林業(yè)經(jīng)營Forestry Management.ppt

1、Chapter 4 Forestry Management 第四章 林業(yè)經(jīng)營,Section 1 Introduction to forestry management theory 第一節(jié) 林業(yè)經(jīng)營理論概述,1.Definition of management: management is a kind of economic activity. In the activity, the manager organize the production factors(生產(chǎn)要素), which he or she owned, controlled and can make use of, s

2、cientifically to form realistic force of production(現(xiàn)實生產(chǎn)力), and therefore achieve established objective(既定目標(biāo)).,2.The main forest management theories in the world （世界主要林業(yè)經(jīng)營理論）,2.1 The theory of multi-function forest（森林多功能理論） 森林多功能(經(jīng)濟(jì),社會和生態(tài)效益)一體化經(jīng)營 2.2 The theory of forestry division(林業(yè)分工理論) 即林業(yè)分類經(jīng)營:

3、商品用材林和公益林 大的發(fā)展方向:森林多效益主導(dǎo)利用, 而不是三大效益一體化 世界格局: 森林資源向南移, 木材向北流 2.3 The new forestry theory(新林業(yè)理論, 以森林生態(tài)學(xué)和景觀生態(tài)學(xué)原理為基礎(chǔ),兼顧森林的多種功能與效益),2.4 The near nature forest management theory (近自然林業(yè)經(jīng)營理論),原始自然狀態(tài)下的森林: 異齡,多樹種,多層次,自然更新. 其特點是健康,穩(wěn)定,少災(zāi)害,集約經(jīng)營的人工林: 同齡, 單一樹種, 單層次, 人工更新. 其特點是系統(tǒng)不穩(wěn)定, 地力衰退, 多災(zāi)害(短期收益高),人類經(jīng)營,近自然經(jīng)營,擇伐,

4、異齡,混交,Section two The forestry management forms 第二節(jié) 林業(yè)的經(jīng)營形式,Forestry management forms and its evolution (林業(yè)經(jīng)營形式及其沿革),解放前,地主資本家 私人所有, 私人經(jīng)營, 雇傭農(nóng)民,解放后,國家和集體 所有, 大而公, 生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營 方式單一,改革后,形式多樣 經(jīng)營靈活,2.The main forestry management forms in China (我國主要林業(yè)經(jīng)營形式),2.1 Management under contract(承包經(jīng)營) 是集體林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)和國有林場的主要經(jīng)營形

5、式. 在物質(zhì)利益上能實現(xiàn)勞動者和經(jīng)營者的統(tǒng)一, 調(diào)動積極性,2.2 Management under lease (租賃經(jīng)營) 國有林業(yè)企業(yè)把一部分生產(chǎn)資料租賃給集體或個人經(jīng)營.和承包經(jīng)營一樣,都是所有權(quán)和經(jīng)營權(quán)相分離. 但兩者不同. The difference between the two managements mentioned above: (1)承包經(jīng)營: 承包者以承諾交納一定稅利為條件取得經(jīng)營權(quán),以罰款或扣發(fā)工資獎金為承擔(dān)風(fēng)險的擔(dān)保. 租賃經(jīng)營: 承租者是以交付租金, 取消工資獎金為代價取得經(jīng)營權(quán),以個人及家庭財產(chǎn)抵押承擔(dān)風(fēng)險.,(2)租賃經(jīng)營的承租者不承擔(dān)企業(yè)發(fā)展的責(zé)任 (3

6、)租賃經(jīng)營是民事合同,因其是以資產(chǎn)的讓渡為標(biāo)的而形成的當(dāng)事人之間的權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系. 承包經(jīng)營不構(gòu)成獨立的民事合同,因其是以經(jīng)營目標(biāo)為標(biāo)的而形成的當(dāng)事人之間的權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系,既有行政關(guān)系,也有民事關(guān)系. (4)租賃經(jīng)營的利潤納稅后全歸承租者;而承包經(jīng)營的利潤要扣除稅金,折舊和職工福利后,再按合同中確定的數(shù)額或比例歸承包者. (5)租賃經(jīng)營破產(chǎn)要以自己抵押的財產(chǎn)補償;而承包經(jīng)營的虧損只負(fù)被扣發(fā)一定比例的工資獎金或罰款的責(zé)任.,2.3 Stock cooperation system (股份合作制) 林業(yè)股份合作制是按照 分股不分山, 分利不分林 的思路, 將原來集體擁有的森林資產(chǎn), 以價值形態(tài)折價作股

7、, 用股票的形式分給應(yīng)得利益的享有者; 而作為森林或林木存在的實物形態(tài), 仍保持其生存環(huán)境的完整性, 采取承包辦法實現(xiàn)規(guī)模經(jīng)營。 股份合作制分為村林業(yè)股東會和多種經(jīng)營形式的聯(lián)營實體兩大類： 2.3.1 村林業(yè)股東會: (1) 明確產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系, 山權(quán)與林權(quán)分離, 所有權(quán)與經(jīng)營權(quán)分離, 森林資源的所有者,經(jīng)營者和生產(chǎn)者的利益融為一體. (2) 是容納多種層次、多種經(jīng)濟(jì)成分, 配置森林資產(chǎn)、勞力、技術(shù)、資金等多種生產(chǎn)要素, 發(fā)展林業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的產(chǎn)權(quán)管理制度和經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式,(3) 自愿互利、民主管理、獨立核算、自負(fù)盈虧、積累共有的村林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)實體. (4) 股份設(shè)置分山地股、基本股和投資股三種. 山地股: 集

8、體山地投股, 即山地有償使用費 基本股: 村民集體勞動創(chuàng)造的森林資產(chǎn)的再分配 投資股: 村民投入的資金、技術(shù)、勞力以及 誰造誰有 政 策營造的林木折價入股. 2.3.2 多形式的林業(yè)聯(lián)營實體: 由不同所有制、不同行業(yè)、不同系統(tǒng)、不同單位自愿參股投股形成的. 參股投股要素包括: 資金,技術(shù),勞力,山場,管理等. 其原則是: 資源互利, 山權(quán)不變, 林權(quán)共有, 收益分成, 專業(yè)管理. 形式多樣, 動員社會力量,拓展林業(yè)發(fā)展途徑, 促進(jìn)林業(yè)發(fā)展.,2.4 Joint stock system (股份制企業(yè)) 一種企業(yè)財產(chǎn)組織形式, 資產(chǎn)經(jīng)營形式和直接融資的方式. 2.4.1 組織形式: 股份有限公司

9、(joint stock company limited) 公司資本總額平分成金額相等的股份, 股東以其認(rèn)購股份對公司承擔(dān)有限責(zé)任, 可以發(fā)行股票, 每一股有一票表決權(quán). (2) 有限責(zé)任公司(limited liability company) 公司的全部資產(chǎn)不分為等額股份, 不發(fā)行股票, 限制股東數(shù), 股東以其出資比例享受權(quán)利, 承擔(dān)義務(wù). 2.4.2 股份制企業(yè)的基本類型: (1)開放式的: 發(fā)行股票, 公開募股. (2)封閉式的: 只向本企業(yè)職工發(fā)行股票 (3)聯(lián)合式的:多方投資組建 (4)兼并式的:企業(yè)間兼并改組而成 (5)改組式的: 企業(yè)自身改組而成,2.4.3 The diffe

10、rent between Stock cooperation system and Joint stock system (股份合作制與股份制的區(qū)別): (1)股份制是集資手段, 將社會閑散的私人資本集合轉(zhuǎn)化為社會資本; 股份合作制是原來集體經(jīng)濟(jì)成員共有的資產(chǎn)數(shù)量化為個人資產(chǎn), 但不分散到個人,仍集中使用. (2)股份制公司的股票具有資產(chǎn)憑證性質(zhì),有的還具有流通性; 股份合作制公司的股份證只是一種利潤憑證,僅與公司的經(jīng)營成果有關(guān), 不受股票市場價格影響,無風(fēng)險性和投機(jī)性; (3)股份制以社會上存在大量游資為條件; 股份合作制以現(xiàn)有林木資產(chǎn)為條件. (4)股份制公司與其他社會組織沒有固定行政關(guān)系

11、 股份合作制公司與村鄉(xiāng)有一定的行政關(guān)系.,2.5 Enterprise groups (企業(yè)集團(tuán)) 是由若干具有內(nèi)在經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系的企業(yè), 基于共同的利益和一致的目標(biāo), 在平等、互利互惠原則下, 依據(jù)共同達(dá)成的聯(lián)合協(xié)議、合同或章程, 自愿組成的具有多層次組織結(jié)構(gòu)的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式. 2.5.1 企業(yè)集團(tuán)的特點: 組織結(jié)構(gòu)高度專業(yè)化, 克服企業(yè)大而全, 保持企業(yè)間高度專業(yè)化的分工協(xié)作關(guān)系, 分工范圍更大, 更精細(xì), 是先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的集合. (2) 實現(xiàn)集中優(yōu)化組合, 形成群體優(yōu)勢. 遵循經(jīng)濟(jì)合理、揚長避短、趨利避害的原則, 實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)力整體功能效應(yīng)的最優(yōu)化. (3)控制機(jī)制相對獨立,不同于一般的企業(yè)間的聯(lián)系.

12、 有自己特定的聯(lián)合章程、管理機(jī)構(gòu)、控制協(xié)調(diào)手段、規(guī)章制度以及分配方式等.,2.5.2 林業(yè)企業(yè)集團(tuán) 是傳統(tǒng)林、工、商一體化的深化發(fā)展. 有以下特點: 集團(tuán)對成員企業(yè)的物資、資金、技術(shù)、勞力等生產(chǎn)要素進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌配置, 形成組織系統(tǒng); (2) 集團(tuán)內(nèi)部的育、采、運、銷和加工個環(huán)節(jié)分工明確, 銜接密切; (3)成員間盲目競爭、盲目投資現(xiàn)象消失, 利益沖突得到理順.,3. The factors which influence forestry management forms (林業(yè)經(jīng)營形式的影響因素),3.1 The development level of the force of product

13、ion(生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平) 經(jīng)營形式(生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的表現(xiàn)形式之一)要與生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平相適應(yīng), 因此要精確了解生產(chǎn)力的水平, 對不同的情況采取不同的經(jīng)營形式. 3.2 The specialties of forestry production(林業(yè)生產(chǎn)特點) (1) 不同地區(qū)有不同的特點 (2) 不同生產(chǎn)階段有不同的特點 要因地制宜, 采取與其特點相適應(yīng)的經(jīng)營形式.,3.3 The condition of forest resource(森林資源的 狀況) 森林資源是林業(yè)經(jīng)營的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ), 森林資源的狀況應(yīng)該影響到其最佳經(jīng)營方式的選擇. 而經(jīng)營方式的選擇, 應(yīng)該有利于森林資源的不斷增長并提高總體經(jīng)濟(jì)

14、效益. 3.4 The specialties of forestry management(林業(yè)經(jīng)營的特點) 林業(yè)企業(yè)與其他企業(yè)相比有其獨特的地方, 如功能的多樣性, 組織的分散性, 企業(yè)內(nèi)部的整體性等, 都影響到經(jīng)營形式的選擇. 經(jīng)營形式的選擇應(yīng)便于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理, 有利于生產(chǎn)的運行和經(jīng)營目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn).,4. The system of forest land utilization in China ( 我國林地使用制度),4.1 The problems in forest land resource management in China (我國林地資源管理中存在的問題) 4.1.1 Th

15、e quantity and quality of forest land resource is not clear (林地面積和林地質(zhì)量不清) 4.1.2 The ownership of forest land is confused (林地權(quán)屬紊亂) 所有權(quán),使用權(quán), 開發(fā)經(jīng)營權(quán)不分, 有的地方是誰占有誰所有,誰開發(fā)誰所有.,4.1.3 Shortage of unified control and management of the growth and decline of forest land (對林地的消長缺乏統(tǒng)一的控制和管理) 如征占用林地不履行審批手續(xù), 無償使用林地 等

16、浪費林地的現(xiàn)象. 4.1.4 There exist unreasonable exploration of forest land (林地開發(fā)利用存在不合理現(xiàn)象) 過量開采林地內(nèi)植物資源, 沙石資源等, 造成水土流失, 土地退化, 妨礙林業(yè)生產(chǎn). 4.1.5 The organization, mechanism and legal system for forest land management is not integrity (林地管理機(jī)構(gòu)、 機(jī)制、法制不健全),4.2 The establishment of forest land utilization system (建立林地

17、使用制度) 4.2.1 Determine the ownership and the right of use of forest land (確定林地所有權(quán)和使用權(quán)) 我國林地全部屬于國家或集體所有 根據(jù)林業(yè)生產(chǎn)周期長的特點, 可以把林地長期租給農(nóng)民, 發(fā)給林地使用證, 避免短期行為. 4.2.2 Implement the policy of forest land utilization with cost (實行林地有償使用制度) you must pay certain money for using the forest land,4.2.3 Establish the syst

18、em of inspection and supervision (建立檢查監(jiān)督制度) 4.2.4 The central government establish specialized forest land management organization, unify the right of forest land management (國家建立專門的林地管理機(jī)構(gòu), 統(tǒng)一林地管理權(quán)限),Section three The management system of state owned forest 第三節(jié) 國有林的經(jīng)營與管理,1.1 Situation before reform

19、and open to the outside world High degree of centralized, administrative management dependent system of organization (高度集中, 依靠行政管理的體制). A unitary system of the ownership by the whole people(單一的全民所有制), Unitary instructive plan(單一的指令性計劃), equalitarianism in income distribution(平均主義分配). The result of t

20、his management system is: Only attach importance to cutting, not to cultivation;,Current situation and problems of management system of state owned forest (國有林經(jīng)營管理體制的現(xiàn)狀及問題),dramatic decrease of forest ready to use(可采資源銳減); regeneration speed is low(更新造林速度慢), industrial and product structure is unrea

21、sonable(產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)不合理); The forest enterprise was in a vicious circle of more cutting, the poorer, the poorer, more cutting (國有林業(yè)企業(yè)陷入越砍越窮, 越窮越砍的惡性循環(huán)),1.2 The change after reform and open to the outside world (改革開放后的變化),1.2.1 Practice different management system according to classification of forest reso

22、urce gradually (逐步實行分類經(jīng)營) 1.2.2 Practice the policy of cost value of forest and the policy of using forest resource with compensation (實行林價制度和森林資源有償使用) 1.2.3 Reformation of ownership system (改革產(chǎn)權(quán)制度) 1.2.4 Reformation of management form (改革經(jīng)營形式),1.3 The problems still existed (尚存在的問題) 1.3.1 The culti

23、vation, management and utilization of forest resource still affected by old system and can not meet the requirement of market economics ( 森林資源的培育, 管理和開發(fā)利用還沒有完全擺脫舊體制的制約, 尚不適應(yīng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)要求) 1.3.2 The forest resource ready to cut for state owned enterprise is decreasing day by day, and the situation is still

24、severe ( 國有林可采資源日趨減少, 形式依然嚴(yán)峻) 1.3.3 The ownership of forest resource is not clear, the system reformation of forestry enterprise lags behind(森林資源產(chǎn)權(quán)不清, 林業(yè)企業(yè)制度改革滯后),1.3.4 Forestry investment is not enough, short of funds (林業(yè)投入不足, 資金嚴(yán)重短缺) 1.3.5 Forestry tax is relatively high and social burden of state

25、 owned enterprise is big (林業(yè)賦稅相對偏重, 國有林社會負(fù)擔(dān)沉重),2. Reformation of system organization of state owned forestry enterprise (國有林經(jīng)營管理體制改革),2.1 Establish scientific management system based on forest resource classification(建立分類經(jīng)營科學(xué)管理的制度) 生產(chǎn)性事業(yè)單位, 實行企業(yè)化管理: 立地條件好, 地理位置優(yōu)越, 資源豐富, 經(jīng)營商品林為主的經(jīng)營單位. (2)公益性事業(yè)單位, 實行事

26、業(yè)化管理: 以生態(tài)防護(hù)和社會效益為主的經(jīng)營單位. (3)生產(chǎn)性事業(yè)單位, 實行事業(yè)化管理: 經(jīng)營商品林為主, 但條件較差, 或者經(jīng)營公益林為主, 但條件較好的單位. (4) 森林公園, 作為事業(yè)單位, 條件好的實行企業(yè)化管理,2.2 Establish clear forestry ownership system (建立明晰產(chǎn)權(quán)制度) 2.2.1 Clear up and assess the assets, define assets ownership ( 清產(chǎn)核資, 界定產(chǎn)權(quán)) 2.2.2 Practice forest resource management under the ru

27、le of assets management (實行森林資源資產(chǎn)化經(jīng)營) 促進(jìn)林木所有權(quán)和林地使用權(quán)的交易和有償流轉(zhuǎn) 開辟人工林活立木市場, 允許通過招標(biāo), 拍賣, 租賃,抵押等形式使森林資源資產(chǎn)變現(xiàn), 實現(xiàn)林木商品化經(jīng)營. 2.2.3 The unit who has legal person assets ownership exercise the management right of the forest assets (擁有法人財產(chǎn)權(quán)的單位行使森林資產(chǎn)的經(jīng)營權(quán)),2.3 Establish the rules and regulation of modern forestry e

28、nterprise (建立現(xiàn)代林業(yè)企業(yè)制度),2.3.1Change the management mechanism of big and middle state owned forestry enterprise (轉(zhuǎn)換國有大中型林業(yè)企業(yè)經(jīng)營機(jī)制) 2.3.2 Regulate the inner organization structure of forestry enterprise (實行企業(yè)內(nèi)部組織結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整),3. Management forms of state owned forest (國有林的經(jīng)營形式),3.1Goal management contracted by

29、the director of the enterprise(場長目標(biāo)承包經(jīng)營) 3.2 Management contracted by staff individually, or by family of the staff (職工個人或分戶承包經(jīng)營) 3.3 Management contracted by several families as co-contractor(聯(lián)戶或邀伙承包經(jīng)營) 3.4 Stage labour service contract(階段勞務(wù)承包) 3.5 Management contract of sub-forestry station(分場或工區(qū)經(jīng)

30、營包干),3.6 Family forestry station management (家庭林場經(jīng)營) 3.7 Contract in which profit is related to production effect (聯(lián)產(chǎn)聯(lián)利承包經(jīng)營, 適應(yīng)于木材加工, 林產(chǎn)化工等經(jīng)營生產(chǎn)) 3.8 Joint stock cooperation system(股份合作經(jīng)營) 3.9 Contract management by people from nearby area (社會勞動承包經(jīng)營) 3.10 Management under lease(租賃經(jīng)營) 3.11 Forest indu

31、stry enterprise groups(森工企業(yè)集團(tuán)公司) 3.12 Joint stock system(股份制企業(yè)),Section 4 Forestry Property Right 第四節(jié) 林業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán),4.1 definition: 產(chǎn)權(quán)基本上等同與所有權(quán), 包括占有權(quán),使用權(quán),收益權(quán)和處分權(quán).( Property right basically equal possess right, includes rights of possession, right of use, usufruct and disposition). 4.2 The characteristics of

32、 property right (產(chǎn)權(quán)的特點) 以法占有財產(chǎn)的權(quán)利(to own the property by law) 產(chǎn)權(quán)具有排他性(exclusiveness) (3) 產(chǎn)權(quán)行使具有限制性 (restrictions on its exercise ) (4) 產(chǎn)權(quán)不是一種而是一組權(quán)利, 可以分解, 組合, 買賣和轉(zhuǎn)讓 (5) 產(chǎn)權(quán)有助于使外部效益內(nèi)部化(external to internal),4.3林業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)的特點 (1)林業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)收益的外部性 (2)林業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)排他的有限性 (3)林業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)界定和保護(hù)的困難性 (4)林業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)交易的復(fù)雜性 (5)林業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)資產(chǎn)的流量性 (6)林業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)收益預(yù)期

33、的不確定性 (7)林業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)計量的困難性,Section five Social forestry 第五節(jié) 社會林業(yè),1.1 Definition of social forestry (社會林業(yè)的定義) There are different definitions have been given , the common point for them is: essentially, social forestry is public forestry, the common people participate in it and get benefit from it directly.

34、 社會林業(yè)定義很多, 雖然其側(cè)重點不同, 但有共同之處: 本質(zhì)上, 社會林業(yè)是公眾的林業(yè), 普通人民直接參與其中并從中獲得利益.,Definition and background (定義與背景),1.2 The history and environment background of social forestry emergences (社會林業(yè)產(chǎn)生的歷史和環(huán)境背景) 首次提出: 1968年, 印度林學(xué)家 J. G. Westoby. 1973年印度政府實施 社會林業(yè)計劃. 1978年第八屆世界林業(yè)大會(印尼)通過雅加達(dá)宣言, 強調(diào)林業(yè)對鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展的作用, 社會林業(yè)受到重視(特別是發(fā)展中國

35、家) 本理論的產(chǎn)生和流行主要是發(fā)展中國家, 有其背景原因:,鄉(xiāng)村貧困,毀林種田 過度樵采 亂砍亂伐 過度放牧,森林資源 減少, 環(huán)境 惡化,解決辦法: 將林業(yè)納入整個鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展規(guī)劃 - 社會林業(yè),2. Social forestry system and basic types (社會林業(yè)系統(tǒng)和基本類型),2.1 Social forestry in broad sense(廣義的社會林業(yè)) The broad sense social forestry is targeted at conservation of biological gene, coordination of ecologi

36、cal environment in a whole country or big area.(廣義的社會林業(yè)是指以保存生物基因, 協(xié)調(diào)全國和大區(qū)域的生態(tài)環(huán)境為目標(biāo)的社會林業(yè)). The social and ecological benefit of forest will play rule in a big area, like a big district, a whole country or even the whole world.(森林的社會生態(tài)效益在大范圍內(nèi)發(fā)揮作用, 涉及一個地區(qū)、國家乃至世界). The forestry activities will be organi

37、zed by the whole society, and benefit a big area.(由全社會組織協(xié)調(diào)林業(yè)活動, 在大區(qū)域內(nèi)受益),There are two types of social forestry in broad sense: 2.1.1 Social forestry for biological gene conservation, such as natural protection area (保存生物基因的社會林業(yè), 如自然保護(hù)區(qū)) 2.1.2 Social forestry for coordination of human living and pro

38、duction environment(協(xié)調(diào)大區(qū)域人類生存,生產(chǎn)環(huán)境的社會林業(yè), 如防護(hù)林體系),2.2 Social forestry in narrow sense (狹義的社會林業(yè)) The social and environment benefit of forest will play rule in a specific community, and the activities will be organized by the community and the participates are local people(森林的社會功能在特定的社區(qū)發(fā)揮作用, 由社區(qū)組織林業(yè)活動

39、, 社區(qū)和參與者直接受益). There are three types as listed bellow: Countryside social forestry (鄉(xiāng)村社會林業(yè)) 平原, 山區(qū), 林區(qū). 改善環(huán)境, 提供林產(chǎn)品, 增加經(jīng)濟(jì)效益. b. Urban forestry (城市林業(yè)) c. Social forestry in special community (特殊社區(qū)的社會林業(yè)) 工廠, 礦區(qū), 軍營等.,3. Introduction to world social forestry development (世界社會林業(yè)發(fā)展簡介),3.1 Social forestry

40、 in India (印度的社會林業(yè)) 3.1.1 The basic management forms of social forestry in India (1) Farming family forestry (農(nóng)戶林業(yè)) 農(nóng)戶個體所有, 林糧間作, 農(nóng)田林網(wǎng). (2) Countryside forestry (鄉(xiāng)村林業(yè)) 政府與村莊聯(lián)營, 收入對分. (3) Forestation on the roadside and waterside (路旁水旁造林),(4) Forestation by forestry family in forestry area(林區(qū)林戶造林) 無息

41、貸款, 前三年造林管護(hù)費林業(yè)局墊付, 有收入時扣回. (5) Urban forestry (城市林業(yè)) 由居民, 學(xué)生, 士兵在城市土地上造林 3.1.2 The basic experiences of social forestry development in India(印度發(fā)展社會林業(yè)的基本經(jīng)驗) (1) The government attaches great importance to it and put it into the five years economic development plan (政府高度重視, 納入五年經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展計劃) (2) Perfect org

42、anization and management, establish management department of social forestry plan in the government at different levels (組織管理完善, 各級政府設(shè)立社會林業(yè)計劃管理部門),(3) Establish nursery widely and provide seedlings and fertilizer free of charge (廣泛建立苗圃, 免費提供苗木和化肥) (4) Forestry technicians teach farmers forestry tech

43、niques free of charge (林業(yè)技術(shù)人員免費向農(nóng)民傳授技術(shù)) (5) Using multi-use fast growing tree species for the forestation, and mainly those species for firewood forest (多用途速生樹種, 主要是適宜薪碳林的樹種),(6) High investment and high productivity, intensive management and let the farmers got big revenue in short term.(高投入高產(chǎn)出, 使農(nóng)

44、民短期內(nèi)獲得較高收入) (7) Increase the investment to social forestry by a big margin (大幅度增加對社會林業(yè)的投入) (8) Introduce fund from foreign countries (引進(jìn)國外資金),4. The present situation and problems of social forestry development in China (我國社會林業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和存在問題),4.1 present situation (現(xiàn)狀) The history of social forestry in China is longer than India, and the present situation is not bad 50年代: 四旁植樹 70年代: 農(nóng)田林網(wǎng), 林糧間作 80年代: 生態(tài)村和山區(qū)綜合開發(fā) 目前: 兩種組織形式: 集體經(jīng)營和村民自營.,4.2 problems (存在問題) a. Ownership and responsibility(權(quán)屬與責(zé)任) b. Combination of short term benefit and long term benef