專八寫作專題

專八寫作專題寫作水平可以短時(shí)間內(nèi)提高嗎？—答案絕對(duì)是否定的。冰凍三尺非一日之寒Romewasnotbuiltinaday.短時(shí)間內(nèi)能提高的，

只是應(yīng)試作文成績(jī)，而非真實(shí)寫作水平。提高寫作水平需要：良好的意識(shí)有效的方法反復(fù)的操練意識(shí)可以熏陶，方法可以教授，但操練全在自己。1教學(xué)及考試大綱英語(yǔ)專業(yè)教學(xué)及考試大綱對(duì)寫作的要求：體裁：四級(jí)：說明文和議論文為主八級(jí)：各類體裁內(nèi)容：四級(jí)：切題八級(jí)：充實(shí)速度：四級(jí)：150字/35分鐘八級(jí)：400字/45分鐘2專八寫作題目解析2011真題：Accordingtoarecentnewspaper,manyfamoussitesofhistoricalinterestinChinahavebegunorareconsideringtouristshigherentryfeesduringpeaktravelseasons.Thishasarousedalotofpublicattentionandalsopublicdebate.Whatisyouropinion?ShouldfamousChinesesitesofhistoricalinterestchargehigherfeesduringpeaktravelseasons?

Writeanessayofabout400words.Youshouldsupplyanappropriatetitleforyouressay.Inthefirstpartofessayyoushouldstateclearlyyourmainargument,andinthesecondpartyoushouldsupportyourargumentwithappropriatedetails.Inthelastpart,shouldbringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionormakeasummary.Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheaboveinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.專八寫作題目三部曲第一部分：引出寫作話題；界定寫作任務(wù)，如提出要回答的問題，說明寫作目的或讀者對(duì)象；提出作文題目，偶爾也會(huì)要求考生自擬題目。（誤讀寫作任務(wù)的各種條件將導(dǎo)致整個(gè)寫作任務(wù)失敗。）第二部分：提出文章結(jié)構(gòu)。（議論文和說明文最老式但最高效的信息交流結(jié)構(gòu)：三段演繹式；記敘文：時(shí)間順序；描寫文：空間順序。有效的組織結(jié)構(gòu)有助于呈現(xiàn)精彩的語(yǔ)言和內(nèi)容。）第三部分：評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（知道什么是好，才能夠做到好。了解評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)非常重要。）最近五年真題2010年真題：2009年真題：2008年真題：Inafewmonths’timeyouaregoingtograduatefromuniversity.Howdoyouthinkyourcollegeyearshavepreparedyouforyourfuturelife?Writeanessayofabout400wordsonthefollowingtopic:WhatIHaveLearnedfromMyYearsatUniversity2007年真題：Somepeoplethinkthatfinancialdisparityaffectsfriendship.Whatdoyouthink?Writeanessayofabout400words.2006年真題：JosephEpstein,afamousAmericanwriter,oncesaid,"Wedecidewhatisimportantandwhatistrivialinlife.Wedecide(so)thatwhatmakesussignificantiseitherwhatwedoorwhatwerefusetodo.Butnomatterhowdifferenttheuniversemaybetoourchoicesanddecisions,thesechoicesanddecisionsareourstomake.Wedecide.Wechoose.Andaswedecideandchoose,soareourlivesformed.Intheend,formingourowndestinyiswhatambitionisabout."Doyouagreeordisagreewithhim?Writeanessayofabout400wordsentitled:OnAmbition專八寫作任務(wù)類型（議論文和說明文為主）：第一類：是否同意某一觀點(diǎn)；第二類：兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)選擇一個(gè)；第三類：解釋事物或現(xiàn)象的因或果；第四類：就某問題或現(xiàn)象提出建議。3專八作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Band:5 Score：20-18EffectivecommunicationwithaccuraciesThewritingeffectivelyaddressesthewritingtask.Itdemonstratesawelldevelopedlogicalorganizationalstructurewithclearlystatedmainideasandsufficientsupportingdetails.Ithasalmostnoerrorsofvocabulary,spelling,punctuationorsyntax,anditdisplaysanadequateabilitytousethelanguagewithappropriacy.Nodifficultyisexperienced

bythereader.

Band:4 Score:17-15

GoodcommunicationwithfewinaccuraciesThewritingadequatelyaddressesalmostallofthewritingtask,thoughitdealswithsomepartsmoreeffectivelythanothers.Itdemonstratesagenerallywelldevelopedlogicalorganizationalstructurewithmainideasandsupportingdetails.Ithasrelativelyfewsignificanterrorsofvocabulary,spelling,punctuationorsyntax,anditdisplaysanabilitytousethelanguagewithappropriacy.Verylittledifficultyisexperiencedbythereader.

Band:3 Score:14-12

Passablecommunicationwithsomeinaccuracies.

Thewritingadequatelyaddressesmostofthewritingtask.Onthewhole,itdemonstratesanadequatelydevelopedorganizationalstructure,thoughtheremayoccasionallybealackofrelevance,clarity,consistencyorsupport.Ithasoccasionalerrorsofvocabulary,spelling,punctuationorsyntax,whichmay,fromtimetotime,obscuremeaning,andforthemostpartitdisplayssomeabilitytousethelanguagewithappropriacy.Occasionaldifficultyisexperiencedbythereader.

Band:2 Score:11-9

ProblematiccommunicationwithfrequentinaccuraciesThewritingonlyaddressessomeofthewritingtask.Itdemonstratesaninadequateorganizationalstructure,andtheremayquiteoftenbealackofrelevance,clarity,consistencyorsupport.Ithasfrequenterrorsofvocabulary,spelling,punctuationorsyntax,anditdisplaysalimitedabilitytousethelanguagewithappropriacy.Somedifficultyisexperiencedbythereader.

Band:1 Score:8-6

AlmostnocommunicationThewritingalmostcompletelyfailstoaddressthewritingtask.Ithasneitheranorganizationalstructurenorcoherence.Almostallsentencescontainerrorsofvocabulary,spelling,punctuationorsyntax,anditdisplaysnoabilitytousethelanguagewithappropriacy.Evenafterconsiderableeffortonthepartofthereader,thetextislargelyincomprehensible.評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)表樣文分析樣文分析（詳見所附word文檔）樣文分析建議：思路清晰嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，嚴(yán)格遵守題目給出的結(jié)構(gòu)要求；觀點(diǎn)鮮明，并有充分證據(jù)支持；極少有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，且在詞匯和句法上有創(chuàng)新。應(yīng)試策略

5.1大綱大綱的作用：有效組織內(nèi)容；確定合理結(jié)構(gòu)；便于及時(shí)調(diào)整。標(biāo)題式大綱比句子式大綱更簡(jiǎn)潔更省時(shí)，更適用于應(yīng)試類寫作任務(wù)。應(yīng)試時(shí)的大綱只須列出主體論證段落中各個(gè)主題句的關(guān)鍵詞。4寫作步驟及時(shí)間分配寫作階段：以準(zhǔn)確有效的語(yǔ)言呈現(xiàn)內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，用時(shí)30分鐘。前寫作階段：以標(biāo)題式大綱確定內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，用時(shí)5~8分鐘。后寫作階段：檢查并改正錯(cuò)誤，美化語(yǔ)言，用時(shí)2~5分鐘。Pre-WritingWritingPost-Writing05年真題樣文（詳見word文檔）大綱分析：

AdvantagesofInterview開頭: Interviewfrequentlyused;somefor, someagainst,andI….論據(jù)1： Anefficientwaytotestability論據(jù)2： Broadselectionforboth論據(jù)3： Fairnessofmodernsociety結(jié)尾: Disadvantages,hastyjudge, misrepresentation,inconsistent assessment;butadvantages….課堂練習(xí)：就此話題擬出你的標(biāo)題式大綱。5.2內(nèi)容確保內(nèi)容切題確保論據(jù)詳實(shí)力求立意深遠(yuǎn)恰當(dāng)充分深遠(yuǎn)內(nèi)容目標(biāo)三進(jìn)階：5.2.1確保內(nèi)容恰當(dāng)05年真題：Interviewisfrequentlyusedbyemployersasameanstorecruitprospectiveemployees.Asaresult,therehavebeenmanyargumentsfororagainsttheinterviewasaselectionprocedure.Whatisyouropinion?Writeanessayabout400wordstostateyourview.Youshouldsupplyanappropriatetitleforyouressay.05年樣文節(jié)選：Mostimportantly,anintervieweemustbeveryknowledgeableabouthisfield.Thebetterunderstandinghehasofthefieldasawhole,themoreablehewillbetoanticipateproblemsanddealwithunexpectedevents.Anotherimportantqualityistheabilitytodelegate.Agoodintervieweemustbewillingtofulfillsometasksratherthantrytocontroleverydetail.Thiswillnotonlyenrichexperiences,butalsoofferhimenoughroomtodevelopavarietyofskills.Lastbutnotleast,agoodintervieweemustbeeven-temperedandabletoofferconstructivecriticism.Itisofnousetoblameanemployeeforhisfailurewithoutofferinganyusefulsuggestionsforimprovement.樣文分析：該考生語(yǔ)言功底扎實(shí)，善于表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)。但文章內(nèi)容主要介紹在面試中取得成功的重要因素，與考題問的考生對(duì)面試作為一種招聘手段的看法的問題相去甚遠(yuǎn)。此樣文審題不準(zhǔn)確，未能提供恰當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容。切題方法：1)把題目變成具體問題。歷年考題多以問題形式出現(xiàn)，但要把問題具體化。如上例中的“Whatisyouropinion?”變成“Isinterviewanecessaryprocedureforrecruitment?”

2)找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞。對(duì)題目的核心部分要字斟句酌，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中所有關(guān)鍵詞，并找出這些關(guān)鍵詞中所隱含的限定條件。如上例中題目的關(guān)鍵包括：interview,recruitprospectiveemployees,fororagainst,asaselectionprocedure,supplyanappropriatetitle.課堂練習(xí)：把下面作文題目轉(zhuǎn)化為問題并找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞。1)2000年：Somepeoplesimplyseeeducationasgoingtoschoolsorcolleges,orasameanstosecuregoodjobs;mostpeoplevieweducationasalifelongprocess.Inyouropinion,howimportantiseducationtomodernman?Writeacompositionofabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic: EducationasaLifelongProcess問題：Whatistheimportanceofeducationtopeopleofallagesinmodernsociety?關(guān)鍵詞：education,modernman,lifelongprocess2)2001年：TheinternetisabouttotakeoffinChina.Asmanyas9millionpeopleareonline,anumberthatisestimatedtohit20millionbytheendof2000.Itispredictedthatthisphenomenalgrowthwillhaveagreatimpactonoursocietyandeconomy.ChooseONEaspectofoursocietyoreconomywhereyouthinktheimpactwillbestronglyfelt,andwriteanessayofabout300wordsentitled TheImpactoftheInterneton…問題：Whatistheimpactoftheinterneton…inChina?關(guān)鍵詞：Oneaspect,China’ssocietyoreconomy,impactoftheinternet,補(bǔ)全題目3)2002年:Allofuswouldagreethatinordertobesuccessfulinthepresent-daysociety,weuniversitystudentshavetopossesscertainpersonalqualitiesthatcanenableustorealizeouraims.Whatdoyouthinkisthemostimportantpersonalqualityofauniversitystudent?Writeacompositionofabout400wordsonthefollowingtopic: TheMostImportantPersonalQualityofaUniversityStudent問題：Whatisthemostimportantpersonalqualityofauniversitystudent?關(guān)鍵詞：tobesuccessfulinthepresent-daysociety,themostimportantpersonalquality,auniversitystudent.4)2003年:AnEnglishnewspaperiscurrentlyrunningadiscussiononwhetheryoungpeopleinChinatodayare(not)moreself-centeredandunsympatheticthanpreviousgenerationswere.Andthenewspaperisinvitingcontributionsfromuniversitystudents.Youhavebeenaskedtowriteashortarticleforthenewspapertoairyourview.Youshouldsupplyatitleforyourarticle.問題：AreyoungpeopleinChinatodaymoreself-centeredandunsympatheticthanpreviousgenerationswere?關(guān)鍵詞：youngpeople,inChina,today,moreself-centeredandunsympathetic,previousgenerations,contributions(征文),universitystudents(作者身份),supplyatitle.5)2004年:Itwasreportedinthepresssometimeagothatsomesecond-and-thirdyearstudentsinaprovincialuniversitydecidedtotrytheirhandsatbusinessinordertogetpreparedforthefuture.Theyopenedsixsmallshopsneartheuniversity.Theirteachersandclassmateshaddifferentopinionsaboutthephenomenon.Somethoughtthatthestudents’businessexperiencewouldhelpthemadaptbettertothesocietyaftergraduation,whileothersheldnegativeviews,sayingthatrunningshopsmightoccupytoomuchofthestudents’timeandenergywhichshouldotherwisebedevotedtotheiracademicstudy.Whatdoyouthinkofit?Writeacompositionofabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic: ShouldUniversityStudentsGoinforBusiness問題：Shoulduniversitystudentsgoinforbusiness?關(guān)鍵詞：universitystudents,trytheirhandsatbusiness課堂練習(xí)：下面是2000年八級(jí)作文題目，在構(gòu)思時(shí)，你會(huì)選取下面哪些內(nèi)容？Somepeoplesimplyseeeducationasgoingtoschoolsorcolleges,orasameanstosecuregoodjobs;mostpeoplevieweducationasalifelongprocess.Inyouropinion,howimportantiseducationtomodernman?Writeacompositionofabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic: EducationasaLifelongProcess問題：Whatistheimportanceofeducationtopeopleofallagesinmodernsociety?關(guān)鍵詞：education,modernman,lifelongprocess1)Educationisawaytopassknowledgefromgenerationtogeneration.2)educationplaysanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofscienceinwesterncountries.3)HanYu,aChinesescholarinancienttime,pointedoutthatateachershouldteachcorrectvalues,teachknowledgeandskills,andsolvestudents’confusions.4)inmodernsociety,knowledgechangesveryquicklyandpeoplehavetoreceiveeducationallthetimeiftheydon’twanttolagbehind.5)littlekidsneedgoodeducationbothathomeandinkindergarteninordertogetpreparedforthesociety.6)Someparentsseemtopaytoomuchattentiontotheeducationoftheirchildren.7)Youngpeopleneededucationbecausetheytheknowledgeandmoralprinciplesforthecompetitivesociety.8)Theadultsneededucationbecausetheyhavetoupgradetheirknowledgeandskillstokeepupwiththedevelopmentofthesociety.9)Oldpeopleneededucationinordertomaketheirretiredlifericherandmoremeaningful.10)ItiswrongforsomeoldpeopletogetengagedinplayingMajiangallthetime.Recommendedchoices:5),7),8),9)試比較兩個(gè)關(guān)于21世紀(jì)科技發(fā)展可能帶來的好處或壞處的段落：5.2.2確保內(nèi)容充分第一段—好處：

SinceWorldWarII,scienceandtechnologyhavedevelopedagreatdeal.Inthenextcentury,thistrendwillundoubtedlycontinue.Scienceandtechnologywilldevelopatahigherspeedthanever.Thisdevelopmentwillbringgreatbenefitsbothtooureverydaylifeandtoourwork.Atthesametime,itwillalsoimproveindustrialandagriculturalproduction.第二段—壞處：

However,everythinghastwosides.Advancedscienceandtechnologywillalsobringussomeproblems.Forexample,withthewideadoptionofautomaticmachines,moreandmorepeoplewilllosetheirjobsinthefuture.Whatwillthegovernmentdowiththem?分析：相對(duì)來講，第一段雖然較長(zhǎng)，但都是泛泛而談，第二段雖然較短，但更有說服力，因?yàn)橛幸粋€(gè)具體的例子。一般來說，空洞的文章通常在論據(jù)的種類和數(shù)量上都比較弱，如果從這兩方面入手，就很容易充實(shí)文章的內(nèi)容。七類常用論據(jù)來源：專家證言experttestimony統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)statistics,facts例子examples個(gè)人經(jīng)歷personalexperiences邏輯推理logicalreasoning,cause/effectanalysis常識(shí)commonsense,facts類比analogy,comparison/contrast以下幾個(gè)段落分別使用不同的論據(jù)來論證“Lackofsleephasbecomeanepidemicinthenation”這一觀點(diǎn)。1.專家證言Lackofsleephasbecomeanepidemicinthenation.Dr.David,physiologicalprofessorfromHarvardUniversity,declaredafteranationwidesurvey,“Ican’tthinkofasinglestudythathasn’tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyoughtto.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldbebetteroffwithmorerest.”專家對(duì)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域有較深層次的了解，而且其觀點(diǎn)一般都是在深入研究基礎(chǔ)上做出，并且經(jīng)過同行的檢驗(yàn)，因此具有較高的可信度，使文章具有不可辯駁的權(quán)威性，容易使讀者信服。2.統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)Lackofsleephasbecomeanepidemicinthenation.Fromdiaryentriesandpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshaveconcludedthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanight.Bythe1950sand1960s,sleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5and8hours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock.事實(shí)用于雄辯，而數(shù)據(jù)常常是對(duì)事實(shí)最好的概括，所以用數(shù)據(jù)說話可以加強(qiáng)文章的客觀性，不會(huì)給人主觀臆測(cè)之感，因而可以增強(qiáng)文章的說服力。3.例子Lackofsleephasbecomeanepidemicinthenation.Thepresident,forexample,usedtoadmitthathefoundhisjobhardtodealwith,because,amongotherthings,hecouldsleeponlyforfourtofivehoursaday.Besides,manyemployerscomplainthattheirstaffcannotworkefficientlyintheafternoon,astheycannotgetenoughtimeforsleepthedaybefore.Andthepolicealsoreportsmoretrafficaccidentsbecausemanydriverscannotconcentrateduetothelackofsleep.與觀點(diǎn)相關(guān)的具體事例也可以用來說明問題，由于這些例子都是客觀事實(shí)，所以也可以證明觀點(diǎn)的合理性。不過，比起專家證言和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，例子的覆蓋面比較小且大都是個(gè)案，使用太多會(huì)有以偏概全的嫌疑。4.個(gè)人經(jīng)歷Lackofsleephasbecomeanepidemicinthenation.Whenincollege,Iusedtosleepforaboutninehourseveryday,butnowIcanonlysleepforaboutsixhoursifIwanttofinishmyjobontime.Iusuallyfeeltiredatwork,andsometimesIevenforgetwhatIsupposetodo.Besides,Ifindthatmorethanhalfofmycolleaguesaresharingmyproblem.個(gè)人經(jīng)歷具有一定的代表性，因此也能在一定程度上支持我們的觀點(diǎn)。但是這一方法比較主觀，而且和例子法一樣范圍有限，有時(shí)候不一定能說服讀者。5.邏輯推理Lackofsleephasbecomeanepidemicinthenation.Nowadays,thestepoflifehasbecomeincreasinglyfast,andpeopleareexpectedtoshouldermoreresponsibilitiesatwork.Besides,associalinteractionsbecomemoreconvenientandbroader,peoplehavetospendmoretimekeepingfriendsandotheracquaintsinfrequentcontact.Astheycannotfindmoretimeinoneday,alltheycandoistoborrowfromthetimethatwaspreviouslyallocatedtosleeping.Therefore,itisnaturaltofindthatmostpeopleintheStatesaresleepingless.邏輯推理主要是利用事物間的邏輯關(guān)系和因果聯(lián)系來論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。相對(duì)來講，這類論據(jù)比事實(shí)類論據(jù)說服力要弱一些，因?yàn)橥评碇皇且环N關(guān)聯(lián)，而不是事實(shí)。另外，這種方法需要讀者具有一定分析能力，所以應(yīng)盡量避免過于復(fù)雜的推理分析。6.常識(shí)Lackofsleephasbecomeanepidemicinthenation.It’swellknowthatmanypeoplearoundusconsidersleeptheleastimportantitemontheirlistsiftheyarefacedwithheavypressurefromwork,family,orfriends.Thecomplexityoflifeforcesthemtocutdowntimespentonsleeping.Someotherpeoplesleeplessforfearthattheymayberegardedaslackingdriveandambition.常識(shí)可以拉近作者和讀者的距離，幫助獲得讀者的認(rèn)同，但是由于常識(shí)是眾所周知的信息，如果過多使用，可能會(huì)使讀者認(rèn)為作者沒有自己的思想，另外，有時(shí)候作者認(rèn)可的常識(shí)讀者不一定也認(rèn)可，就有可能造成論證的失敗。7.類比Lackofsleephasbecomeanepidemicinthenation.Wemayhavefoundthatspringwhentreesandbushescomeinfullblossom,beesusuallyspendlesstimeintheirlivesbecausetheyhavemorehoney-makingjobstodo.Similarly,whenpeoplehavemoreworktodo,theytendtosleepless,andthishascometrueforus.在說明比較復(fù)雜的問題時(shí)，可以用一件類似的讀者可能熟悉的事情來說明。不過，類比不能直接證明我們的觀點(diǎn)的正確性，所以可以作為輔助證明但不可作為唯一證據(jù)。類比的成功取決于我們所比較的兩個(gè)事物在某個(gè)方面的相似性，如果讀者不認(rèn)同這種相似性，論證也會(huì)以失敗告終。上述七種常用的論據(jù)效果并不相同。專家證言、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)以及例子都是客觀事實(shí)，比較具有可信度，通常被稱為“硬證據(jù)”(hardevidence)。而個(gè)人經(jīng)歷、邏輯推理、常識(shí)和類比都不是與論題相關(guān)的客觀事實(shí)，可信度較差(個(gè)人經(jīng)歷雖然是事實(shí)，但是具有很強(qiáng)的主觀色彩，可信度也較差)，一般被視為“軟證據(jù)”(softevidence)。理論上講，應(yīng)該優(yōu)先選用硬證據(jù)，在沒有此類證據(jù)時(shí)才使用軟證據(jù)。但寫作要求做到有理有據(jù)，有理要求使用邏輯推理等軟證據(jù)，有據(jù)則要求使用事實(shí)等硬證據(jù)，所以在寫作實(shí)踐中最好兩類兼顧。再如2000年的題目Educationasalifelongprocess，為了證明觀點(diǎn)之一“Educationisalsoveryimportantforelderlypeople”,以下各段采用了不同證據(jù)進(jìn)行論證：1)Educationisalsoveryimportantforelderlypeople.Prof.WangfromBeijingUniversityreportedinhisstudythatmanyelderlypeopleattendvarioustrainingsaftertheirretirement,andthisnotonlyhelpsthemimprovetheirskillsinthesefields,butalsoprovidesthemwithanopportunitytocommunicatewithotherelderlypeople,makingtheirfreetimemoreinteresting. (專家證言)2)Educationisalsoveryimportantforelderlypeople.Arecentstudybythemunicipalgovernmentrevealsthatmorethan88percentoftheretiredpeopleattenddifferentkindsoftrainingprogramsprovidedbytheelderlyuniversity.Thisstudyalsoshowsthat92.5percentoftheseelderlyuniversitystudentsagreethatthesetrainingclassesnotonlyteachthemusefulskills,butalsohelpthemtokilltheirfreetimemoreeasily. (統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù))3)Educationisalsoveryimportantforelderlypeople.Accordingtoourschoolnewspaper,mostoldpeopleintheresidentialareanearouruniversityattendmanykindsoftrainingclassessuchaspaintingandsinging.Thishelpsthemtospendaricherandmoremeaningfullife.Mr.Maevencommentsthathisretiredlifeisbetterthanhisworkinglifebefore. (例子)4)Educationisalsoveryimportantforelderlypeople.Bothmygrandparentsareactiveparticipantsintheelderlyuniversityinmyhometown.MygrandpalearnshowtopaintChinesepainting,andmygrandmalearnshowtocook.Thestudykeepsthembusyandhappy,andtheyusedtotellmethatthisstudyexperienceisveryimportantforthem. (個(gè)人經(jīng)歷)5)Educationisalsoveryimportantforelderlypeople.Usuallyoldpeoplehavemoretimetodealwithbecausetheyhavetoquitworking.Attendingdifferentkindsoftrainingscanfirstofallengagetheirtimesothattheywillnotfeelbored.Besides,thesetrainingscanalsohelpoldpeoplelearnsomeusefulknowledgewhichcanhelpmaketheirlifemorecolorful.Therefore,itisquiteimportantforoldpeopletoseekacertainkindofeducation. (邏輯推理)6)Educationisalsoveryimportantforelderlypeople.Weallknowthatthereisasayingthat“Liveandlearn”.Thismeansthatweshouldkeeplearningnomatterhowoldweare.Thiskindoflearningcanhelptheoldtokeepinpacewiththesociety,andtoacquiresomeusefulknowledgetomaketheirretiredlifemoreinteresting. (常識(shí))7)Educationisalsoveryimportantforelderlypeople.Whenahouseisjustfinished,itdoesnotneedmuchmaintenance,butwhenitbecomesold,youhavetodomuchrepairingworkifyoustillwantittobefunctional.Whenamachineisfirstlymade,itdoesnotrequiremuchcaretorunsmoothly,butwhenitturnsold,youhavetooilitmoreoftenandreplacebrokenpartsmoreofteninordertokeepitrunning.Similarly,whenpeoplebecomeold,wealsohavetosupplynewinformationandideastotheirmindifwewanttokeepthemmentallyfunctional.Obviously,educationisthesolution. (類比)上述例子表明，理論上講，我們可以使用任何一種論據(jù)來支持我們的觀點(diǎn)。有些問題可能更適合邏輯推理，而有些問題更適合專家證言，因此寫作時(shí)要具體分析和區(qū)別對(duì)待。另外，在一個(gè)段落中只使用一種論據(jù)的論證效果是相對(duì)單薄的，建議使用兩到三種，在全文范圍內(nèi)則更要實(shí)現(xiàn)論證方法的多樣化，這樣才能取得“內(nèi)容充實(shí)”和“論證充分”的效果。優(yōu)秀的作文不僅僅就事論事，而是會(huì)從規(guī)定的話題出發(fā)，用立意浣的內(nèi)容在思想程度上勝人一籌。擴(kuò)大范圍和范疇有助于使文章從千篇一律的文章中脫穎而出，避免閱卷老師的審美疲勞。5.2.3力求立意深遠(yuǎn)一般話題總是一個(gè)相對(duì)具體的問題，牽涉到幾個(gè)特定的方面，而這一問題又可以歸入某一范疇或領(lǐng)域，比如經(jīng)濟(jì)、教育、環(huán)境等。擴(kuò)大范圍，就是擺脫那范疇內(nèi)幾個(gè)特定的方面，從該領(lǐng)域的全局來討論問題；擴(kuò)大范疇，則是從另外一個(gè)范疇或者領(lǐng)域來看待這一話題，比如從經(jīng)濟(jì)角度看教育，或者從教育的角度看環(huán)境等。課堂練習(xí)：試就“Theharmoffakeproducts”進(jìn)行構(gòu)思，列出你的主要論據(jù)，然后與下列構(gòu)思作比較，分析哪些構(gòu)思是就事論事，哪些從更廣的范圍和范疇討論。1)Fakeproductsharmoriginalbrandholders.(Theyrobtheirprofitandtheirmarket.Theydamagethefameofthebrand.)2)Fakeproductsharmconsumers.(Theymaybeofpoorquality.Theycannotguaranteeservices.)3)Fakeproductsharmnationaleconomy.(Theydisrupttheproperoperationoftheeconomicsystem,andposepotentialthreatstoeconomicgrowth.)4)Fakeproductsharmsocialwelfare.(Fakeproducts’producerswillnotpaytax.Withlesstax,thegovernmentwillhavelesstoinvestininfrastructureconstruction,socialinsurance,education,etc.)5)Fakeproductsharmnationalmorality.(Fakeproductsembodydisrespectforhonesty,soifnotcontrolled,theywilldamagethewholenation’svaluesandmoralprinciples.)6)FakeproductsharmChina’sinternationalimage.(Iffakeproductproblemkeepsrampant,theinternationalcommunitywillregardChinaasacountryofdishonesty,andwillnotacceptitasamemberoftheglobalvillage.)分析：第1點(diǎn)和第2點(diǎn)是就事論事，缺乏深度。第3點(diǎn)則不僅限于關(guān)注與此直接相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，而是上升了一個(gè)層次，從國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)這個(gè)宏觀的角度分析問題。第4點(diǎn)則是從社會(huì)角度討論問題，第5點(diǎn)是從道德角度討論，而第6點(diǎn)則是從全球化角度談?wù)搯栴}。相對(duì)來講，第3~6點(diǎn)在立意上比第1~2點(diǎn)更深遠(yuǎn)。在應(yīng)試時(shí)，如果三個(gè)論據(jù)中能有一到兩個(gè)在原題的基礎(chǔ)上，從范圍或范疇上有所升華的角度去探討問題，則會(huì)從內(nèi)容方面獲得更多優(yōu)勢(shì)。專八作文題目的范疇一般是語(yǔ)言，構(gòu)思時(shí)可以考慮擴(kuò)大范疇至與語(yǔ)言密切相關(guān)的范疇，如社會(huì)、文化、道德等方面，同時(shí)擴(kuò)大范圍，用全局全球視野來分析問題。平時(shí)應(yīng)注意多方面積累相關(guān)知識(shí)。WritingTaskAllofuswouldagreethatinordertobesuccessfulinthepresent-daysociety,weuniversitystudentshavetopossesscertainpersonalqualitiesthatcanenableustorealizeouraims.Whatdoyouthinkisthemostimportantpersonalqualityofauniversitystudent?Writeacompositionofabout400wordsonthefollowingtopic: TheMostImportantPersonalQualityofaUniversityStudentForyourreference:initiative,adaptability,independence,honesty,cooperation,ambition,sympathy,etc.

5.3結(jié)構(gòu)（限說明文和議論文）

—謀篇回顧八級(jí)寫作的結(jié)構(gòu)要求：Inthefirstpartofyourwritingyoushouldpresentyourthesisstatement;Inthesecondpartyoushouldsupportthethesisstatementwithappropriatedetails;Inthelastpartyoushouldbringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorasummary.第一部分常被稱為引言段，主要提供中心思想(thesisstatement)，這也是第一部分的關(guān)鍵，有了這句話，引言段基本合格。第二部分稱為正文段，主要提供恰當(dāng)?shù)淖C據(jù)材料(appropriatedetails)，論據(jù)要恰當(dāng)充分，才能證明中心思想的合理性，同時(shí)論據(jù)要安排合理，才能保證文章通順。這一部分直接決定分?jǐn)?shù)的高低。第三部分稱為結(jié)論段，主要提供自然的結(jié)論或者總結(jié)(naturalconclusionorsummary)，結(jié)尾寫得不好，會(huì)留下虎頭蛇尾的印象，寫得好，則起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。1.IntroductionParagraph(thesisstatement)2.BodyParagraph(appropriatedetails)2.1TopicSentenceDetail1Detail2Detail32.2TopicSentenceDetail1Detail2Detail32.3TopicSentenceDetail1Detail2Detail33.ConcludingParagraph(naturalconclusionorsummary)我們以2005年為例分析三段式結(jié)構(gòu)各個(gè)部分的各種寫法。Interviewisfrequentlyusedbyemployersasameanstorecruitprospectiveemployees.Whatisyouropiniononwhetherinterviewisaneffectiveselectionprocedure?討論每一種寫法的時(shí)候，在參考例子之前，請(qǐng)大家先思考自己會(huì)怎么寫。5.3.1引言段引言段功能：基本：引出文章話題(topic)基本：表明文章目的(說明文)或觀點(diǎn)(議論文)進(jìn)階：暗示文章結(jié)構(gòu)高級(jí)：激發(fā)讀者興趣引言段構(gòu)成：第一部分：吸引讀者興趣第二部分：引出文章話題第三部分：表明作者目的或觀點(diǎn)并提示正文結(jié)構(gòu)引言段第一部分：吸引興趣1數(shù)字Everydaymillionsofjob-huntersintheworldwritelettersofapplicationwishingthattheywouldbegivenachanceofinterview.數(shù)字使人感到不是在空談，能給人真實(shí)可信的感覺。在實(shí)際考試時(shí)數(shù)字可以適當(dāng)夸張以達(dá)到出人意料的效果。2.問題Nowinoursocietywhatdoyouhavetodoifyouwanttofindajob?Whatliesbetweenyouandanidealjob?Thatisinterview.在文章開始向讀者提問，讀者回答問題時(shí)便是在閱讀我們的文章。通常問題是設(shè)問句，問題答案即是文章的話題。注意問題不能太傻，也不能太多，最多不超過三個(gè)。3引語(yǔ)“Successcomesnotonlyfromperspirationandinspiration,butalsofromsatisfactoryperformanceininterviews,”commentedDr.Kenlyinhisbook.引用名人名言或者專家的話或者諺語(yǔ)等，可以是與中心思想相一致的，也可以是具有爭(zhēng)議的，都可以吸引讀者眼球。引言段第二部分：引出話題1開門見山Nowadaysinterviewisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantinrecruitment.從基本功能出發(fā)，引言段可以直接表明文章的主題。這種方法雖然簡(jiǎn)單，但容易顯得唐突，而且使文章內(nèi)容顯得單薄，使作者思想顯得貧乏，所以要慎用。2收網(wǎng)WiththedevelopmentofmarketeconomyinChina,moreandmorecompanieshavecomeintobeing.Whentheyneedtotakeupmorepeople,employersusuallyselectthroughinterviews.Similarly,whenpeopleneedtofindajob,theyalsoneedtoperformwellininterviews.Therefore,interviewisbecomingincreasinglyimportantinthemodernsociety.這種方法通常由一個(gè)寬泛的、讀者認(rèn)同的事實(shí)開始，逐步把讀者的注意力引向文章要討論的話題。前面的開頭相當(dāng)于鋪墊，給讀者一種自然而然的感覺。使用這種方式的關(guān)鍵是網(wǎng)要撒得寬。收網(wǎng)不能太快，否則顯得突兀；也不能拖泥帶水，否則文章會(huì)有跑題的危險(xiǎn)。建議最多用三句話收網(wǎng)。3駁論ManyofusmayagreethatChinaisasocietyrelyingheavilyonguanxi,orrelationship.Wemayallhavetheexperienceofhavingtoresorttocertainrelationshipinordertogetsomethingdone,tofindagoodjob,forexample.Butwiththedevelopmentofmarketeconomy,recruitmentsconductedmoreandmoreonthebasisofinterviewratherthanonvariouspersonalconnections.先說出一種與本文觀點(diǎn)相反但讀者可能會(huì)認(rèn)同的觀點(diǎn)，然后話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，指出這種觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的，并亮出自己的觀點(diǎn)。在這種方式中，要用好轉(zhuǎn)折銜接手段，給讀者留下良好的第一印象。4其他可以采取講故事的方式，但相對(duì)來講不如前三種簡(jiǎn)潔高效。有些考生喜歡直接引用題目中的提示部分，以確保緊扣主題，但這樣可能得不償失，因?yàn)檠赜妙}目?jī)?nèi)容不但有投機(jī)之嫌，或者閱卷老師認(rèn)為考生獨(dú)立寫作水平有限，而且會(huì)有不少考生使用這種開頭方式，也使作文有千篇一律之感，所以這種方式也不推薦。例如：Nowadaysinterviewisfrequentlyusedbyemployersasameanstorecruitprospectiveemployees.Asaresult,therehavebeenmanyargumentsfororagainstitasaselectionprocedure.Somepeopleregarditasagoodwaytoselectemployeeswithinashorttimewhileothersthinkitisnotpropertodecideonapersonjustbyinterview.Bothofthemhavesometruth.引言段第三部分：

提出觀點(diǎn)，暗示結(jié)構(gòu)這個(gè)部分必須有兩方面內(nèi)容，一是文章的話題，二是作者的觀點(diǎn)或看法。與此相對(duì)應(yīng)，thesisstatement也可分成兩部分，一是topic，一是controllingidea。例如：1)Ibelievethatinterviewisverybeneficial.2)Obviously,interviewhasbeencrucialtoensurethequalityofemployees.3)Inmyopinion,interviewhasbecomeveryimportantforbothemployeesandemployers.分析： 例1)最簡(jiǎn)單，interview是topic，beneficial是controllingidea，但問題范圍太大，我們并不清楚作者要談?wù)搃nterview在哪一方面的好處。例2)相對(duì)更清楚，不僅表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)包括了一定的限制性內(nèi)容。例3)則在給出限制性內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上更進(jìn)一步提示了文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，稱得上非常好的中心思想句。引言段寫法小結(jié)引言段詳細(xì)模板：1吸引讀者注意：數(shù)字、問題、引語(yǔ)等2引出文章話題：開門見山、收網(wǎng)、駁論等3表述中心觀點(diǎn)并提示結(jié)構(gòu)：中心思想句構(gòu)成：topic+controllingidea要點(diǎn)提示：引言段的三部分基本內(nèi)容要完整；在有些文章中，第一部分和第二部分可以融合；中心思想句要有清晰的話題和明確的觀點(diǎn)，并盡量提示正文結(jié)構(gòu)。5.3.2正文段正文段功能：用一定的細(xì)節(jié)來支持引言段中提出的中心思想。正文段是文章中最重要部分，其質(zhì)量直接決定文章的論述質(zhì)量。題目中要求提供細(xì)節(jié)，但實(shí)際寫作時(shí)，正文段并不是直接提供細(xì)節(jié)，而是先將論據(jù)劃分為三個(gè)方面，每個(gè)方面包含一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，再提供細(xì)節(jié)證明這些要點(diǎn)，而這些要點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來即可證明中心觀點(diǎn)。正文段模板（以段為單位）：主題句：本段主要內(nèi)容第一組支持句：支持主題句的第一種論據(jù)第二組支持句：支持主題句的第二種論據(jù)第三組扶持句：支持主題句的第三種論據(jù)段落結(jié)尾叵：重述本段的主要內(nèi)容。或許不是每一個(gè)正文段都一定要包含三個(gè)論據(jù)，但是如果只有一種論據(jù)會(huì)顯得單薄，沒有說服力，所以應(yīng)該盡量多提供論據(jù)。每段兩到三個(gè)論據(jù)最合適，既保證文章內(nèi)容豐富，篇幅適中，也符合考試時(shí)間的限制。主題句寫好主題句對(duì)正文段的成功至關(guān)重要。主題句與中心思想句相似，由兩部分構(gòu)成：subject+focus。好的主題句要有l(wèi)imitedsubject(主題范圍適度)和sharpfocus(中心內(nèi)容突出)。例如：Ibelievethatinterviewcanbeverybeneficial.Interviewprovidescrucialinformationforbothpartiesinvolved.Interviewoffersabroadselectionforbothinterviewersandinterviewees.Interviewembodiesanimportantprincipleofthemodernsociety:fairness.除了適度的主題與突出的中心，還應(yīng)注意全文主題的連貫性，避免主題轉(zhuǎn)化。例如：Ibelievethatinterviewcanbeverybeneficial.Bothpartiesinvolvedcangetinformation;Bothi