DeepSeek 及其他中國公司在人工智能承諾上與西方公司趨同

2025/1/2908:27DeepseekandotherchineseFirmsconvergewithwesterncompaniesonAIPromises|carnegieEndowmentforInternation…

ARTICLE

DeepseekandotherChineseFirmsC?nvergewithwesternC?mpanies?nAIPr?mises

BYSc?ttSinger

PubIished?nJanuarY28,2025

Deepseek,apreviouslylittle-knownchineseAIstart-up,sentshockwaves

globallywhenitreleasedoneoftheworld,sbestperformingopen-source

generativeAImodelslastweek.AschinesefrontierAIcapabilitiesrapidly

grow,sodotherisksthatachinesemodelcouldbepowerfulenoughtocauseglobalharm.Anearlier,lesspowerfulversionofDeepseek,smodelwasshown

tobeeasilyjailbrokenandreportedlyprovidedauserwitharecipeformethamphetamine.

Despitegrowingglobalconcernaroundlarge-scalerisks,theU.s.andchinesegovernmentshavemadelittleprogressonabilateralagreementtoregulate

frontierAI.ButasurprisingconsensusamongleadingAIdevelopersinbothcountriesaroundtheneedforsafeguardshasquietlyemerged,including

Deepseek.

Lastmonth,Deepseekjoinedsixteenotherchinesecompaniesinsigning

omtothieArtificialIntelligencesafetycommitments(人工智能安全承諾).

whilebrandedasadomesticchineseinitiative,thecommitmentsbearstrongsimilaritytoongoingglobalindustry-ledeffortstoputsafeguardsinplaceforfrontierAIpilotedatlastyear,sAIsummitinseoul,knownastheseoul

commitmernts.Usingsimilarlanguage,bothsetsofcommitmentsoutline

promisestoconductred-teamingexercisestoidentifyseverethreats,provide

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transparencyintofrontiermodelcapabilitiesandlimitations,andbuildorganizationstructurestopromotethesecurityoffrontiersystems.

Thedistinctivesimilaritiesbetweenchina,sAIsafetycommitmentsandtheseoulcommitmentscouldsetthestageforfurtherglobalconvergenceamongindustryactorsonbestpracticesattheupcomingparisAIActionsummit,

scheduledformid-February.onlyonechinesecompany,zhipu.ai,signedontotheseoulcommitmentsattheseoulsummitlastyear.Ifmorechinesefirmsannouncetheywillsignontotheseoulcommitmentsinparis,theycould

helplaythegroundworkforaglobalindustry-basedinternationalconsensusonAI.ThisconsensuscouldofferaninformalpathwaytobuildfoundationalrulesoftheroadininternationalAIgovernance.

AsFr?ntierAICapabiIitiesGr?w,s?d?theRisks

Thecapabilitiesoffrontiermodelsinboththeunitedstatesandchinahave

rapidlyimprovedoverthelastcoupleofmonths.InDecember,openAI,so3

modelblewpastexistingperformamcebenchimarks,demonstratingincreasesinAIcapabilitiesagainsthumanperformanceacrossdifferentdomains.The

capabilitiesboomwasnotjustfeltinsiliconvalley.Inchina,bothDeepseekandMoonshot,anAlibaba-sponsoredstart-up,releasedopensourcereasomingmodelsthatcompetewithopenAI,so1model-asignificantlylesspowerful

predecessortoo3-acrossarangeofbenchmarks.otherchinesecompanies

arealsopushingthefrontier.Tencent,sHunyuanmodelis“bysomemeasuresisworldclass”andpossiblytheworld,sbestopenweightmodel,Anthropic,s

HeadofpolicyJackclarkwroteinNovember.AndAlibaba,sQwen2.5modelisonlyslightlybehind.Itscapabilitiesarealsoarguablyworld-class,exceedingGpT-4oandclaude3.5sonnetacrossarangeofbenchmarks.chineseAI

companiesareclearlyproducingmodelsatAI,sfrontier,especiallyintheopen-sourcedomain.

Thesesignificantbreakthroughsinmodelcapabilitieshavebeenmatchedbyincreasingconcernaboutrisks-oftendocumentedbythecompanies

themselves.Anthropic,incoordinationwithRedwoodResearch,showedthatwhenthemodelbelieveditsresponseswouldbeusedintraining,claude

strategicallydeceiveditscreatorin12percentofcases,causingsometoworryaboutfuture,morepowerfulAIsystemsgoingrogue.Inasimilarlight,

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openAI’so1modelattemptedtodeactivateitsoversighitmechanismin5

percentofcasesandhadrisksforchemical’biological’radioactive’andnuclearweaponsratedas“medium.”concernsaboutrisksatAI’sfrontierhavecausedleadingthinkersfromboththewestandchina’includingrecentlydepartednationalsecurityadviserJakeSullivan’towarnthatgreatpowercoordinationisneededtopreverntcatastrophichiarm.Sofar’theU.S.andchinese

governmentshaveagreedonlittletohowtoregulateincreasinglypowerfulgenerativeAImodels.

concernaboutmisuseofpowerfulmodelsandthepossibilityAIsgorogue

hasmotivatedleadingscientistsfromboththewestandchinatosignjointstatementscallingforguardrailsonthetechnologyandcoordinationbetweenthemtoaddressfrontierAI’schallenges.Despitethecallsforinternational

consensus’sofarU.S.-chinacoordinationonfrontierAIhaslackedtractionoutsideofanagreementfromformerpresidentJoeBidenandpresidentxiJinpingontheneedforahiumantomakedecisionsonmuclearweaponsuse.

TheAISummitSeriespushesf?rIndustry-LedC?nsensust?C?mbatRisks

GiventheseconcernsaboutrisksatAI’sfrontierandtheneedforinternational

coordination’theUkandSouthkoreangovernmentshaveattemptedto

generateglobalconsensusonrisksandbestpracticesbyengagingwithmodeldevelopersthemselves.AtthesecondinternationalAISummitheldinMayoflastyearinSeoul’theBritishandSouthkoreangovernmentsannouncedtheFrontierAISafetycommitments(FAIScs)’informallyknownastheSeoul

commitments.Theseindustry-ledeffortsaimtoestablishbestpracticestopreventcatastrophicrisksthatcouldmaterializewithincreasinglypowerfulAI.

TheFAIScsweredesignedtoencouragecompaniestoproactivelyidentify

redlinesforconcerningcapabilitiesandestablishplansfornextstepsifthoseriskthresholdswerecrossed.Achievingindustrybuy-inwillbeacriticalpartofgoverningfrontierAI.voluntarycommitmentsofferflexibleavenuesto

empowerindustrytopromotetransparencyintotheirriskmitigationpracticesandeventuallyformaninformalinternationalindustry-basedconsensus.

whilenotareplacementforregulation’theyofferameansofcreatingafloor

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forestablishingconsensusonthemeasuresneededtopreventthemostseriousrisksatAI,sfrontier.

whiletherewaswidespreadbuy-infromleadingwesterncompanies

includingopenAI,DeepMind,Anthropic,andElonMusk,sXAI,mostchinesecompanieswereconspicuouslyabsentfromthelistofsignatories.onlyone

chinesefrontierAIcompanysignedontothecommitments:zhipu.ai,astart-upthatranksthirdinmarketshareamongchina,sbusiness-facingLLM

providers.Theabsenceofchinesefirmswasasubstantiallimitationof

industry-ledefforts:theutilityofthosecommitmentswouldbelimitediftheylackedbuy-infromoneofthetwomostimportantcountriesforfrontierAI

development.Thelackofchinesecompanyparticipationwasnotnecessarilyduetolackofinterest.chinesecompanieswereapproachedbythecreatorsoftheseoulcommitmentsinthelead-uptothesummit,whenitbecamecleartothemthatsecuringbuy-infromcompaniesintheworld,ssecondfrontier

modelAIpowerwouldbecriticalforinternationalAIgovernance.

ChineseIndustryJ?instheGI?baIPushf?rsafetyC?mmitments

Thelackofinitialbroadbuy-infromchinesecompaniesintotheseoul

commitmentsmakesthechineseAIsafetycommitmentsannouncementinDecember2024bythinktankchimaAcademyforImformatiomamd

communicatiomsTectinoiogy(cAIcT,中國信息通信研究院)especiallyimportant.

Thecontentofchina,sAIsafetycommitmentsbearsastrongresemblancetotheseoulcommitmentsthatprecededthem(seeTable1).Theyareboth

describedasindustryself-regulationeffortsthatfocusonensuringthesafetyandsecurityoffrontierAImodelsthrougheffortslikered-teaming.Theyalsoactivelypushformeasurestoensuretransparency,bothtogovernmentsandalsotothepublic,aboutrisksassociatedwiththeirmodels.Bothdocumentsdiscusstheneedformorefoundationalresearchonriskslargemodelspose

andthepromisetodeployfrontiermodelstosolveglobalchallenges.

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Table1.pointsofsimilarityintheseoulcommitmentsandchina,sAlsafetycommitments

seoulcommitmentschina,sAlsafetycommitments

AssessingRisksAcrosstheAI

Lifecycle

“Assesstherisksposedbytheir

frontiermodelsorsystemsacrosstheAIlifecycle.”

“Implementriskmanagement

practicesthroughouttheentireAIdevelopmentanddeploymentlifecycle.”

Implementingorganizationalstructuresto

promotesafetyandsecurity

“organisationsareaccountableforsafelydevelopinganddeploying

theirfrontierAImodelsand

systems.Theywill:...develop[]and

continuouslyreview[]internal

accountabilityandgovernanceframeworksandassigningroles’responsibilitiesandsuficient

resourcestodoso.”

“Establishsafetyteamsor

organizationalstructuresandbuild

safetyandsecurityrisk

managementmechanisms.

Designate[a]leaderresponsibleforAIsafetyandsecurity’establish

specializedteamstoconductAIriskassessmentsandsafetygovernancewithintheenterprise.”

RiskMitigation

“Articulatehowriskmitigationswillbeidentifiedandimplementedto

keepriskswithindefinedthresholds.”

“clearlyoutlineprocessesand

measuresforriskidentificationandmitigation.”

Transparencyon

capabilities’

Limitations’andApplications

“Topubliclyreportmodelorsystem

capabilities’limitations’anddomainsofappropriateandinappropriateuse.”

“Enhancemodeltransparency.

proactivelydisclosesafetyand

securitygovernancemeasuresandimprovetransparencyforall

stakeholders.provideclear

informationaboutthemodel,s

capabilities’applicablefields’andlimitations.

Transparencytothepublic

“providepublictransparencyontheimplementation...exceptinsofarasdoingsowouldincreaseriskor

divulgesensitivecommercial

informationtoadegree

disproportionatetothesocietalbenefit.”

“Informpotentialriskstothepublicthroughmodeldocumentation’

serviceagreements’orothers.”

Red-Teaming

“Internalandexternalred-teamingoffrontierAImodelsandsystemsforsevereandnovelthreats.”

“Throughdedicatedsimulationandred-teamingexpertstorigorouslytestmodelspriortotheirreleaseorupdate.”

MoreResearch

“ToprioritizeresearchonsocietalrisksposedbyfrontierAImodelsandsystems.”

“vigorouslyadvancefrontiersafetyandsecurityresearch.”

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DeployingModelstosolve

challenges

“DevelopanddeployfrontierAI

modelsandsystemstohelpaddresstheworld,sgreatestchallenges.”

“Innovateinthedevelopmentand

deploymentofAIsystemsthat

embodytheprincipleofAIforgood’contributingtoaddressingthemost

pressingchallengesfacedbysociety.”

source:“FrontierAIsafetycommitments’AIseoulsummit2024’”UKDepartmentforscience’Innovation’and

Technology’May21’2024’.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-

summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024;and“protectingAIsecurityandBuildingaModelofIndustryself-Discipline-TheFirstBatchof17companiessignedthe‘ArtificialIntelligencesecuritycommitment’,”chinaAcademyofInformationandcommunicationsTechnology’December24’2024’/s/s-

XFKQcwhu0uye4opgb3Ng.

Althughtherearemeaningfuldifferencesinthescpeftheircmmitments,thesimilarspecificcmmitmentsandsmetimesidenticallanguageprvide

gdreasnstbelievechina’sAIsafetycmmitmentsweredirectly

inspiredbyseul.Thatseemstfllwanincreasinglyfamiliarpatternin

china’sAIdmain.chinafrequentlyfreshadwseventualcnvergencewithinternatinalAIgvernanceeffrtsbypreemptivelylaunchingdmestic

prjectscdedin“party-speak.”Frfundatinalgvernancecnceptsinanyplicyareainchina,beingablettraceideastdistinctivelychinesertsiscriticalfrtheenduringlegitimacyftheidea.Asimilardynamicplayedut

whenchinalauncheditsGlotalAIGovernanceinitiativejusttwweeksbefreitsignednttheUk-ledBletchleyDeclarationinNvember2023.chinaviewsitsGlbalAIGvernanceInitiativeascmplementaryt

Bletchley,whickiitirequentlypraisesfritspsitiverleininternatinalAIgvernance.

ThesigningfthecmmitmentsmeanssixteennewchinesecmpaniesjinthesixteensignatriesftheseulcmmitmentstmakeAIsafetyprmises,generatingtheptentialfrstrngchinesebuy-inthattheinitialseul

cmmitmentslacked.Betweenthesignatriesftheseulcmmitments

andchineseAIsafetycmmitments,mstfthecmpaniesinvlvedin

prducingpwerfulgenerativeAImdelshavesignedntatleastnefthetwsetsfcmmitments(seetable2).

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Table2:companiessigningontoseoulcommitmentsandchina’sAlsafetycommitments

seoulcommitmentssignatories(May2024)

chineseAlsafetycommitmentssignatories(December2024)

Amazon

01.AI

Anthropic

360

cohere

4paradigm

Google

Alibaba

G42

AntGroup

IBM

Baidu

InflectionAI

chinaMobile

Meta

chinaTelecom

Microso什

Deepseek

MistralAI

Huawei

Naver

iFlyTek

openAI

Megvii

samsungElectronics

MiniMax

TechnologyInnovationInstitute

senseTime

XAI

Tencent

zhipu.ai

volcdance

zhipu.AI

source:“FrontierAIsafetycommitments’AIseoulsummit2024’”UKDepartmentforscience’Innovation’and

Technology’May21’2024’.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-

summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024;and“protectingAIsecurityandBuildingaModelofIndustryself-Discipline-TheFirstBatchof17companiessignedthe‘ArtificialIntelligencesecuritycommitment’9”china

AcademyofInformationandcommunicationsTechnology’December24’2024’/s/s-XFKQcwhu0uye4opgb3Ng.

yettherearedifferencesinthesubstanceofthesetwoagreements.The

chineseAIsafetycommitmentsofferamorecomprehensivesetofsecurityrequirementsfordataandcriticalinfrastructuresandhaveaspecificlineonadoptingappropriatesafetymeasuresforopensourceinitiatives,where

chineseproductslikeDeepseek’sareespeciallycompetitiveinternationally.Theseoulcommitments,incontrast,arefundamentallyfocusedon

establishingredlinesforfrontierrisksthatshouldnotbecrossedand

identifyingstepscompanieswouldtakeifthoseriskthresholdswerereached.Thisdifferencecouldbeexplainedbythefactthatchinaisfocusedonusing

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AIasameansofboostingitseconomy.RedlinescouldbeseenasanoverlyrestrictivepolicytoolatatimewhenthegovernmentwantstosignalitisembracingAIandnotoverregulatingitduetoconcernsaboutthelastingeffectsofitscOVID-eratechcrackdown.

Andthereisabroaderstructuraldifferencebetweenchinese-ledandinternationaleffortsthathasimportantimplicationsforchineseAI

governance:chineseindustryhasmoreexplicitgovernment-industry

connectionsthanwesterncompanies.Thismakestheimplicitbackingofkeygovernmentstakeholdersthatchina,sAISafetycommitmentsreceived

critical.cAIcTisaleadingchinesethinktankhousedunderthestate,s

MinistryofIndustryandInnovationTechnology(MIIT).MIIT,sinstitutionalbackinglendsthepromisesparticularweightinchina,sregulatorylandscape,whereindustryinitiativestypicallyaligncloselywithgovernmentpriorities.Moreover,theeffortwasexplicitlyspearheadedbychina,sArtificial

ImntelligenceIndustryAlliance(AIIA),aprominentindustryconsortiumguidedbyMIIT.

ThisindustrybackingcouldforeshadowfuturechineseAIpolicy.Historically,AIIAinvolvementhaspresagedfuturechineseregulation.In2019and2020,

AIIAworkinggroupsledbycAIcTofficialsofferedrecommendationsandcreatedtheIndustrySelf-DisciplineJointpledge(行業(yè)自律公約).These

recommendationsformedthefoundationforfoundationalchinese

regulationsonrecommendationalgorithmsanddeepfakes.Evenifchinese

industrylacksthedirectauthoritytoshapeitsdomesticregulatory

environment,itcouldbeempoweredtomatchwesternfirms,effortsandforeshadowmorechinesefirmssigningontotheSeoulcommitments.

TheparisAIActi?nsummitoffersakeyJuncturet?BuiIdIndustryc?nsensus

DeepSeek,srapidascenthighlightsagrowingchallengeforU.S.policymakers:chinesemodelsareincreasinglypowerful,and,withoutsafeguards,theycouldthreatenU.S.nationalsecurityandeconomicinterests.

ThischallengehasintensifiedasboththeU.S.andchinesegovernmentshavebackedtheAIcompaniesatthevanguardoffrontierdevelopment.The

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