語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題之非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu).ppt

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞簡(jiǎn)述,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用條件,一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中，已經(jīng)存在一個(gè)主句（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）,又沒(méi)有連詞的情況下, 還有別的動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)時(shí)。,She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.,非謂語(yǔ)的分類(lèi)：to do, doing, done 非謂語(yǔ)的不同形式： to do 不定式 to be doing to have done doing 現(xiàn)在分詞 having done 過(guò)去分詞:done having being done,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句

2、法功能,可充當(dāng)成分: 主語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 表語(yǔ), 定語(yǔ), 狀語(yǔ).,一、不定式,1.不定式作主語(yǔ),To lose your heart means failure. It took me only five minutes to finish the job. To do two things at a time is to do neither,2.不定式作賓語(yǔ),You neednt bother to come yourself. They are considering what to do next. Some who were famous in their own time

3、s would find it difficult to achieve success today.,afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire,I dont want _ like I m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager s plan is unfair. to sound B. to be sounded C. sou

4、nding D. to have sounded 2. I think youll grow _ him when you know him better. AlikingBto be like Cto likeDto be liking,1. A 2. C,3. I dont know whether you happen , but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September . Ato be heard Bto be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard,3. D,注意： 1. 介詞but ,except, be

5、sides ,other than +to do時(shí)，介詞前有行為動(dòng)詞do 或其某種形式時(shí)，不定式要省去to。 例 We did nothing but/except wait then. They did nothing but complain. We had nothing to do other than wait. 2. 某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu) can not but do 只好做 ; can do nothing but do had better do sth have no choice but to do cant choose but do cant help but do would

6、 rather do A than do B,3.不定式作表語(yǔ),What she wants to do most now is (to) travel abroad. The most important thing is to take measures to prevent the pollution. 主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì),He is to marry Rose.,表按計(jì)劃要做的事情.,注意 不定式符號(hào)to作表語(yǔ)時(shí)的省略。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有行為動(dòng)詞do, 作表語(yǔ)的不定式to可省略。 例: What I want to do now is find some books to read.,4.不定

7、式作定語(yǔ),I need a pen to write with. Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone. The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. the way to understand others the ability to read and write English,注意： “有”字結(jié)構(gòu)have sth to do 如： I have some clothes to wash. I have some clothes to be wash

8、ed. 2. the first + (sb/sth) +to do second third 3.give me a knife to cut with pen to house to 工具 地點(diǎn),write with,live in,5.不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),We often hear her sing the song at home. My teacher asked me to go there on time. She was considered to have stolen the money.,1）see、watch、notice、observe look at make、le

9、t、have hear, listen to feel,吾看三室兩廳一感覺(jué),被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中加to,+ sb do,如： I heard him sing a song just now. He was heard to sing a song just now. We made him clean the classroom. He is made to clean the classroom.,2) 五看，一室，兩廳，一感覺(jué) find ,catch, keep, leave 如： I found him crying in the street. He was caught stealing.

10、I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.,+ sb +doing,3）主要?jiǎng)釉~+to do tell sb to do persuade sb to do forbid sb to do encourage sb to do convince sb to do require sb to do force sb to do beg sb to do want sb to do advise sb to do order sb to do remind sb to do get sb to do cause sb to d

11、o warn sb to do teach sb to do invite sb to do,4) 做主補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu) sb is required to do to be doing to have done said believed known considered found reported 如：He is said to have gone abroad. Heat is considered to be a form of energy.,5) find + it + n/ adj +to do think feel make consider expect 如：We make it

12、a rule to get up early. She finds it easy to learn English.,My advisor encouraged_ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take,6. 不定式作目的狀語(yǔ),Tim sat near the fire to get warm. The athletes practiced hard to win the match.,相當(dāng)于用in order (no

13、t) to，so as (not) to引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ).,1. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard 2All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. Ain order to have received Bin order to receive Cso

14、as to be received Dso as to be receiving,1. D 2.C,3. _ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789. ATo find out BFinding out CFind out DHaving found out 4. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars. A. had B. having C. to have

15、D. have,7.不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),常用enough to do，sufficient (足夠的） to do，only to do， tooto do， so + 形容詞/副詞 + as to do, such + 名詞 as to do引導(dǎo) Would you be so kind as to step this way, please? I tried the door, only to find it locked inside. He is brave enough to go out alone at night Im not such a fool as to believe

16、that.,1. The news reporters hurried to the airport , only_ the film stars had left. Ato tell Bto be told Ctelling Dtold 2. He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found,8. 不定式作原因狀語(yǔ),常放在表示心理感覺(jué)的形容詞后 I am happy to see you. She was sad to hear the

17、bad news.,You were silly not _ your car. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked,B,9.不定式的完成式.,表示不定式中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作先于主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)出的動(dòng)作。 The novel was said to have been published. seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等動(dòng)詞常用于上面句型。,此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、s

18、urprised、disappointed后也接完成時(shí)，但要 注意與一般時(shí)的區(qū)別。 Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute. 對(duì)不起，請(qǐng)稍等。（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)還未等） Im sorry to have kept you waiting. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已等了很久）,1. I dont know whether you happen , but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September . Ato be heard Bto be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard 2

19、. - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official . to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left,1.D 2.A,1. A computer does only what thinking people _. A. have it do B. have it done C. have done it D. having it done 2. Weve misse

20、d the last bus. Im afraid we have no choice but _ a taxi. A. to take B. taking C. take D. taken,1 A 2.A,10. 不定式后動(dòng)詞的省略,動(dòng)詞love, mean, want, hate, like, wish, expect, hope，try, intend, plan, refuse, prefer, seem 及be glad (pleased, delighted, happy) to 等后面接不定式時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，常省略與上文相同的動(dòng)詞，只保留to不定式符號(hào)。,1.- Would yo

21、u like to go to the Great Theatre with me tonight. - _. A. Yes, I would like to go to the Great Theater with you tonight . B. Id love to, but I have an exam tomorrow. C. No, I wouldnt D. Thats all right 2.- Does your brother intend to study German? - Yes, he intends _. A. / B. to C. so D. that,句式 wo

22、uld have done , should have done, ought to have done, neednt have done , used to be 等省略形式為 would have , should have , ought to have, neednt have , used to be, 要保留不定式后的be或have。 例 -Are you a sailor ? - No, but I used to be (a sailor ).,11.評(píng)注狀語(yǔ)： to be honest to tell the truth to be frank,不定式的主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 1）

23、adj+ to do (easy, difficult, heavy, hard interesting, light） 如: The problem is easy to solve . The man is difficult to get on with. The box is heavy to carry. wh- + to do 如: I dont know what to do next. to let, to blame, to seek 如 The house is to let. The reason is not far to seek.,3）He gives me som

24、e books to read. Theres nothing to do. Theres nothing to be done. Theres nothing to see. Theres nothing to be seen.,現(xiàn)在沒(méi)事干。,現(xiàn)在沒(méi)什么辦法了。,沒(méi)東西值得看。,看不見(jiàn)什么東西。,二、動(dòng)名詞,充當(dāng)成分: 主語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ),1. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ),Seeing is believing. Playing chess is fun. Its no use waiting here.,2. 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ),The nurses job is looking after the pa

25、tients. 請(qǐng)對(duì)比下面的句子: The nurse is looking after the patients.,3. 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),下列動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞： suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise , miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, permit 如：Do you mind my opening the windows?,注意: 動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) My coming back home

26、late made my mother angry. I cant imagine George sailing across the ocean in a boat,下列動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)接動(dòng)名詞： leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth；burst out crying; keep on wring; I am used to w

27、atching TV in the evening.,非謂語(yǔ)區(qū)別： try to do mean to do regret to do try doing mean doing regret doing go on to forget to do remember to do go on doing forget doing remember doing stop to do cant help doing need doing stop doing cant help (to) do need to do,1.want doing require doing need doing 2.be

28、worth doing/ n be worthy,of being done of + n to be done,4. 動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞和它所修飾的詞沒(méi)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系； 動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)表示事物性質(zhì)特點(diǎn) a sleeping bag a sleeping car a walking stick a reading room 請(qǐng)對(duì)比下面： running water developed country a sleeping boy,I am used to watching TV in the evening. I am sorry for having wasted so

29、much of your time. He came into the room without being seen. He denied having been beaten by his father.,5. 動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài),doing- - being done having done-having been done,1. The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding 2. Its neces

30、sary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having,高考點(diǎn)擊,1. C 2.A,3. I really cant understand _ her like that. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating 4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he c

31、ouldnt risk _ the good opportunity. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost,3.D 4. B,三、分詞,現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞. 充當(dāng)成分: 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表語(yǔ), 定語(yǔ), 狀語(yǔ).,（一）現(xiàn)在分詞,1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在分詞可在句中作時(shí)間、原因、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)。,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（分詞作狀語(yǔ)前面可加when, while等） Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy. 原因狀語(yǔ) Seeing nobody at home, he decided to lea

32、ve them a note 伴隨狀語(yǔ) The girls came in, following their parents. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.,注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的幾個(gè)特性。 時(shí)間性。與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，用一般時(shí)，如發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前時(shí)則用完成式having done。 語(yǔ)態(tài)性。與句子的主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系，是主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。遵循的規(guī)則“主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，被動(dòng)完成”。 人稱(chēng)一致性。分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)。,He glanced over at her, _ that though she w

33、as tiny, she seemed very well put together. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted 2. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. Not completingB. Not completed C. Not completing D. Not having completed,3The manager, _ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meet

34、ing room. Awho has made Bhaving made Cmade Dmaking 4The storm left , _a lot of damage to this area . Acaused Bto have caused Cto cause Dhaving caused,5_from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. ABeing separated BHa

35、ving separated CHaving been separated DTo be separated,2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),1. The picture_ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung,2Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to for

36、m B. form C. forming D. having formed 3. The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt,（二）過(guò)去分詞,1. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ),過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，用來(lái)說(shuō)明原因、時(shí)間、條件等。,（1）過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ) Tired by the trip, he soon felt asleep. Lost in thought ,

37、he almost ran into a car. （2）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden. （3）作條件狀語(yǔ) Given more time, I would have worked out the problem. （4）伴隨狀語(yǔ) The teacher came in, followed by some students.,分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常與主句中的主語(yǔ)在邏輯上一致，但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱(chēng)為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如： Her grandfather being ill, she had

38、to stay at home looking after him.,1_ with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all . ACompare BWhen comparing CComparing DWhen compared 2. _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. L

39、osing,2. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),1. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known 2. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded,3. The priz

40、e of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses _ vacation to China. A. payingB. paid C. to be paid D. being paid 4. The repairs cost a lot ,but its money well _. Ato spend Bspent Cbeing spent DSpending,3. 分詞作賓補(bǔ),1) 跟分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：catch, have, get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, noti

41、ce, observe, watch, set等 2) 在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系；用過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。,There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself heard. When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.,如:,1. Dont leave the water_ while you brush your teeth. A. run

42、B. running C. being run D. to run 2. Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents . worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry,3. You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _ often enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained,

43、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他考點(diǎn):,1. 主語(yǔ)一致,1. Having been attacked by terrorists, _. A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists,2While watching television, _. Athe doorbell rang Bthe doorbell rings Cwe heard the doorbell ring Dwe hear

44、d the doorbell rings,2. with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),with + 名詞+,doing to do done,1. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _. A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 2_ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctors help to end her life. AHaving given

45、up hope of cure BWith no hope for cure CThere being hope for cure DIn the hope of cure,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，常用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。,1) 表示時(shí)間The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開(kāi)完會(huì)后我們都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下來(lái)喝茶。2） 表示條件The condition being

46、favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。3） 表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒(méi)有出租車(chē)，我們只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)的。4） 表示伴隨情況Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，而銀則是最好的導(dǎo)體。(=Almost all

47、metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.),例如：,常見(jiàn)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：,1. 名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間主謂關(guān)系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說(shuō)什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時(shí)間允許的話(huà)，我們明天去

48、郊游。 2. 名詞/主格代詞+過(guò)去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過(guò)去分詞之間的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問(wèn)題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見(jiàn)黑板上的字。,3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old part