新托福閱讀-句子簡(jiǎn)化題

1、句子簡(jiǎn)化題,句子簡(jiǎn)化題(Sentence Simplification Question),(1) 句子簡(jiǎn)化題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式,(2) 句子簡(jiǎn)化的兩個(gè)層面: 語義和邏輯,(3) 常見的邏輯關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)換-四大 “明顯”/ “隱含” 關(guān)系,否定 明顯否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯: no, not, none, never, neither, deny 隱含否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定詞綴less.,因果 明顯因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯: because, because of, since, for, as,

2、 due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, thereby, hence, consequently, accordingly.,隱含因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯:,a. 表示導(dǎo)致含義: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役動(dòng)詞（let,leave,keep,help,have ), support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.,b. 由而來

3、: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attributable to, be responsive to.,c. 反映,體現(xiàn): reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate.,d. 考慮到, 依賴: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to.,e. 條件關(guān)系:

4、if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虛擬條件句.,比較 明顯比較關(guān)系的特色詞匯: 同級(jí)比較比較級(jí) 隱含比較關(guān)系的特色詞匯:,a. “變化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable, still.,b. “差異”: same, different.,c. “超越”: surpass

5、, exceed, transcend, excel,最高級(jí)絕對(duì)化,明顯最高級(jí)/絕對(duì)化關(guān)系的特色詞匯: -est/ 比較級(jí),隱含最高級(jí)絕對(duì)化關(guān)系的特色詞匯:,a. 自身含有最高級(jí)含義: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme.,b. 否定加比較: nothing can be better than that,c. 程度較深的詞: surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively(修飾價(jià)格的high),As-因?yàn)椋篴s he is late, he is puished. 作為：as a doctor, he saves num

6、erous people. 隨著：as the society develops, poverty has vanished gradually. 像： the boy is as brave as his PAPA.,Importingthegrain,whichwouldhavebeenexpensiveandtimeconsumingfortheDutchtohaveproducedthemselves,keptthepriceofgrainlowandthusstimulatedindividualdemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoods.,Bu

7、yingimportedgrainledtotheDutchdemandingthatotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsbeimported. BecausetheDutchwereabletoimportinexpensivegrain,theyhadmoneyavailabletocreateademandforotherfoodproductsandconsumergoods. KeepingthepriceofgrainlowwasaprimarygoaloftheDutchatatimewhentheycouldnotproduceenoughgraint

8、oprovideforalltheirneeds. ThedemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsforcedtheDutchtoimportgrainandotherproductsatatimewhenmaintaininglowpriceswasespeciallyimportant. 2,Thefrequencywithwhichcertainsimplemotifsappearintheseoldestsiteshasledrock-artresearcherstoadoptadescriptivetermthePanaramiteestyle

9、-alabelwhichtakesitsnamefromtheextensiverockpavementsatPanaramiteeNorthindesertSouthAustralia,whicharecoveredwithmotifspeckedintothesurface. 1.TheoldestrockartsiteshavesimplermotifsthanthebestknownsitesofPanaramiteeNorth. 2.BecausemotifsprimarilyassociatedwiththePanaramiteeregionarecommonintheoldest

10、sitesthetermPanaramiteestylehasbecomethegeneraltermforrockartofthistype. 3.BecausethePanaramiteestyleissocommonintheoldersites,researchershavedescribeditmostextensively. 4.ThemotifscarvedintherockysurfaceofthePanaramiteeregionmakeuptheoldestformofrockartdiscoveredinAustralia. 答案：(2),Theamountofairex

11、changedisevenlowerinREMthanNREMbecause,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing. BecausebreathingismoreshallowandirregularinREMthaninNREM,lessairisexchangedinREM. BreathinginNREMislesseffectivethanbreathinginREMbecauseofirregular

12、episodesofrapidbreathingduringNREM.BecausebreathingismorerapidinNREMsleepthaninREMsleep,breathingoftenbecomesshallow. AlthoughREMhasbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorlackofbreathing,breathingismorerapidthaninNREM. 答案：(1),Somescholarsexpandonthisideabyemphasizingacorrespondingneedforarablelandtofeedgr

13、owingnumbersofpeople:constructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesindicatesthatfarmerswereintensifyingtheireffortsduringthe1200s.Competitionforgoodfarmlandmayalsohavepromptedpeopletobondtogethertoassertrightsoverthebestfields. Somescholarsevenclaimthattheintensificationoffarmersvariouse

14、ffortsduringthe1200sledtofurtherpopulationgrowthandtheconsequentneedformorearableland. Evidenceofintensifyingagricultureinthe1200sindicatesaneedtofeedalargerpopulationandsoextendstheargumentthatagrowingpopulationwasthecauseofthemovetopueblos. Duringthe1200s,farmersmetthedemandformorearableland,buttheyalsosucceededincultivatingexistinglandmoreinte