大學(xué)英語語法第二講非謂語動詞

1、第二講 非謂語動詞,1,大學(xué)英語語法 Grammar,非謂語動詞,概念：非謂語動詞指的是在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞作用的動詞形式，而不是作謂語的動詞形式。 特點：與謂語動詞相比，非謂語動詞既不能單獨作謂語，其形式又不受主語的人稱或數(shù)的限制。故又稱為非限定動詞。 分類：三種形式：動名詞，不定式和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。,一、動名詞 動名詞是一種非謂語動詞，形式為v+ing，與現(xiàn)在分詞同形。 基本形式：,非謂語動詞動名詞,A. 動名詞的特點：兼具名詞和動詞的特征。 1. 動名詞的動詞特征：動名詞可以有賓語，可以用狀語修飾 （1）帶賓語 a. He avoided giving us an an

2、swer. 動名詞giving后有雙賓語。 b. The doctor advised taking exercise. 動名詞taking后有賓語exercise. （2）用狀語修飾 a. I enjoy working with you. with you 是狀語，修飾動名詞working b. She doesnt allow smoking in her house. in her house 是狀語，修飾動名詞smoking,非謂語動詞動名詞,2. 動名詞的名詞特征即其語法功能：在句中充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。 （1）作主語 a. Smoking may cause c

3、ancer. b. Hunting for a job is not easy for those who have just graduated. c. Its nice talking to you. It 是形式主語，真正的主語是動名詞短語talking to you d. Its a waste of time arguing about it.,非謂語動詞動名詞,（2）作表語 a. The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. b. His greatest interest in life is tr

4、aveling. （3）作賓語 a. Would you mind not using your mobile phone in the meeting room? b. Your shoes need polishing(擦一擦). c. Are you interesting in going to the show(演出)？ d. Im proud of having a friend like you.,非謂語動詞動名詞,【考試重點】 參看P16 以下動詞只能用動名詞作賓語 admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 贊賞，感激 finish 完成 avoid 避免，避開 imagine

5、想象 miss 錯過 practice 練習(xí) delay 耽擱 mind 介意 consider 考慮 postpone 推遲 enjoy 享受 risk 冒風(fēng)險 suggest 建議,非謂語動詞動名詞,非謂語動詞動名詞,B. 動名詞的完成時和被動式 表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生時，用動名詞的完成時。,非謂語動詞動名詞,B. 動名詞的完成時和被動式 完成時 a.He regrets having wasted so much time when he was young. 年輕時浪費了那么多時間，他現(xiàn)在很后悔。 b.He apologized for not having kept h

6、is promise. 他對于沒有遵守諾言表示歉意。 被動式 c.He dislikes being interrupted when he is working. 他不喜歡在工作時被人打擾。 d.He didnt mind being left at home. 他并不介意把他留在家里。,非謂語動詞動名詞,C. 動名詞的邏輯主語 當(dāng)動名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。 Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。 Janes being careless caused so much trouble.

7、簡這么粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 困擾他們的是食物不足。 18-year-old,非謂語動詞動名詞,C. 動名詞的邏輯主語 當(dāng)動名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。 Would you mind _ the computer game in your room?(04) A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him play B He forgot about _ him to attend my wifes birthday

8、 party. A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to ask B,二、不定式 不定式是一種非謂語動詞，由不定式符號to加動詞原形構(gòu)成，多與某些動詞、名詞、形容詞搭配。 基本形式：,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 1）作主語 不定式或不定式短語作主語時，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如： To serve the people well is our duty. 動詞不定式短語作主語時，往往放在謂語動詞的后面，用引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語。上述句子也可改為： It is our duty to s

9、erve the people well. 類似這樣不定式做主語的句型有: It is + n.+ to do It takes sb.+ some time + to do It is + adj.+ for sb.+ to do It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 1）作主語 例如： It is our duty to help them. It will take you quite a long time to finish it. It is easy for us to a

10、nswer this question. It is kind of you to help me. 注： 1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等： 2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right等。,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 2)作賓語 We hope to have more opportuni

11、ties to talk with native speakers. 注意： 如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補語，這時，通常要用it作形式賓語，而將不定式放到補語后面去。 例如： 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備好是不可能的。 They found to get everything ready in advance impossible. 賓語賓補 They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.,非謂語動詞不定式,【考試重點】 以下動詞只能跟不定式作賓語 afford 花費得起，提供 appear 好像 happen 碰巧 arra

12、nge 安排 hope 希望 attempt 試圖 Intend 企圖 decide 決定 learn 學(xué)會 plan 計劃 expect 期望 offer 打算 pretend 假裝 promise 答應(yīng) refuse 拒絕 fail 未能 manage 設(shè)法 fear 害怕 want 要想 wish 希望,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 3)作定語 This is the best way to solve the problem. 注意： 用不定式作定語時，它與它所修飾的詞有時是動賓關(guān)系，所以如果不定式是不及物動詞，其后面應(yīng)跟上必

13、要的介詞。 例如： Mary needs a friend to play with. There is nothing to worry about. Because air pollution has been greatly reduced， this city is still _ . A.a good place to live B.a good place for living in C.a good place to be lived in D.a good place to live in 答案：D,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語

14、和補足語。 3)作定語 不定式作定語，如果與他所修飾的詞是動賓關(guān)系，則不定式后面不能再帶賓語。 例如： Here is a letter for you to type it. Here is a letter for you to type. The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them. The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for. 同時要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)

15、主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 4)作狀語 In order to overcome difficulties， we must work hard. 注意： 不定式能夠修飾作表語或賓語補足語的形容詞，在句中作狀語，這時不定式不能再帶賓語。 例如： The water is unfit to drink. 錯誤：The water is unfit to drink it. They found Mr. Jones lecture hard to understand. 錯誤： They found Mr. Jones lecture hard to understand it. 同時

16、要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 4)作狀語 作狀語的不定式的邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。 例如： To save money， we took the bus instead of plane. To save money， the bus was taken instead of plane. 看一道2005年11月份的三級試題： To succeed in a scientific experiment，_. A.one needs being patient person. B

17、.patience is to need. C.one needs to be patient. D.patience is what needed. 答案：C,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 4)作賓補 動詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式（do）作賓語補足語 1）感官動詞：see, watch, notice , look at, hear, listen, smell, taste, feel 2）使役動詞：make, let, have（使得），help（可帶to，也可不帶to） 3）某些詞組：would rather, would/h

18、ad better,非謂語動詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補足語。 4)作賓補 動詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式（do）作賓語補足語 【注意】當(dāng)感官動詞和使役動詞后面的不定式變成被動語態(tài)時，必須加to。 Henry is often seen_English aloud every morning in the classroom. A.read B.reads C.reading D.to read 答案：D,非謂語動詞不定式,不定式的語態(tài) 每個不定式都有其邏輯主語，如果邏輯主語是動作的發(fā)出者，不定式用主動式，如果其邏輯主語是動作的承受者，不定式用被動式

19、。如： The doctor recommended him to air the room. 醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。 The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。,非謂語動詞不定式,不定式的語態(tài) 【考試重點】：使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況 (1)在口語中，以why開頭的簡單問句中。例如： Why do it that way? Why not go out for a walk? (2)某些使役動詞，如make， let，have等后面跟動詞不定時作賓語補足語時，用省略to的不定式。如 Let him do it.讓他做吧。 I

20、 would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。,非謂語動詞不定式,不定式的語態(tài) 【考試重點】：使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況 (3)表示生理感覺的動詞后接不定時作賓語補足語時，不定式不帶to.這類詞有： feel覺得observe 注意到，看到hear聽到 watch注視listen to聽perceive察覺，感知 notice注意see看見look at看 如要表明不定式或不定式的動作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語)，就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如： Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?

21、 The conference is too important for you to miss.,非謂語動詞不定式,非謂語動詞動名詞與不定式區(qū)別,1） 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別 動名詞表達的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的 不定式表達的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2） 接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。 3） 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組： 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing

22、5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to dotry doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to dointerested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing,分詞（v + ing 和v + ed） 分詞的語法功能：分詞在句中可作定語、狀語、補足語和表語 1）作定語 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，進行，過去分詞表示被動，完成。 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，表示正在進行的動作，

23、或表示現(xiàn)狀。同時表示主動。 例如： Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.,非謂語動詞分詞,1）作定語 過去分詞作定語時，表示完成的動作。同時表示被動。有時過去分詞僅僅表示被動。 例如： Weve met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.（表被動和完成） Some of the questions _ in the book are easy to perform.（僅表被動） A.being described B.described C.to be described

24、D.Having been described 答案：B,非謂語動詞分詞,2）作狀語 分詞或分詞短語可作狀語，說明謂語表示的動作發(fā)生的時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語加以補充說明等?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語含有主動的意思，過去分詞作狀語含有被動的意思，或是表示狀態(tài)。 _ ,he had asked three people before he got there. A.Not knowing where was the bookstore B.Knowing not where the bookstore was C.Not knowing where the bookstore wa

25、s D.Not to know where the bookstore was 答案：C _ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a blue planet. A.Seen B.Seeing C.To be seen D.Having seen 答案：A,非謂語動詞分詞,2）作狀語 注意：分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。 判斷對錯： Waiting for a bus, a stone hit me. By swimming an hour everyday, Jan

26、es weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds. Made of plastic, I didnt expect the chairs would be that strong. 以上三句話應(yīng)當(dāng)分別改為： While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me. By swimming an hour everyday, Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds. As the chairs were made of plastic, I didnt expec

27、t they would be that strong.,非謂語動詞分詞,2）作狀語 分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu) 分詞作狀語時，要特別注意其邏輯主語和主句謂語動詞的一致性。否則，分詞必須有自己的主語。這種帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。 The work done, they put away their tools and left the workshop. （= When the work has been done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.） His health failing, he decided to retire

28、 from office. （= Since his health failed, he decided to retire from office.）,非謂語動詞分詞,2）作狀語 分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)有時還可由介詞with, without引出，通常用于補充說明或表示伴隨情況，有時也有時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果等含義，翻譯時可根據(jù)上下文譯為隨著，之后，由于等，有時也可不譯出，如： With summer coming on, its time to buy air conditioners. 出題形式與應(yīng)對策略： _ , they went swimming. A.Being a hot day B.I

29、t was a hot day C.Due to a hot day D.The day being hot 答案：D,非謂語動詞分詞,2）作狀語 首先看題干，逗號的后面是一個完整的句子，兩部分用逗號連接，現(xiàn)在我們必須清楚的是逗號并不能連接兩個并列句，不等于連詞and，因此選項B是錯誤的。但是，在考察分詞作狀語或分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的時候，四個選項中會有像選項B這樣的選項。也就是說下列結(jié)構(gòu)是錯誤的： It was a hot day, they went swimming. It was a hot day, and they went swimming. Since it was a hot

30、 day, they went swimming. 注：英語的語法是顯性的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要體現(xiàn)在形式上，而漢語的語法則是隱形的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要語義來傳達。,非謂語動詞分詞,2）作狀語 小練習(xí)：把句子改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu) 1.As the secretary was away, Mr. Green had to type his final grade. 2.Since Mother was ill, I offered to do the cooking. 3.The machine consists of three parts, each of which has its own mo

31、tor. 4.When class was over, the students went to the playground to watch the ball game. 5.Because the book was written in English, we found it easy to read. 6.Because a heavy rain flooded the road, he returned three days late than expected. 7.He prayed silently and his eyes were closed.,非謂語動詞分詞,2）作狀

32、語 小練習(xí)：把句子改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)： 參考答案： 1.The secretary being away, 2.Mother being ill, 3., each having its own motor. 4.Class being over, 5.The book being written in English, 6.A heavy rain flooding the road, 7., his eyes closed.,非謂語動詞分詞,3）作賓語補足語 注意1： 使役動詞have, make, get的后面可以接過去分詞作賓補，keep的后面則接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補。在“have+ sth.+過

33、去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補語所表示的動作往往是由別人來完成的。 I cant see the blackboard very well. Perhaps you need _ . A.to examine your eyes. B.to have examined your eyes. C.having your eyes examined. D.to have your eyes examined. 答案：D,非謂語動詞分詞,3）作賓語補足語 注意1： When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult_. A.to

34、make myself understood B.to make others understand myself C.to make myself understand D.making others understand me 答案：A,非謂語動詞分詞,3）作賓語補足語 注意1： There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly_. A.make the audience hear B.make himself be heard C.make that the audience would hear D.make himself heard 答案：D Its about the time we got the kitchen repainted. Ill try not to keep you waiting. Youd better keep the engine running all