華北平原地下水漏斗區(qū)節(jié)水種植制度研究

華北平原地下水漏斗區(qū)節(jié)水種植制度研究提綱1.華北糧食生產(chǎn)與水資源現(xiàn)狀2.華北節(jié)水種植制度進(jìn)展3.區(qū)域種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整效果初探CropproductioninNCPvsChina:1:4(23.0%).

Cerealcropproductionaccountedfor60%ofwholeNCP.

InNCPof2017,wheatyield:49%(7773×104t);corn:44%(7020×104t)ofcerealcropyield.1.CropproductionWheat,corn:maincrops.Winterwheat-Summercorn:dominatedcroprotation.Percentage:Foodcropsdecreasedby11%,vegetablesandfruiterswithhigherETincreasedby4%.2.CropSowingAreaWheatCornCerealBeansCottonOilseedVegetableMelonFruiter

SowingArea(kha)PercentageWheatCornCerealBeansCottonOilseedVegetableMelonFruiter3.WaterresourcesAnnualPrecipitation:450-550mm,Jun.-Sep.(1960-2018)AnnualTis12.2°C.3.Waterresources3.WaterresourcesinNorthChinaPlain109m319982014decreaseWaterresources1212.1569.753%precipitation3904.72903.126%Surfacewater843.6315.763%Groundwater589.1392.733%70%irrigationfromundergroundinthe

NCP.Totalirrigationwaterusefromunderground:50billion

m3/year.Annualgroundwater

overdraft:4-6billionm3

/year.Accumulatedgroundwateroverdraft: 150billion

m3Zhangetal.,2016Groundwatertabledeclinedby0.46±0.37m/yearatsuperficiallayer,1.14±0.58m/yearindeeplayersince1980.(a)Superficiallayer(b)Deeplayer4.Groundwatertablechangeconeofdepressionduetotheoverpumpedgroundwater,watertabledecreasedbyalmost1m/year.Thereare100mdeclineinseriousarea.

2016年3個(gè)淺層地下水位埋深長期監(jiān)測點(diǎn)4個(gè)深層地下水位埋深長期監(jiān)測點(diǎn)糧食生產(chǎn)與地下水位下降Groundwaterwithdrawal(108m3)Grainyield(104t)GroundwaterpumpageWheatyieldCornyieldRainfallcouplingdegree:winterwheat:0.26;summermaize:0.81;Irrigation:winterwheat:200-300mm;Annualirrigationrequirements:

200-400mm;Water

Consumption:Winterwheat:400-450mm;Maize:

300-400mm;Annualaveragerainfall:450-550

mm;降水量(mm)Iscroprotationaneffectivewatersavingsolution?Keepthetraditionalwheat-cornrotationorlookfornewcroppingsystems?DiversifiedCroprotations糧食作物：冬小麥、夏玉米經(jīng)濟(jì)作物：棉花、花生飼料作物：甘薯、黑麥草、高粱能源作物：柳枝稷（多年生）8種種植模式2002年-今一年兩熟主要結(jié)果各輪作模式水分消耗

對(duì)地下水位的影響各模式水分利用效率(s)糧食基輪作模式的節(jié)水機(jī)理糧棉薯麥玉糧棉油糧油棉花連作飼料麥玉糧飼能源柳枝稷ET：飼料﹥麥玉﹥糧飼﹥糧棉油﹥糧油﹥糧棉薯﹥棉花連﹥能源

730

725

694647

615

561523504節(jié)水效果：

11%

15%

23%

28%30%mm各輪作模式周年水分消耗XiaolinYangetal.,(2013)AgriculturalWaterManagementXiaolinYangetal.,(2015)JournalofhydrologyXiaolinYangetal.,(2019)FieldCropsResearch

725

623

584

520

498節(jié)水：

13.9%

19.4%

28.2%

31.3%含休閑期的各模式生育期耗水12years(2002-2014)生育期ETa：麥玉﹥糧棉油﹥糧油﹥糧棉薯﹥棉花連作mm

41.3

31.3

25.0

24.4

占周年ETa:

7.4%

5.1%

4.8%

3.8%含休閑期的各模式休閑期耗水12years(2002-2014)休閑期ETa：糧棉薯﹥糧油﹥糧棉油﹥棉花連作mmP

IDPRINetgroundwateruse：RootzoneNetgroundwateruseETPGroundwater

XiaolinYangetal.,(2015)PlosOne

TimedelayofrechargeGroundwatertable:thereisaoneyeartimedelayandtheeffectisspreadovertwoyears.Rainfall757mm

CalculationofgroundwaterchangeNetgroundwateruse：Groundwatertablechange：

Groundwatertablechangeintheyyear：

measuredsimulated

monthlyobservedwatertablematchedwellsimulatedvaluesValidationofdeeppercolationcalculation-WSRMSE：0.6418m;RE:1.35%;Nash-Sutcliffe:0.9633;各輪作模式凈地下水消耗年均NWU：飼料﹥麥玉﹥糧飼﹥糧棉油﹥糧油﹥柳枝稷﹥糧棉薯﹥棉花連作負(fù)值:消耗;正值:回補(bǔ)飼料麥玉糧飼能源柳枝稷306

288

281

182

161

110

105

85XiaolinYangetal.,(2015)Journalofhydrology，PlosoneXiaolinYangetal.,(2019)FieldCropsResearchS年均地下水位下降量：飼料、麥玉、糧飼(1.20m/yr)>糧棉油(0.84m/yr)>糧油(0.70m/yr)>糧棉薯、棉花連作、能源(0.40m/yr).近10年來，若用糧棉薯模式替代傳統(tǒng)高耗水的麥玉模式，可節(jié)約7m的地下水資源.麥玉飼料糧飼能源XiaolinYangetal.,(2015)Journalofhydrology，PlosoneXiaolinYangetal.,(2019)FieldCropsResearch不同種植模式對(duì)地下水位的影響糧棉薯麥玉糧油糧棉油棉花連作廣義的水分利用效率AnnualaverageWUEe：糧棉薯﹥糧棉油﹥糧油﹥麥玉﹥棉花連作

￥m-3：11.0、8.5、7.3、5.5、5.2麥玉的倍數(shù)

：

2.0、1.5、1.3XiaolinYangetal.,(2015)Journalofhydrology廣義的水分利用效率BiomassWUE:kg/m3飼料(14.7)>糧飼(11.0)＞

麥玉(8.4)＞

柳枝稷(6.9)BioethanolWUE:L/m3飼料(5.7)>糧飼(4.3)＞

麥玉(3.3)＞

柳枝稷(2.6)BioethanolNWUE:L/m3飼料(15.5)>柳枝稷(14.4)＞

糧飼(10.9)＞

麥玉(9.1)Yang1etal.,FieldCropsResearch(2019)

Diversifyingcroppingrotationsiscriticallyimportantformitigatingover-exploitationofthegroundwater,ensuringfoodsecurityorboostingtheincomeoffarmersinNorthChinaPlain.糧食基輪作模式的節(jié)水機(jī)理糧食基輪作模式的節(jié)水機(jī)理糧食基輪作模式對(duì)麥、玉產(chǎn)量及WUE的影響WheatWUE:12-19%CornWUE:10-21%Wheatyield:9-16%Cornyield:19-32%Yang1etal.,FrontiersinPlantscience(2017)Yang1etal.,JournalofCleanerProduction(2014)Yang1etal.,InternationalJournalofLCA(2018)Yang1etal.,Sustainbility(2018)Yang*etal.,FieldCropsResearch(2018ab)Yang*etal.,AgronomyJournal(2017)9%7%16%19%11%32%18%12%19%21%10%25%華北平原多樣化節(jié)水種植制度小結(jié)麥玉系

統(tǒng)34種輪作制度11種麥玉復(fù)種模式灌溉制度關(guān)注指標(biāo)周年耗水量降水量灌溉量產(chǎn)量水分利用效率等價(jià)產(chǎn)量經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)值經(jīng)濟(jì)水分利用效率凈地下水消耗量對(duì)地下水位影響多樣化輪作模式的周年耗水量多樣化輪作模式的周年灌溉量華北地下水位不再下降的灌溉臨近值為150mmyr-1,太行山脈回補(bǔ)113mmyr-1

(Chenetal.,2013)；對(duì)地下水位的影響南水北調(diào)中線41mmyr-1

(Caoetal.,2013;vanOortetal.,2016)。+節(jié)水技術(shù)（plasticfilmmulching，冬小麥節(jié)水灌溉）等…Yangetal.,unpublished產(chǎn)量與水分利用效率夏玉米一熟/春玉米一熟產(chǎn)量是麥玉的50-60%（+6mmyr-1）、春玉米-麥玉兩年三熟產(chǎn)量是麥玉的76.8%（-141mmyr-1）(Luoeta.,2018)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)值與經(jīng)濟(jì)水分利用效率華北嚴(yán)重超采的山前和低平原30%和50%面積改種春玉米對(duì)產(chǎn)量和灌溉用水量影響山前平原年減產(chǎn)小麥（億kg)年增產(chǎn)玉米（億kg)年度減產(chǎn)（億kg)年灌溉水量降低(億方）30%17.614.1213.497.8250%29.356.8722.4813.03低平原30%16.243.9312.315.1150%27.076.5520.528.52河北全省30%33.86(24%)

8.0525.80(10%)12.93（46%）

50%56.43(40%)13.4243.00(16%)21.54(77%）以河北省為例：改種春玉米一熟華北平原超采地下水總量37.97