubtractive.Thosewhoenhancetheirappearancethroughcosmetic

surgeryfa11intotheadditivegroup;thosewhohopetoimprovetheir

looksthroughstarvationbelongtothesubtractivecategory.Bothgroups

havetwothingsincommon:theyareneversatisfiedandarealways

obsessed.

EatingdisordersaffIictasmanyasfivetotenmillionwomenandone

millionmenintheUnitedStates.OneoutoftourfemaIecollegestudents

sufferformaneatingdisorders.ButwhyCardKirby,auniversityof

NebraskamentaIhealthcounselor,saysthatbodyimageandeating

disordersarecontinuumaddictionsinwhichindividuaIsseektodiscover

theiridentities.Theideathatweshouldlookacertainwayandpossess

acertainshapeisinstiIledinusataveryearlyage.Younggirlsnot

onlyplaywithBarbiedolIsthatdisplayimpossible,evencomica11

proportions,buttheyareaIsobombardedwithimagesaswellt"We

immediatelyidentifyphysicaIattractivenesstomeansuccessand

happiness①."

ThemediacanbebIamedforcontributingtovariousbodyimage

i11nesses.Wecannotwalkintoabookstorewithoutbeingexposedto

perfectmaleandfemaIebodiesonthecoversofmagazines.Weseesuch

imageseveryday-oncommercials,billboards,ontelevision,andin

movies.TheseimagescontinuaIIyremindwomenandyounggirlsthatif

youwanttobehappyyoumustbebeautiful,andifyouwanttobebeautifuI

youmustbethin.

Thisidealmaybethemainobjectiveofthefashion,cosmetic,diet,

fitness,andplasticsurgeryindustriesthatstandtomakemi11ionsfrom

body-imageanxiety.ButdoesitworkforusArewomenwholoseweight

inordertobetoothpickthinreallyhappyArewomenwhohavehadbreast

implantsreaIlyhappyWhattrulydefinesapersonIsithisorher

physicalappearanceorisitcharacterBeautyissupposedtobe"skin

deep".ButwecanalIbebeautifulinside.

PeopIearekillingthemseIvesfox*unrealisticphysicalstandards

dictatedbyourpopularculture.Weneedtobemademoreawareofthis

issue.Tobecelebrity-thinisnottobebeautifulnorhappy.Itcanalso

beunattractive.Individualswhoareobsessedwiththeirbodiesareonly

causingdamagetothemseIvesandtheirlovedones.Butaslongasthe

mediamaintaintheirmessagethat"Thinisin”,thenthemedicaIand

psychologicalproblemsoursocietyfaceswi11continuetogrow②.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTthecauseofbody-imageanxietyintheauthor,

seyes

A.Theinfluenceofthetraditionalculture.

B.Thehauntingofthevanity.

C.Thefashionandthegeneralsocialclimate.

D.Thelossofthetrueunderstandingofbeauty.

4.

Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsor

unfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarked[A],[B],

[C],and[D].Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.

MarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET.

{IB}}TEXTA{{/B}}

Oneofthequestionsthatiscomingintofocusaswefacegrowing

scarcityofresourcesofmanykindsintheworIdishowtodivideIimited

resourcesamongcountries.IntheinternationaldeveIopmentcommunity,

theconventionaIwisdomhasbeenthatthe2bi11ionpeopIelivinginpoor

countriescouldneverexpecttoreachthestandardofIivingthatmost

ofusinNorthAmericaenjoy,simplybecausetheworlddoesnotcontain

enoughironore,protein,petroleum,andsoon①.Atthesametime,we

intheUnitedStateshavecontinuedtopursuesuperaffIuenceasthough

therewerenolimitsonhowmuchwecouldconsume.Wemakeup6percent

oftheworId'speopIe;yetweconsumeone-thirdoftheworId*sresources.

Aslongastheresourcesweconsumedeachyearcameprimarilyfrom

withinourownboundaries,thiswaslargelyaninternalmatter.Butas

ourresourcescomemoreandmorefromtheoutsideworld,“outsiders''

aregoingtohavesomestayovertherateatwhichandtermsunderwhich

weconsume.Wewi11nolongerbeabletothinkintermsof"our"resources

and"their"resources,butonlyofcommonresources.

AsAmericansconsumingsuchadisproportionateshareoftheworld,

sresources,wehavetoquestionwhetherornotwecancontinueourpursuit

ofsuperaffIuenceinaworIdofscarcity.Wearenowreachingthepoint

wherewemustcarefullyexaminethepresumedIinkbetweenourlevelof

weII-beingandthelevelofmaterialgoodsconsumed.Ifyouhaveonly

onecrustofbread,thenanadditionaIcrustofbreaddoesn*tmakethat

muchdifferent.IntheeyesofmostoftheworIdtoday,Americanshave

theirloafofbreadandareaskingforstillmore.PeopIeelsewhereare

beginningtoaskwhy.Thisisthequestionwe,regoingtohavetoanswer,

whetherwe'retryingtopersuadecountriestostepuptheirexportsof

oiItousortryingtoconvineethemthatweoughttobepermittedto

maintainourshareoftheworIdfishcatch?.

Theprospectofascarcityof,andcompetitionfor,theworld's

resourcesrequirethatwereexaminethewayinwhichwerelatetothe

restoftheworld.Itmeanswefindwaysofcuttingbackonresource

consumptionthatisdependentontheresourcesandcooperationofother

countries.WecannotexpectpeopIeinthesecountriestoconcern

themselveswithourworseningenergyandfoodshortagesunlesswe

demonstratesomeconcernforthehunger,i11iteracyanddiseasethatare

diminishingIifeforthem?.

Whatistheconclusionofthispassage

A.TheUnitedStateswillbeisolatedifitdoesnotstoppursuingsuper

affluence.

B.ThepoorcountrieswillnolongersupplytheUnitedStateswiththeir

goods.

C.TheUnitedStatesshouldcareaboutthewell-beingofothercountries.

D.ItistimefortheAmericanstohelpthepeopleinpoorcountriesto

improvetheirlivingstandard.

5.{{B}}TEXTC{{/BJJ

Now,morethanever,itdoesn'tmatterwhoyouarebutwhatyoulook

Iike.

Janetwasjusttwenty-fiveyearsold.Shehadagreatjobandseemed

happy.Shecommittedsuicide.Inhersuicidenoteshewrotethatshefelt

"un-pretty1andthatnomaneverlovedher.Amywasjustfifteenwhen

hospitaIizedforeatingdisorders.Shesufferedfrombothanorexiaand

bulimia.Shelostmorethanonehundredpoundsintwomonths.Bothvictims

battIedproblemswiththeirbodyimageandphysicalappearance.

“Oh,Iamtoofat.""MybuttistoobigandmybreaststoosmaII."

"IhatemybodyandIfeeIugly.""Iwanttobebeautiful."Thenumber

ofmenandwomenwhofeelthesethingsaboutthemselvesisincreasing

dramatically.

Icanidentifytwomaincategoriesofbody-imageproblems:additive

versussubtractive.Thosewhoenhancetheirappearancethroughcosmetic

surgeryfa11intotheadditivegroup;thosewhohopetoimprovetheir

looksthroughstarvationbeIongtothesubtractivecategory.Bothgroups

havetwothingsincommon:theyareneversatisfiedandarealways

obsessed.

EatingdisordersaffIictasmanyasfivetotenmillionwomenandone

millionmenintheUnitedStates.OneoutoftourfemaIecoIIegestudents

sufferformaneatingdisorders.ButwhyCardKirby,auniversityof

NebraskamentaIhealthcounselor,saysthatbodyimageandeating

disordersarecontinuumaddictionsinwhichindividuaIsseektodiscover

theiridentities.TheideathatweshouIdlookacertainwayandpossess

acertainshapeisinstiIledinusataveryearlyage.Younggirlsnot

onlyplaywithBarbiedolIsthatdisplayimpossible,evencomicaIf

proportions,buttheyarealsobombardedwithimagesaswell,"We

immediatelyidentifyphysicaIattractivenesstomeansuccessand

happiness①."

ThemediacanbebIamedforcontributingtovariousbodyimage

iIInesses.Wecannotwalkintoabookstorewithoutbeingexposedto

perfectmaleandfemaIebodiesonthecoversofmagazines.Weseesuch

imageseveryday-oncommercials,biIIboards,ontelevision,andin

movies.Theseimagescontinua11yremindwomenandyounggirlsthatif

youwanttobehappyyoumustbebeautiful,andifyouwanttobebeautifuI

youmustbethin.

ThisideaImaybethemainobjectiveofthefashion,cosmetic,diet,

fitness,andplasticsurgeryindustriesthatstandtomakemi11ionsfrom

body-imageanxiety.ButdoesitworkforusArewomenwholoseweight

inordertobetoothpickthinreaIlyhappyArewomenwhohavehadbreast

implantsreallyhappyWhattrulydefinesapersonIsithisorher

physicaIappearanceorisitcharacterBeautyissupposedtobe"skin

deep".ButwecanalIbebeautifuIinside.

PeopIearekillingthemseIvesfox'unrealisticphysicalstandards

didatedbyourpopularculture.Weneedtobemademoreawareofthis

issue.Tobecelebrity-thinisnottobebeautifulnorhappy.Itcanalso

beunattractive.Individualswhoareobsessedwiththeirbodiesareonly

causingdamagetothemseIvesandtheirlovedones.Butaslongasthe

mediamaintaintheirmessagethat"Thinisin",thenthemedicaIand

psychologicalproblemsoursocietyfaceswi11continuetogrow②.

Whatistheauthor*spurposeofwritingthispassage

A.Tochangethebehaviororthethinkingofitsreaderstowardsbody-image.

B.Toconvincepeoplethatitisharmfultobeobsessedwithsuperficial

beauty.

C.Topersuadepeopletopursuemorevaluablethings.

D.Toanalyzewhypeoplepaysomuchattentiontophysicalappearance.

6.({BJJTEXTD({/BJ)

TrafficstatisticspaintagIoomypicture.Tohelpsolvetheirtraffic

woes,somerapidlygrowingUScitieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads.But

trafficexpertssaybuiIdingmoreroadsisaquick-fixsoIutionthatwi11

notalIeviatedthetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcosts,

increasingconcernoversociaIandenvironmentaIdisruptionscausedby

roadbuilding,andtheIikeIihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomore

carsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdownona1950s-styIe

constructionprogram?.

Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnoIogyistomaketrafficsystemswork

atoptimumefficiencybytreatingtheroadandthevehiclestraveling

onthemasanintegraltransportationsystem.Proponentsoftheadvanced

technoIogysayeIectronicdetectionsystems,cIosed-circuittelevision,

radio-communication,rampmeteringvariablemessagesigning,andother

smart-highwaytechnologycannowbeusedatareasonablecosttoimprove

communicationbetweendriversandthepeopIewhomonitortraffic②.

Pathfinder,aSantaMonica.California-basedsmart-highwayproject

inwhicha14-miIestretchoftheSantaMonicaFreeway,makingupwhat

iscalleda"smartcorridor,"isbeinginstrumentedwithburiedloops

inthepavement.Closed-circuittelevisioncamerassurveytheflowof

traffic;whilecommunicationIinkedtopropertyequippedautomobiles

advisemotoristsoftheleastcongestedroutesordetours.

NotalItrafficexperts,however,looktosmart-highwaytechnoIogy

astheu11imatesoIutiontotrafficgridlock.Somesaythehigh-tech

approachisIimitedandcanonlyoffertemporarysolutionstoaserious

problem.

"Electronicsonthehighwayaddressesjustoneaspectsoftheproblem:

howtoreguIatetrafficmoreefficiently,"explainsMichaelRenner,

seniorresearcherattheworId-watchInstitute."Itdoesnotdealwith

thecentralproblemoftoomanycarsforroadsthatcannotbebuiltfast

enough.ItsendspeopIethewrongmessage.Theystartthinking'yes,

thereusedtobeatrafficcongestionproblem,butthat,sbeensoIved

nowbecausewehaveadvancedhigh-techsysteminplace."Larsonagrees

andadds,"SmarthighwayisjustoneofthetoolsthatweusetodeaI

withourtrafficproblems.ItisnotthesoIutionitself,justpanof

package.Therearedifferentstrategies.

Othertrafficproblem-solvingoptionsbeingstudiedandexperimented

withincIudecar-pooling,rapidmass-transitsystems,staggeredor

flexibleworkhoursandroadpricing,asystemwherebymotoristspaya

certainamountforthetimetheyuseahighway③.

Itseemsthatweneedanew,majorthrusttodealwiththetraffic

problemsofthenext20years.Therehastobeabigchangeandalong

waytogo.

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthewhole

passage

A.Twocontrastingviewsofaproblemarepresented.

B.Aproblemisexaminedandcomplementarysolutionsarcproposedor

offered.

C.Latestdevelopmentsareoutlinedinorderofimportance.

D.Anintroductionisexplainedwithitsimportanceemphasized.

7.{{BJJTEXTB{{/B}}

WhydoadultsbeIievethataIcohoIicawarenessprogramsteachyoung

peopIenottoover-drinkRecently,readinganarticleaboutthe

aIcohoI-induceddeathsoftwostudentsfromtwodifferentuniversalities

inColorado,IcameacrossathemeonteendrinkingappIicabIetoparents,

schooIadministration,andlocalgovernment:theyjustdon,tgetit

①.

TouseapunbyNewYorkTimescoIumnistThomasFriedman,whochanges

WMDtoPMD(peopIeofmassdestruction),IcalImuchoftheadult

generationPMNs—peopIeofmassnaivete.Isaythisbecauseadultsseem

tobeIievethatnochildoftheirswouldtouchaIcohoIbefore21.Since

that*sunreaIistic,theissueshouldbe:bowcankidslearntodrink

responsiblyTheanswer:bypractising.Likefiguringoutbowtothrow

abaseballtapersonneedstolearnbytrialanderror.

Now,Iamnotproposingthatunder-agekidsshouldhaveaccessto

aIcohoIatalItimes,buttheywiIIneverknownwhentheyhavereached

theirIimitwithoutdrinkingaIcohoIfirst.Trustme,wefeelwhenwe

havesurpassedourIimit.

ItbasoftenbeenstressedtomygenerationthatthereshouIdalways

beadesignateddriverwhodoesnotdrink.But,realistically,whenpeopIe

gotoabar,aretheynotsupposedtodrinkMyfriend,awilling

designateddriver,wasaskedbyafriendonthebarwhyhedidnothave

adrinkinhishand.Heresponded,"Iamdriving."Shethenrepeatedher

questionwhiIelaughing.Inotherwords,collegestudentsfaceintense

pressuretodrinkwhentheyareoutsocia11yteventhoughsomemanage

towithstandit.

ThesoIutionIproposeistwo-fold.First,toparents:Ifyouhave

chiIdreninhighschooI,understandthatyourkidswiIIdrinkatparties.

DespitethelegaIdrinkingage,theywi11findawaytoobtainbeeror

Iiquor.WhileyouarehomedrinkingthishoIidayseason,haveadrink

withyourkidsandtheirfriends,orattheveryleast,allowthetohave

adrink.Ensuretheyaresafe,butaIsoguaranteethattheyknowwhat

theyaredoing.PleaseintroducethemtoaIcohoIbeforetheygooffto

collegesothat,onthefirstweekend,theydon*tdrinkthemselvesinto

theER.Theydothisnotbecausetheywanttodrinktogetdrunk,but

becausetheydonotknowanybetter.

Second,tolawmakers:Howareteenagerssupposedtolearntodrink

responsiblywhentheycannotevendrinkIega11ywiththeirparents

Havingadrinkwithyourparentsatarestaurantisamuchmoreadult

experiencethandrinkingwiththemathome.Thetruthofthematteris

thataImostaIIunder-agedrinkingisdoneoutsidethehome,insociaI

circles.Solawmakersshouldmakeanexceptionandallowteenagers,who

areoneortwoyearsunderthedrinkingageandaccompaniedbytheir

parents,tohaveadrinkatarestaurant?.

MostofusIiveinanenvironmentthatisgearedtowarddrinkingand

overdrinking,andadultsmustfacethistruth,fftheydonotwakeup

andseereaIity,theirkidsonemorningmightnotwakeupfromanight

ofdrinking.

Whatistheauthor,sattitudetowardsthephenomenonofteenagers,

drinking

A.favorable

B.undisclosed

C.impartial

D.realistic

8.{{BJJTEXTD({/BJ)

TrafficstatisticspaintagIoomypicture.Tohelpsolvetheirtraffic

woes,somerapidlygrowingUScitieshavesimplybuiltmoreroads.But

trafficexpertssaybuiIdingmoreroadsisaquick-fixsoIutionthatwi11

notalIeviatedthetrafficprobleminthelongrun.Soaringlandcosts,

increasingconcernoversociaIandenvironmentaldisruptionscausedby

roadbuiIding,andtheIikeIihoodthatmoreroadscanonlyleadtomore

carsandtrafficarepowerfulfactorsbearingdownona1950s-styIe

constructionprogram?.

Thegoalofsmart-highwaytechnoIogyistomaketrafficsystemswork

atoptimumefficiencybytreati