初三英語總復(fù)習(xí),語法

1、十三、并列復(fù)合句 1、基本概念： 并列復(fù)合句是由兩個或兩個以上并列而又獨(dú)立的簡單句構(gòu)成。 兩個簡單句常由并列連接詞連 在一起；但有時不用連接詞,只在兩個簡單句之間用一逗號或分號。 2、常見的并列句： (1) 用來連接兩個并列概念的連接詞有and , not onlybut also, neithernor 等,and 所連 接的前后分句往往表示先后關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。前后分句的時態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一 個分句是祈使句,那么第二個分句用將來時。 (2) 表示在兩者之間選擇一個, 常用的連接詞有 or,otherwise,or else,eitheror等,前后分句 的時態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一

2、個分句是祈使句,那么第二個分句用將來時。 (3) 表明兩個概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者轉(zhuǎn)折, 常用的連接詞有 but,yet,still ,however等,前后 分句時態(tài)一致。 (4) 說明原因, 用連接詞 for ,前后分句時態(tài)一致。 (5) 表示結(jié)果,用連接詞 so, 前后分句時態(tài)一致。 十四、主從復(fù)合句 1、概念： 主從復(fù)合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子 的一個次要成分,不能獨(dú)立成為一個句子。從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo),并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主 句聯(lián)系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they a

3、re strict with them.( 爺爺 奶奶們很愛孩子,同時對他們也嚴(yán)格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看 起來會議沒完沒了。) / Hurry up, or (else) youll be late.(快點(diǎn), 要不然就來不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.( 不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是 不肯吃。) 2、分類： 從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用,分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。 （參見以下各條） 3

4、、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法： (1) 表語從句：在句子中作連系動詞的表語的從句,它位于主句中的系動詞之后。 例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever. (2) 賓語從句：在句子中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。 基本形式： （主句）連詞+從句主語+從句謂語+. 關(guān)于賓語從句連詞的選擇： 若從句來源于一個陳述句,那么,連詞用 that,在口語中 that 可以省略; 若從句來源于一個一般疑問句,連詞則用 if 或 whether; 若從句來源于一個特殊疑問句,則連詞就是疑

5、問詞(如 what,who,where,when等) 例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計算 機(jī)終將代替人類。) (從句本來就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長跟前說點(diǎn)什么。) (從句來源于一般問句 Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me

6、 where he could get such medicine. (他問我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥。) (從句來源于特殊問句 Where can he get such medicine? ) 賓語從句的時態(tài)問題：如果主句是現(xiàn)在時,從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時態(tài),甚至可以用過去時； 如主句是過去時,從句則相應(yīng)地使用過去某一時態(tài),遇到客觀真理時仍然用現(xiàn)在時。 如： I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學(xué)期我的英語會學(xué)得好點(diǎn)。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問那個

7、男孩地球是不是圓的。) 下列結(jié)構(gòu)后面的從句一般也作為賓語從句看待： be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that 從句,如：Im sorry Im late. (對不起,我遲到了。) /Im afraid heisntinatthe moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。) (3) 狀語從句：在復(fù)合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語從句可以分為時間、 地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語從句由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)。 時間狀語從句通常由 when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since

8、, till (until), while, whenever 等引導(dǎo)。 時間狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時間狀語從句不允許使用 將來時,而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim 一起玩了。) / I wont leave until Mum comes back. (媽 媽回來了我才會走。) 地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由 where, wherever 等引導(dǎo)。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里來還 滾到哪里去！ ) / I

9、will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠(yuǎn)也不會忘記去抓住那個偷我項(xiàng)鏈的賊,無論他會在哪里。) 原因狀語從句通常由 because, since, as 等引導(dǎo),一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. ( 他出國了,因?yàn)樗赣H給他找了一所 好大學(xué)。) 目的狀語從句通常由 so that., so.hat., in order that. 等引導(dǎo),往

10、往放在句尾,從句中通常含 有 can / could / may / might 等情態(tài)動詞。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車。) 結(jié)果狀語從句通常由 so that., so.that. 等引導(dǎo),放在句尾。 結(jié)果狀語從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生 的事情,故多為過去時態(tài)。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那么多輛自行車,他決定再也不買新車了。) 比較狀語從句通常由as, than, a

11、s (so).as等引導(dǎo),一般省略從句的謂語部分,只剩下名詞或代詞 (用主格或賓格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I dont have as many books as you (do). (我書沒有你多) 讓步狀語從句通常由 though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever 等引導(dǎo)。 如：Even if you pay the debt( 債務(wù)) for me, I will not thank you because it has noth

12、ing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會感謝你,因?yàn)樗c我毫無關(guān)系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件 T 恤衫,盡管天很冷。) 條件狀語從句通常由 if, unless, as long as 等引導(dǎo),條件狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注 意,時間狀語從句不允許使用將來時,而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. ( 即將來到的期末考試你肯定考不及格,除 非你更

13、用功。) / If it doesn t rain tomorrow , we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去 徒步旅行。) 注意 1、because 與 so；(al)though 與 but；if 與 so 不可以同在一個句子中成對出現(xiàn)。 2、時間、條件、原因,讓步狀語從句放在句首時需要用逗號與主句隔開。 (4) 定語從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。 定語從句的位置： 放在名詞或代詞的后面。 如： The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是

14、我的叔叔。) 語法術(shù)語的改變：被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞；引導(dǎo)定語從句的連接詞稱為關(guān)系詞 , 其中 that、which、who 稱為關(guān)系代詞,where、when、how 稱為關(guān)系副詞。 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的作用： 關(guān)系代詞 who、whom 和 whose 指人,分別在從句中作主語、賓語和定語。which 指物 that 多指物, 有時也指人,它們在從句中可以作主語或賓語。 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語時 可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. ( 這個就是 我們近日一直在找的

15、小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請找一間足夠大能住下我們?nèi)w的房間。) 關(guān)系副詞 when 或 where 引導(dǎo)定語從句時,它們在從句中分別作時間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語。 如： This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記第一次見到你的日子。) 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從

16、句。 限制性定語從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就 不完整。非限制性定語從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開,這種從句是一種附加說明,如果從 句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. ( 她一個晚上都在談?wù)撍罱臅?我們一個人都 沒有聽說過那本書。) 注解 1、關(guān)系代詞只能用that 的情況：當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything 等),或先行詞部 分含有最高級,或含有序數(shù)詞時,不能用其他的關(guān)系代詞,只能用

17、that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實(shí)。 ) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點(diǎn)里面沒有糖的東西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運(yùn)行于我市的雙層公交車。) 2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用 that 指人或用 which 指 物。 如：Do you know the woman who is

18、 weeping in the corner? (你認(rèn)識那個在角落里哭泣 的女人嗎？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無關(guān)的話,請一 個字也不要說。) 3、關(guān)系代詞作從句的賓語時,常用 which 或 whom,較少使用 that 或 who,而且,關(guān)系代詞常常 省略。 如： Toms father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老 師第一個談話的人。) 4、 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時,必須用 which 或

19、whom,而當(dāng)介詞移到句尾時,則又可以使用 that 或 who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the roomMiss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經(jīng)居住過的房間。) (5) 主語從句：在句子中充當(dāng)句子主語的從句叫主語從句。位于謂語動詞之前。通常由 that,whether以及疑問連詞引導(dǎo)。 一般情況下,常用it替代主語從句,而將主語從句移到句尾。 如：When we should start is still a question. (我們該在什么時候開始還是個問題呢。) 十六

20、、倒裝句： 謂語的一部分或者全部放在主語之前的句子稱為倒裝句。謂語的一部分或者全部放在主語之前的句子稱為倒裝句。 1、THERE BETHERE BE 句型以及以 herehere、therethere 開頭的句子。如： There are a lot of children in theThere are a lot of children in the showroom.showroom. (在展覽室里有許多的小孩。)/ Here comes the bus./ Here comes the bus. (公交車來了。) / There goes / There goes the bell.

21、the bell. (鈴響了。) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee / The door opened and in came Mr Lee. (門開了,李先生走了進(jìn)來。) 2、用“So / Nor / NeitherSo / Nor / Neither + 助動詞 + 主語”倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)表示第二個人物的情況與上文的人物 情況相同。 如： Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I.Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I. (Tom上個星期去了海灘,我也

22、是。) / Li Meis bought nothing from the shop./ Li Meis bought nothing from the shop.Neither has JimNeither has Jim. (李梅沒有在店里買什么,Jim 也沒有買。) 3、 在疑問句中,通常使用在主語之前安放助動詞的倒裝方法,對主語提問除外。 如： How did heHow did he findfind thethe lostlost book?book? (他是怎么樣找到丟失的書的？) / / WhereWhere areare theythey goinggoing to to s

23、pendspend thethe summer vacation?summer vacation? (他們打算到哪兒過暑假？) 4、感嘆句中通常將被感嘆的部分前移,而將句子的主謂語整體后置。 如：WhatWhat a a beautifulbeautiful flower (it is)flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的花！) 5、有引號引用某人的原話時,引號外面的主謂一般采用倒裝形式放在句尾,但是,若主語是代 詞則不倒裝。如：“What on earth are you doing up there?What on earth are you doing up there?”sa

24、id the father.said the father. (父親說： “你 在上邊到底干什么？”) / /“What on earth are you doing up there?What on earth are you doing up there?”he saidhe said. (他說： “你在 上邊到底干什么？”) 十七、附加注釋 diedie、deaddead、deathdeath 的用法：diedie 是動詞,可以獨(dú)立做謂語,有各種時態(tài)變化,也可以變成非謂語形 式作句子的其他成分； deaddead 是形容詞,作句子的定語、 表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語； deathdeath 是名詞

25、, 作句子的主語、賓語等。如： Im going toIm going to die!die! (我要死了！) / The man has been dead for / The man has been dead for about three months.about three months. (那個人死了三個月左右。) / He is worried to death. / He is worried to death. (他急得要死。) 初中英語語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)十一定語從句初中英語語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)十一定語從句 1. Dont talk about such things of _ you a

26、re not sure.1. Dont talk about such things of _ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those A. which B. what C. as D. those 2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one A. that B. where C. in whic

27、h D. the one 3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday?3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago?4. Is this the factory _ he worked ten

28、years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolve5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found.s hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that A. that B. where C. in which D. in that 6. The fre

29、ezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice.6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 7. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts.7. This book will show you

30、 _ can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machi

31、ne.8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whetherA. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week.9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. whichA. all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. Th

32、at tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old.10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on whichA. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing.11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as

33、 B. that C. which D. whatA. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry.12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. whatA. which B. it C. that D. what 13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were

34、in the concert we13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night.attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. thatA. which B. whom C. who D. that 14. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister.14. The girl _ an English song in the next

35、 room is Toms sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singingA. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 15. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.15. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that le

36、arns D. who learnA. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 初中英語語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)十三狀語從句初中英語語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)十三狀語從句 并列句專練并列句專練 . . 從方框中選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~完成句子。從方框中選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~完成句子。 and, but, so, or,and, but, so, or, thenthen 1. They are happy _ they deserved their happiness.1. They are happy _ they deserved their happiness. 2. Hurry _ you

37、will miss the plane.2. Hurry _ you will miss the plane. 3. I like chocolate, _ it is bad for teeth.3. I like chocolate, _ it is bad for teeth. 4 I wanted to know the answer, _ I went to ask him.4 I wanted to know the answer, _ I went to ask him. 5. He had a drink, _ went to bed.5. He had a drink, _

38、went to bed. . . 選擇填空：選擇填空： ( )1. Be careful, _ you will fall off the bike.( )1. Be careful, _ you will fall off the bike. A. but B. and C. so D. orA. but B. and C. so D. or ( )2. Edison said,( )2. Edison said, “ “Never give up, _ youll make it.Never give up, _ youll make it.” ” A. yet B. or C. and

39、D. butA. yet B. or C. and D. but ( )3. Lucy and Lily are twins. Lucy likes playing table tennis, _ Lil( )3. Lucy and Lily are twins. Lucy likes playing table tennis, _ Lil y doesnt.y doesnt. A. or B. but C. and D. yetA. or B. but C. and D. yet ( )4. Mr. Green knows little German, _ he cant understan

40、d the instru( )4. Mr. Green knows little German, _ he cant understand the instru ctions on the bottle of the pills.ctions on the bottle of the pills. A. but B. so C. for D. orA. but B. so C. for D. or ( )5. My aunt doesnt have much money, _ she always enjoys himself.( )5. My aunt doesnt have much mo

41、ney, _ she always enjoys himself. A. but B. and C. or D. soA. but B. and C. or D. so ( )6. Which is nearer to us, the sun _ the moon?( )6. Which is nearer to us, the sun _ the moon? A.but B. and C. or D. soA.but B. and C. or D. so ( )7. I can( )7. I can t understand this passage _ there are no new w

42、ords in it.t understand this passage _ there are no new words in it. A. if B. because C. though D. anA. if B. because C. though D. an ( )8. The computer cost me too much, _ it( )8. The computer cost me too much, _ it s really useful.s really useful. A. so B. but C. and D. orA. so B. but C. and D. or

43、 ( )9. There is air _ water on the moon.( )9. There is air _ water on the moon. A. and B. or C. so D. yetA. and B. or C. so D. yet 狀語從句專練狀語從句專練 . .選擇填空：選擇填空： 1. The man can1. The man can t get on the bus because there _ no room on it.t get on the bus because there _ no room on it. A. was B. is C. ar

44、e D. wereA. was B. is C. are D. were 2. I was listening to the music _ there was a knock at the door.2. I was listening to the music _ there was a knock at the door. A. while B. when C. because D. untilA. while B. when C. because D. until 3. You may leave the classroom when you _ writing.3. You may

45、leave the classroom when you _ writing. A. will finish B. are finishing C. have finished D. had finishedA. will finish B. are finishing C. have finished D. had finished 4. I don4. I don t know if he _ tomorrow, if he _ ,It know if he _ tomorrow, if he _ ,I ll meet him.ll meet him. A. will come, come

46、s B. comes, comesA. will come, comes B. comes, comes C. will come, will come D. come, will comeC. will come, will come D. come, will come 5. _ I read, the more I understand.5. _ I read, the more I understand. A. The more B. So much C. How much D. For allA. The more B. So much C. How much D. For all

47、6. Would you give Johnny this letter if you _ to see him this week.6. Would you give Johnny this letter if you _ to see him this week. A. will happen B. happen C. are happened D. happenedA. will happen B. happen C. are happened D. happened 7. She was busy, _ she couldn7. She was busy, _ she couldn t

48、 go to your birthday party last night.t go to your birthday party last night. A. and B. so C. or D. butA. and B. so C. or D. but 8. English is _ a useful language _ it is spoken in many countri8. English is _ a useful language _ it is spoken in many countri es of the world.es of the world. A. soA. s

49、othat B. suchthat B. suchthat C. sothat C. sobecause D. suchbecause D. suchbecausebecause 9. You will not succeeded if you _ harder.9. You will not succeeded if you _ harder. A. will work B. wonA. will work B. won t work C. work D. dont work C. work D. don t workt work 10.Write clearly _ your teache

50、r can understand you correctly.10.Write clearly _ your teacher can understand you correctly. A. since B. for C. because D. so thatA. since B. for C. because D. so that . .用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空： 1. It _ (be) nearly two years since we went to the party last.1. It _ (be) nearly two years since we went

51、to the party last. 2. He is hungry, because he _ (not have ) his breakfast yet.2. He is hungry, because he _ (not have ) his breakfast yet. 3. When Tom3. When Tom s mother came home, little Tom _ (cry) loudly.s mother came home, little Tom _ (cry) loudly. 4. I _ (not know) it until you _ (tell) me.4

52、. I _ (not know) it until you _ (tell) me. 5. They started as soon as they _ (receive)my telephone.5. They started as soon as they _ (receive)my telephone. . .把下列句子改成帶有狀語從句的復(fù)合句：把下列句子改成帶有狀語從句的復(fù)合句： 1 1 He didn He didn t come. He was ill. (because)t come. He was ill. (because) 2 2 He is too young to jo

53、in the army. (so He is too young to join the army. (sothat)that) 3 3 He studies English hard. He is over seventy. (though) He studies English hard. He is over seventy. (though) 4 4 We will stay at home. It rains. (if) We will stay at home. It rains. (if) 完成下列句子：完成下列句子： 1. He didn1. He didn t see the

54、 film yesterday _ (t see the film yesterday _ (因?yàn)樗σ驗(yàn)樗?于復(fù)習(xí)功課于復(fù)習(xí)功課).). 2. She has done a lot of good deeds _ (2. She has done a lot of good deeds _ (自從她入自從她入 團(tuán)以來團(tuán)以來).). 3. The little girl stopped crying _ (3. The little girl stopped crying _ (一看見她母親一看見她母親).). 4. The film is interesting _ (4. The fil

55、m is interesting _ (以致每個人都想再看一遍以致每個人都想再看一遍).). 5. When I came into the room, _ (5. When I came into the room, _ (我父親正在看書我父親正在看書).). 初中英語語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)十四虛擬語氣初中英語語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)十四虛擬語氣 1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A.breaksA.breaks B.has broken B.has broken C.were broken C.were broken D.had been broken D.had been broken 2. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have2. I didnt see your sister at the m