英語專業(yè)英美文學(xué)文學(xué)匯總

1、Literature terms1Epic : a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史詩） 2Romance: It was a long

2、 composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（傳奇文學(xué)） 3Heroic Couplet: the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. (英雄雙韻體)4Iambic Pentameter: is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented sy

3、llable. (五音步抑揚格)meter 格律 foot音步5ballad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（歌謠）6Sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.（十四行詩） 7Blank verse: is a type of poetry, distinguished

4、 by having a regular meter, but no rhyme.（無韻詩）8Soliloquy: an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself/ herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in a drama to disclose a characters innermost thoughts); 2. the act of talking while or

5、 as if alone(獨白)9Classicism: Aesthetic attitudes and principles manifested in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restraint. Classicism was popular in Europe in the 18th century.（古典主義）10Neo-classicism: ne

6、o-classicism imitated the characteristics of Roman writers, including Horace, Virgil, Cicero, etc., in the days of Augustus. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. In writing plays, they used rhyme and couplet

7、 instead of blank verse, observed the trinity - the unity of time, place and action.（新古典主義）11An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.（書信體小說）12Sentimentalism is one o

8、f the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century. It justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeoisrevolutions. It embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Indust

9、rial Revolution, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken ,expropriated peasants.(感傷主義)Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevails in England during the period 1798-1832. romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were disconte

10、nt with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups because of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society.（浪漫主義）Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back

11、 to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays. Brief Outline of British Literature：works1. Early and Medieval English Literature1) The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066) National epic: The Song of Beowulf 2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350) Arthurian Romance: Sir G

12、awain and Green Knight 3) Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400：Messenger of Humanism The first important realistic writer “Father” of English poetry The Canterbury Tales the wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）, the Knight（騎士）, the Pardoner（賣贖罪卷者）, the Nuns Priest（尼姑的教士）, the Prologue（序詩）.The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰傳奇The Book of

13、 the Duchess 悼公爵夫人 Troilus and Criseyde 特羅伊洛斯和克瑞西德Thomas MaloryMorte dArthur (Death of Arthur)亞瑟之死William LanglandPiers the Plowman Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日談 Ovid奧維德: 愛的藝術(shù)變形記2. The English Renaissance (16 century) Thomas More Utopia Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗馬洛First person used blank verse Death of Ar

14、thur 亞瑟之死Tamburlaine the Great 帖木兒大帝The Jew of Malta 馬爾他島的猶太人 The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲劇 Hero and Leander海洛和利安得The Passionate Shepherd to His Love牧羊人的戀歌William Shakespeareone of the founders of realism in world literature as well as in English literatureVenus and Adonis維納斯與安東尼斯Th

15、e Rape of Lucrece魯克里斯受辱記Four tragedies： Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello 奧塞羅King Lear 李爾王 Macbeth麥克白Four comedies：A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之夢The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大歡喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜Ben Jonson本瓊森first poet- laureate after Shakespeare the most eminent writer for the Elizabethan stagethe gre

16、atest dramatist after Shakespearethe founder of the so-called “Comedy of Humors”, Every Man in His Humor人人高興Every Man Out of His Humor人人掃興Volpone 福爾蓬奈the Fox狐貍The Alchemist 煉金術(shù)士 Sir Thomas Wyatt托馬斯懷亞特Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey 亨利霍華德薩里伯爵Sir Philip Sidney 西德尼Astrophel and Stella愛星者和星星Arcadia阿卡狄亞The

17、Defence of Poetry詩辯Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯賓塞the Poets poet , a model of poetical artgreatest non-dramatic poet of his timefirst master of English verseThe Shepherds Calendar 牧人月歷Amoretti 愛情小詩The Fairy Queen仙后Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯 培根The father of experimental philosophyThe most important prose writer of the

18、Elizabethan Age the first English essayistthe founder of English materialist philosophy.The Advancement of Learning學(xué)術(shù)的進展The Novum Organum (The New Instrument) 新工具The New Atlantis新大西島The Essays 散文集(Of Studies)3. The Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution (17 century) John Milton約翰彌爾頓the smartest

19、man in Europe a master of the blank verseParadise Lost失樂園 Paradise Regained復(fù)樂園 Samson Agonistes力士參孫Lycidas 利西達斯Comus科瑪斯a masque假面劇John Bunyan約翰班揚Pilgrims Progress 天路歷程 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner功德無量The Life and Death of Mr. Badman惡人先生的生平和死亡貝德曼先生的一生The Holy War神圣戰(zhàn)爭John Donne約翰鄧恩Founder of

20、 Metaphysical poetry選學(xué)派詩人Songs and Sonnets歌與短歌Holy sonnet圣十四行詩Divine poem神圣詩歌Elegies and Satire挽歌與諷刺詩Meditations冥想/ 沉思4. The Age of Enlightenment (18 century) Alexander Pope亞歷山大蒲柏Essay on Criticism論批評The Rape of the Lock奪發(fā)記Joseph Addison約瑟夫艾狄生andRichard Steel理查德斯蒂爾The Tatler and The SpectatorDaniel

21、Defoe丹尼爾笛福18世紀(jì)啟蒙時期現(xiàn)實主義小說的奠基人Robinson CrusoeCaptain Singleton辛格頓船長Colonel Jacque杰克上校Moll Flanders茉爾弗蘭德絲A Journal of the Plague Year瘟疫記事Jonathan Swift喬納森斯威夫特One of the greatest masters of English prosea master satirist Gullivers TravelsA Tale of a Tub 一個木桶的故事The Battle of Books書的戰(zhàn)爭The Drapiers Letters

22、一個麻布商的書信A Modest Proposal一個小小的建議 Samuel Richardson 塞謬爾理查遜Pamela 帕美勒 Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady克拉麗莎The History of Sir Charles Grandison 查爾斯葛蘭底森爵士傳Henry Fielding亨利菲爾丁最早的現(xiàn)實主義小說理論家現(xiàn)實主義小說奠基人Tom Jones湯姆瓊斯Don Quixote in England唐吉訶德在英國Pasqin 巴斯昆 The Historical Register for the Year 1736 一七三六年歷

23、史記事The Tragedy of Tragedies or The Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great悲劇的悲?。夯騻ト藴穫鱆oseph Andrews約瑟夫安德魯斯的經(jīng)歷Jonathan Wild the Great大偉人喬納森魏爾德Amelia阿米麗亞Samuel Johnson塞繆爾約翰遜As Lexicographer or The Dictionary of the English Language英語詞典 Oliver Goldsmith戈德史密斯Ano velist and poet belongs to the school of S

24、entimentalism She Stoops to Conquer屈伸求愛 The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲爾德牧師傳The Traveler and The Deserted Village The Citizen of the World世界公民 Richard Brinsley Sheridan 謝里丹 The School for Scandal 造謠學(xué)校Comedy of Manners風(fēng)尚喜劇 Thomas Gray 格雷- sentimentalismOn the Death of a Favorite Cat 愛貓之死Elegy Written in a

25、 Country Churchyard 墓園挽歌 The Progress of Poetry 詩的發(fā)展The Correspondence of Thomas Gray格雷書信集 William Blake威廉 布萊克Tiger 老虎Songs of Innocence天真之歌Songs of Experience經(jīng)驗之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的婚姻Robert Burns-羅伯特 彭斯- pre-romanticismthe most famous poets of the peasants in the worldA red red ro

26、se 我的愛人像朵紅紅的玫瑰 5. Romanticism in England (19 century) Poetry William Wordsworth華茲華斯The prelude序曲Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌謠集I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我好似一朵流云獨自漫步To the 詠水仙S. T. Coleridge柯林律治The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子詠古水手謠Kubla khan 忽必烈汗 George Gordon Byron喬治 戈登 拜倫One of the most excellent represe

27、ntatives of English Romanticismone of the most influential poets of the timeHours of Idleness 閑暇時刻Child Harolds Pilgrimage 恰爾德哈羅德游記.Don Juan唐璜She Walks in Beauty Percy Bysshe Shelley雪萊Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普羅米修斯Queen Mab 仙后麥布Address to the Irish People告愛爾蘭人書The Revolt of Islam 伊斯蘭的反叛 The Masque of

28、Anarchy暴政的行列The Cenci欽契一家A Defence of Poetry 詩辯The Necessity of Atheism無神論的必要性O(shè)de to the West Wind10. To a Skylark致云雀John Keats濟慈Lamia萊米亞Endymion恩底彌翁On First Looking into Chapmans Homer初讀查普曼譯荷馬史詩Isaabella 伊莎貝拉The Eve of St. Agnes圣愛格尼斯節(jié)前夕Hyperion赫坡里昂On a Grecian Urn 希臘古甕頌To Autumn秋頌On Melancholy憂郁頌To

29、 a Nightingale 夜鶯頌Prose fiction Walter Scott司各特the first novelist to recreate the pastWaverleyOld MoralityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianIvanhoe艾凡赫Rob Roy Novel Jane Austen 簡奧斯丁Northanger Abbey諾桑覺寺 Sense and Sensibility理智與情感 Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見Mansfield Park曼斯菲爾德花園 Emma愛瑪Persuasion 勸告 Romantic e

30、ssay Charles Lamb查爾斯蘭姆Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亞戲劇故事集Album VersesEssays of Elia伊利亞隨筆 William Hazlitt威廉赫列特Thomas De Quincey托馬斯德昆西6. The Victorian Age - Critical Realism in England (19 century) Novel Charles Dickens查爾斯狄更斯Oliver Twist霧都孤兒The Old Curiocity Shop老古玩店The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外傳 fill in the B

31、lanksBeowulf is a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their primitive Northern Europe.Beowulf was passed down from mouth to mouth.Beowulf was written down in the 10th century.Humanism refers to the literary culture in the Renaissance. Humanism became the central theme of English

32、Renaissance. Thomas More and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanistsHumanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill. The Renaissance is actually a movemen

33、t stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.Early Plays in Middle Ages include The Miracle Play奇跡劇 The Morality Play道德劇The Interlud幕間休息劇

34、 The Classical Drama古典劇The immediate predecessors of Shakespeare were a group of men from the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge, who were generally known as the University WitsThe key-note of Hamlets character is melancholy，and there can be no Hamlet without melancholyHamlet is a hero of the

35、RenaissanceHamlets learning , wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 17th and the 16th centuries.Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse;He was a great master of Eng

36、lish language;He was the summit of the English Renaissance and one of the great writers all over the world. Adam and Eve embody Miltons belief in the powers of man, craving (longing) for knowledge.Satan is a rebel against tyranny and Satan and his followers resemble a republican ParliamentEnglish en

37、lighteners believed in the power of reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”.Most of the enlighteners believed that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.this period was characterized by the so-called neo-classicism of

38、which the leading figure was Alexander Pope. The representative of Periodical Literature in Early 18th Century England: Addison and SteeleThe best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island.A socia

39、l fable consists of four books. The hero of the novel is Lemuel Gulliver, a doctor. telling about his fantastic visits to some unbelievable places, in which the inhabitants are Lilliputians, the giants Brobdingnagians, Yahoos, and Houyhnhnms. The features of the Romantic writings a dissatisfaction w

40、ith the bourgeois society.Romantic writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic picturesThe romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of manPersonified nature plays

41、an important role in the pages of Romantic writingsThe publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th centuryi wandered lonely contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter.The poem is about The beauty of natureQuestion1What is Liter

42、ature？Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences. 2What is Renaissance? 1. Definition The Renaissance (14th mid-17th century), which means

43、 rebirth and revival. The renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purit

44、y of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church(羅馬天主教堂). It is characterized with the growth of a more scientific outlook, major development in art and literature, new invention and overseas discoveries and a general assertion of human value and emancipation(解放) of the human i

45、ntellect and power.3Summarize the periods of Shakespeares literary career and achievements？Shakespeares Literary Careern Four successive periods with increasing maturityu 1588-1593, the Period of Experiment and Preparationl Richard III, a melodramatic chronicle-history play, largely imitative of Mar

46、lowe and yet showing striking powerl At the end of this period Shakespeare issued two rather long narrative poems on classical subjects, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucreceu 1594-1601, the second period Shakespeares work, filled with chronicle-history plays and comediesl Richard II, Henry IV, H

47、enry V, etc.l Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like Itl Romeo and Julietu 1601-1609, the third period of Shakespeares literary career, in which appeared Shakespeares great tragedies and certain cynical playsl In these plays, Shakespeare sets himself to g

48、rapple with the deepest and darkest problems of human characters and lifel Shakespeares four great tragediesn Hamlet: the struggle of a perplexed and divided soul/selfn Othello: the ruin of a noble life/ man by an evil one through the terrible power of jealousyn King Lear: unnatural ingratitude work

49、ing its hateful will and yet thwarted at the end by its own excess and by faithful loven Macbeth: the destruction of a large nature by material ambitionu After 1609, the fourth period of Shakespeares literary career, a period of romance-comediesl Shakespeare did not solve the insoluble problems of l

50、ife, but having presented them as powerfully, perhaps, as is possible for human intelligence, he turned in his last period to the expression of the serene philosophy of lifel Cymbeline, The Winters Tale, and The Tempest(1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He maintai

51、ns that the purpose of dramatic performance is to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature. In his works, he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor monarch. Besides, his plays have good plots and life-like characters too. His drama is an expression, a monument o

52、f the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own people for his own time. (2)Shakespeare is amazingly prolific Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets, and 2 long poems. No two of his play invoke the same feeling or image among the audience. He is a master-hand for every form of dra

53、ma-comedy, tragedy, and historical plays. He gives us a world of full-blooded people who live and struggle, suffer and rejoice-representing all the complexities and implications of real life. (3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank v

54、erse. And he is a great master of the English language. He used a vocabulary largerthananyotherEnglishwritersManyofhisnewcoinageand turnsofexpressionshave become every-day usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasures of the English la

55、nguage. (4)Hence,Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over.3Chaucers Contribution？1. He introduced from Italy and France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in i

56、ambic meter (heroic couplet) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. 2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English), thus establishing English as the literary language.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language4What is the Enlightenment Movem