《演講的藝術(shù)》PS_November_10.ppt

1、,Chapter Six Gathering Materials,Everybody is an expert on something, whether it is video games, child care, or backpacking. We often speak best about subjects with which we are familiar. Supplement a topic with the personal touch can really bring your speeches to life. By thinking over your past ex

2、periencesgathering material from yourselfyou can find many supporting details for your speeches.,1. Using Your Own Knowledge,You will get many of the materials for your speeches from the library. Thus you need to know the basic techniques of doing library research. There are quick, easy, systematic

3、ways to find whatever you need in the library. Ultimately, the only way to become adept at library research is to do itand to do it properly. You have five important resources for finding what you need in the library: 1.Librarians Most librarians are friendly men and women who can be of enormous hel

4、p. Too often students waste their time wandering aimlessly in search of a source because they are afraid to ask for assistance. They dont want to appear stupid or to “bother” anyone. Librarians are experts in their own field, trained in library use and research methods. If you have a question, dont

5、hesitate to ask a librarian. She or he can help you find your way, locate sources, even track down a specific piece of information.,2. Doing Library Research,You will get many of the materials for your speeches from the library. Thus you need to know the basic techniques of doing library research. T

6、here are quick, easy, systematic ways to find whatever you need in the library. Ultimately, the only way to become adept at library research is to do itand to do it properly. You have five important resources for finding what you need in the library: 2. The Catalogue The catalogue lists all the book

7、s, periodicals, and other resources owned by the library. There are many diifferent computer systems for library catalogues, most allow you to search for books by author, title, or subject. The computer systems for library catalogues are also set up for keyword searches, which means you can locate a

8、 book by typing in a significant word or phrase, even if that word or phrase is not part of the books title. The catalogue also tells you whether the book you want is available or is already checked out.,2. Doing Library Research,2. The Catalogue The key to finding the book on the shelves is the Cal

9、l Number. Once you have the call number, all you have to do is find the right section of the shelves and retrieve your book. Periodicals are listed in the catalogue by title. Libraries usually have a special room in which they keep the latest issues of magazines and newspapers. Bound volumes of issu

10、es from past years are kept on the book shelves, where they can be located by call number. You may also be able to find the full text of specific articles through the librarys Periodical Databases.,2. Doing Library Research,You will get many of the materials for your speeches from the library. Thus

11、you need to know the basic techniques of doing library research. There are quick, easy, systematic ways to find whatever you need in the library. Ultimately, the only way to become adept at library research is to do itand to do it properly. You have five important resources for finding what you need

12、 in the library: 3. Periodical Databases Periodical databases do for articles in magazines and journals what the catalogue does for books. A periodical database helps you locate specific magazine or journal articles. Try the subject on which you want information in the databases search box, and cita

13、tions of articles on your subject will appear on screen. Depending on the database you are using, you may be able to call up the full text of the articles. If the full text is not available, you can use the citations to locate the articles you need on the shelves or in the periodicals section of the

14、 library.,2. Doing Library Research,3. Periodical Databases Most databases also provide an abstract that summarizes the content of each article you access. Keep in mind, however, that an abstract is only a summary of the article, written by someone other than the original author. You should never ci

15、te an article in your speech on the basis of the abstract alone. You should always consult the full article. Each databases has its own methods of finding materials, you should take time before starting your search to click the “Help”, “Tips”, or “Search Guide” button on the databases homepage. This

16、 will bring up a screen that explains the procedures for conducting searches at different level of specificitybasic, guided, and advanced.,2. Doing Library Research,3. Periodical Databases There are hundreds of databases, covering topics from agriculture to zoology. The exact databases you can use w

17、ill depend on what is available in your library. Databases are divided into 2 groups (1)General Databases They cover a wide range of periodicals and subjects. They usually include popular magazines such as Time, Newsweek. Some of them also include academic journals and technical publications. Here a

18、re four major general databases. Odds are that an American universitys library will have at least one of them:,2. Doing Library Research,3. Periodical Databases Databases are divided into 2 groups (1)General Databases ProQuest Research Library. It indexes more than 2,000 general-interest periodicals

19、 and academic journals, and provides the full text of articles from nearly 1,000 of them. Dates vary, but many of the full-text articles go back to 1988.,2. Doing Library Research,3. Periodical Databases Databases are divided into 2 groups (1)General Databases Academic Search. It provides the full t

20、ext of articles from more than 3,000 periodicals, popular and scholarly alike. It also indexes articles from The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Christian Science Monitor.,2. Doing Library Research,3. Periodical Databases Databases are divided into 2 groups (1)General Databases Read

21、ers Guide Full Text. The electronic counterpart of the printed Readers Guide to Periodical Literature, this database indexes and abstract articles from more than 240 general-interest publications. Full-text articles are provided for 120 periodicals.,2. Doing Library Research,3. Periodical Databases

22、Databases are divided into 2 groups (1)General Databases Lexis/Nexis. Composed of roughly 5,000 legal, news, reference, and business sources, this powerful database provides full-text access to a wide range of periodicals and other sources, including television broadcast transcripts and U.S. and int

23、ernational newspapers.,2. Doing Library Research,3. Periodical Databases Databases are divided into 2 groups (2) Special Databases Sometimes you may need more speciallized information than you can find in the kinds of publications covered in general periodical databases. If so, check with you librar

24、ian, who will direct you to a special database: Business Full Text, Contemporary Womens Issues, Eric(Education Resources Information Center), Ethnic Newswatch, General Science Full Text, HAPI Online(Hispanic American Periodicals Index), Humanities Full Text, Public Affairs Information Service Intern

25、ational,2. Doing Library Research,You will get many of the materials for your speeches from the library. Thus you need to know the basic techniques of doing library research. There are quick, easy, systematic ways to find whatever you need in the library. Ultimately, the only way to become adept at

26、library research is to do itand to do it properly. You have five important resources for finding what you need in the library: 4. Newspapers Newspapers are valuable for research on many topics, historical as well as contemporary. If you are looking for information from your local newspaper, your lib

27、rary will probably have current issues in the periodicals room. Back issues may be available on microfilm. For national and international newspapers, consult one of the following 4 databases: (1)ProQuest Newspapers. It Indexes articles from more than 500 U.S. and international newspapers. Include fu

28、ll-text articles for most major newspapers back to 1995.,2. Doing Library Research,4. Newspapers (2)Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe. In addition to magazine articles, it furnished full-text articles from a large number of U.S. and international newspapers, as well as daily updates from news services s

29、uch as Reuters, The Associated Press.,2. Doing Library Research,4. Newspapers (3)Global Newsbank. Provides full-text articles from more than 1,500 international sources, including newspapers.,2. Doing Library Research,4. Newspapers (4)Editorials on File. Although available only in print form, it con

30、tains editorials from hundreds of newspapers across the United States and is an excellent source of informed opinion on current events. Twice monthly, 5,000 editorials a year.,2. Doing Library Research,You will get many of the materials for your speeches from the library. Thus you need to know the b

31、asic techniques of doing library research. There are quick, easy, systematic ways to find whatever you need in the library. Ultimately, the only way to become adept at library research is to do itand to do it properly. You have five important resources for finding what you need in the library: 5. Re

32、ference Works Reference works are usually kept in a separate part of the library called the Reference Section. The right reference work can save you hours of time by putting at your fingertips a wealth of information that might be difficult to locate through a database or the library catalogue. The

33、major kinds of reference works are: (1)Encyclopedias. General Encyclopedias: Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Encyclopedia Americana. They seek to provide accurate, objective infromation about all branches of human knwoledge and are an excellent place to begin your research.,2. Doing Library Researc

34、h,5. Reference Works (1)Encyclopedias. General Encyclopedias: Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Encyclopedia Americana. Both of them are arranged alphabetically and issue annual supplements to update what is contained in the basic volumes. Many general encyclopediasincluding Britannicacan also be acc

35、essed online. Special Encyclopedias: There are special Encyclopedias devoted to particular subjects such as religion,art, law, science, literature, music, education, and the like. They cover their fields in much more depth and detail than do general encyclopedias. Some of the most frequently used sp

36、ecial encyclopedias are : African American Encyclopedia/ Asian American Encyclopedia/ Dictionary of Art/ Encyclopedia of Philosophy/ Encyclopedia of Religion/ Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians/ Latino Encyclopedia/ McGraw-Hill En of S and T,2. Doing Library Research,5. Reference Works (2)Year

37、books. They are published annually. They contain an amazing amount of current information that would otherwise be all but imppossible to track down. Here are 3 of the most valuable yearbooks: Statistical Yearbooks of the United States: Published since 1878 by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and now av

38、ailable online as well; It is the standard reference work for numercial information on social, political, and ecnomic aspects of American Life. Among the incredible array of facts it contains are the U.S. fertility rate, labor union membership, death rates from various diseases, median family income

39、 by state, and so on.,2. Doing Library Research,5. Reference Works (2)Yearbooks. World Almanac and Book of Facts: It is not limited to the United States or to numercial data; Among the things you can discover in it are all the Nobel Prize winners since 1901, the most-watched television shows of the

40、previous year, records for professional and collegiate sports, the literacy rate in Afganistan, and the natural resources of Peru.,2. Doing Library Research,5. Reference Works (2)Yearbooks. Facts on File: Available in both print and online versions, it is a weekly digest of national and foreign news

41、 events; It covers politics, sports, medicine, education, religion, crime, economics and the arts; At the end of the year, all the weekly issues are published together as Facts on Files Yearbook. This is an excellent place to check quickly on something that happened in a given year.,2. Doing Library

42、 Research,5. Reference Works (3) Dictionaries. Websters and the American Heritage Dictionary are excellent dictionaries of the English language. Both of which are available electronically as well as in book form; If you are interested more in the history of a word than its present meaning, you shoul

43、d turn first to the Oxford English Dictionary There are also a number of specialized dictionaries that cover a wide range of topics. Some examples are the Computer Dictionary, Blacks Law Dictionary, the Dictionary of Feminist Theory, and the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins.,2. Doing Lib

44、rary Research,5. Reference Works (4) Quotation Books. The best know collection of quotations is Bartletts Familiar Quotations. With more than 25,000 quotations from historical and contemporary figures, it has long been regarded as an indispensable source for speakers and writters alike. Other excell

45、ent quotation books include: Oxford Dictionary of Quotations Harper Book of American Quotations The New Quotable Woman My Soul Looks Back, Less I Forget: A Collection of Quotations by People of Color Ancient Echoes: Native American Words of Wisdom Fire in Our Souls: Quotations of Wisdom and Inspirat

46、ion by Latino Americans A Treasury of Jewish Quotations. All these works are indexed to help you locate quotations by subject and author.,2. Doing Library Research,5. Reference Works (5) Biographical Aids. You can use them when you need information about people in the news. They contain brief life a

47、nd career facts about contemporary men and women. Some of the ones: International Whos Who Whos Who in America Whos Who of American Women Contemporary Black Biography Dictionary of Hispanic Biography Native American Women Whos Who Among Asian Americans,2. Doing Library Research,5. Reference Works (5

48、) Biographical Aids. If you need more detailed information than these guides provide, your best bet is Current Biography. During the year it offers some 400 articles about newsworthy people all over the world. Each article is 3 to 4 pages long and the fields covered include politics, science, the ar

49、ts, labor, sports, and business. At the end of the year, the articles are revised and collected alphabetically in a single volume titled Current Biography Yearbook. Articles are also available online through the Readers Guide Full Text database.,2. Doing Library Research,5. Reference Works (4) Atlas

50、es and Gazetteers. Atlases: Most atlases also include a variety of charts, plates and tables that furnish information about the geography of states, regions and countries. The leading all-purpose atlas is the Rand McNally Cosmopolitan World Atlas, which includes maps of the world by region, as well

51、as maps of each state of the United States. Gazetteers/Geographical Dictionaries: They followe the same alphabetical format as regular dictionaries, but all entries deal with geographical topics. The best known one is Merriam-Websters Geographical Dictionary. It lists more than 48,000 places around

52、the worldcountries, regions, cities, islands, mountains, riversand gives concise facts about each.,2. Doing Library Research,The Internet has been called the worlds biggest library. But unlike a library, the Internet has no central information desk, no librarians, no catalogue, and no reference sect

53、ion. Nor dose it have a person or department in charge of choosing new materials to make sure they are of high quality. You can unearth a great deal of infromation on the Internet, but you cannot always find the same range and depth fo research materials as in a good library. This is why experts adv

54、ise that you use the Internet to supplement, not to replace, library research. 1.Search Aids The smart appraoch to the information on the web is to use a search aid to find exactly what you need. Because there are so many documents on the Web, no search aid can provide a comprehensive catalogue of a

55、ll of them. Each aid has its stengths and weaknesses, and each had its own procedures for in-depth searches.,3. Searching the Internet,1.Search Aids The three major kinds are: (1)Search Engines Because each search engine works a little differently and indexes different pages, the results of any sear

56、ch will vary depending on the engine you use. Taken together, the major search engines cover about 40 percent of the total number of Web pages, and no single search engine covers more than 15 or 20 percent. You may find exactly what you need right away. If not, dont depairit may well show up on anot

57、her search engine. Of all the search engines, Google is the most widely used by serious researchers. About half of all the Web searches in the world are performed by Google. It can even translate foreign-language search results. While there is no guarantee that youll find exactly what you need with

58、Google, its a great place to start your Internet research.,2. Searching the Internet,1.Search Aids The three major kinds are: (2)Metasearch Engines They are the search engines of search engines. They send your request to several search engine at the same time. This can be a great advantage-especiall

59、y when you are looking for something very obscure. If you decide to use a Metasearch engine, be sure to check which engines it includes so you will know if there are others you want to access in addition. Dogpile() MetaCrawler() Ixquick Metasearch() ProFusion(),2. Searching the Internet,1.Search Aids The three major kinds are: (3) Virtual Libraries Search engines help you find whats on the web, but few evelu