英語寫作之Paragraph(課堂PPT)

1、1,Part Four The Paragraph,2,Contents of This Part,I. Criteria of an effective paragraph II. Steps in writing a paragraph III. Ways of developing paragraphs,3,What is a paragraph?,A paragraph is a unit of thought. Paragraphs vary in length.,4,Criteria of an Effective Paragraph,unified coherent well d

2、eveloped,Unity,Coherence,Transition / Development,5,Unity,A paragraph is a component part of an essay. Each paragraph has only one theme, so what is written should be closely related to the theme. The central theme is usually summarized in the topic sentence. Place of topic sentence: beginning, midd

3、le, end, implied.,6,Please identify the topic sentence in each paragraph,Sample 1 Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same laws. However, they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility has made a great impression on the culture of

4、 Californians, lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders. Sample 2 Sample 3,Beginning,End,Implied,Middle,7,How to write a good topic sentence?,1. A topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific. If it is too general, the reader cannot tell exactly wha

5、t the paragraph is going to discuss. If it is too specific, the writer may not have anything left to write about in the rest of the paragraph.,主題句既不能太籠統(tǒng)，也不能太詳細。 前者會使要討論的內(nèi)容不明確，后者會影響開展下文。,8,Example: American food is tasteless and greasy(油膩的) because Americans use too many canned, frozen and prepackage

6、d foods and because they fry everything in oil or butter. American food is terrible. American food is tasteless and greasy.,Too specific,Good,Too general,9,2. Do not involve too many related ideas in your topic sentence; if you do, your paragraph will not be unified.,主題句中不應(yīng)包含過多的意思，以免影響段落的統(tǒng)一性。,10,San

7、 Francisco is famous for its temperate climate, its many tourist attractions and its cosmopolitan(世界性的) atmosphere.,San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate / many tourist attractions / cosmopolitan atmosphere.,Too many ideas,Good,11,Homework,Task 3 Supply a topic sentence for each paragrap

8、h.,12,Coherence,The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order. A paragraph is coherent when each sentence in it naturally leads to the next sentence in explaining and developing the central idea. Sample 4,13,Transition,Good transitions should be used to make one sentence

9、run smoothly to another Ways of transition:,14,Transition,Ways of transition: using parallel structures repeating words or word groups using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs using transitional ex

10、pressions Details on Page 68,15,Transitional words,Addition: also, again, as well as, besides, coupled with, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, coupled with, together with Consequence: accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, otherwise, so then, su

11、bsequently, therefore, thus, wherefore Generalizing: as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually,16,Exemplifying: for example, for instance, such as, markedly, namely, including, for one thing, illustrated with, in this case Emphasis: above all, chiefly

12、, especially, specifically, with attention to, particularly, in particular Direction: here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance,17,Exception: aside from, besides, except, except for, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of Res

13、tatement: in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently Contrast and Comparison: comparatively, identically, likewise, similarly, in contrast, conversely, instead, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, yet, but, however, sti

14、ll, nevertheless,18,Sequence: at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time, for now, for the time being, the next step, in turn, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, finally Summarizing: all in all, all

15、things considered, briefly speaking, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, to sum up, to summarize,19,Steps in Writing a Paragraph,Step 1: Give a topic sentence (Think of the theme or main idea, a

16、nd express it in a complete sentence) Step 2: Think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. Step 3: Work out an outline to arrange the details or examples or facts in logical order.,20,Three main parts of a paragraph,GO=Topic Sentence Continue=Suppor

17、ting Sentence Stop=Concluding Sentence,21,What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking cause？,We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problemsDoctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of ot

18、her organs In addition， it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society,22,My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you d

19、ont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.,23,What is the best

20、 topic sentence?,1. Mexico is an interesting country. 2. His many reforms made Mexico a fairer, more modern society. 3. Benito (1806-1872) is a national hero in Mexico.,24,Function of a paragraph 主題（a topic）作者的觀點（an opinion or statement） The benefits of participating in sports are numerous. My favor

21、ite program is “Friend”. I enjoy the programs about real people and real experience.,25,The two purposes of a topic sentence: 1. to state the topic, to give the main idea2. to grab the readers attention so the reader wants to go on People view money differently. Some people consider money the root o

22、f all evil.,26,Features of the topic sentence,1. it shapes the entire paragraph by defining its contents 2. it establishes the paragraphs organization3. it has many forms,27,Features of the topic sentence 1. 主題句應(yīng)具有概括性，而擴展句需要具體。 Each program will focus on a particular friend who can be either a celeb

23、rity or an everyday person. Friend is a very popular talk show. The cost of making fake products is usually lower than real ones. We have to wonder why fake products are so prevalent.,28,2.主題句應(yīng)是一種觀點而不是一個具體的事實。 Many college students do part-time job. Many college students do part-time jobs for variou

24、s reasons. Many people buy pirated products because the price is much lower than legal ones. The reason why people buy pirated products is various.,29,Common forms for paragraph,1）肯定句（Affirmative Sentence） Example： The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before 2）反詰句（Rhetorical Sen

25、tence） Example： How do you think people will solve the problem of wildlife protection？ 3）不完整句（Fragments） Example： And the workingman？,30,Supply a topic sentence for each of the following paragraphs: _ Red, for example, is the color of fire, heat, blood and life. People say red is an exciting and act

26、ive color. They associate red with a strong feeling like anger. Red is also used for signs of danger, such as stop signs and fire engines. Orange is the bright, warm color of leaves in autumn. People say orange is a lively color. They associate orange with happiness. Yellow is the color of sunlight.

27、 People say it is a cheerful color. They associate yellow, too, with happiness. Green is the cool color of grass in spring. People say it is a refreshing color.,31,_ It is the road which determines the sites of many cities and the growth and nourishment of all. It is the road which controls the deve

28、lopment of strategies and fixes the sites of battles. It is the road that gives its frame-work to all economic development. It is the road which is the channel of all trade, and, what is more important, of all ideas. In its most humble function it is a necessary guide without which progress from pla

29、ce to place would be a ceaseless experiment; it is a sustenance without which organized society would be impossible, thus the road moves and controls all history.,32,Supporting Sentence,主題句的后面必須要跟上幾個支持句用來進一步闡述、解釋、說明主題句。可以用具體的事例、證據(jù)或進一步論證的手法來達到支持主題句的目的。,33,一個段落的支持句有主要支持句(major supporting sentences)和次要

30、支持句(minor supporting sentences)之分。 例1：(主題句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, cli

31、mate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.,34,(主題句)I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinki

32、ng-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroo

33、m an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.,35,習(xí)作評析 Can Money Buy Happiness 有人認為金錢是幸福之本（source of happiness） 也有人認為金錢是萬惡之源（root of all evil） 我的看法（my opinion）,36,Some say that society today is based on money. There is no (主題句) question that money is important in our lives. People

34、 view （主題句） （轉(zhuǎn)折句） money differently. Some people consider money a source of (主題句) happiness. To them, money is everything. They dream of （主要支持句） （次要支持句） luxury homes, clothes, jewelry, etc. In other words, they （次要支持句） dream of a luxurious lifestyle. They cannot imagine life （次要支持句） without money an

35、d material things.,37,Task 10Topic sentence: Philately is an interesting hobby,The outline is: 1) There are beautiful pictures on postage stamps; 2) There are portraits of historical figures on them; 3)It is always a delight to get a stamp I have never seen before; 4) I can learn something by lookin

36、g at the stamps I have collected.,38,Planning a Paragraph,Philately is an interesting hobby. Every time I open my albums and look at the stamps Ive collected over the years, I learn something new. On many of them are printed drawings or pictures of rare birds, animals, trees or flowers. Under a magn

37、ifying glass they look very beautiful, and they help to increase my knowledge of nature. On other stamps there are portraits of historical figures, such as Qu Yuan and Dr. Sun Yatsen, George Washington and Chester W. Nimits. Whenever I see an unfamiliar name, I will try to find some information abou

38、t the person by consulting an encyclopedia. In this way I have come to know something about quite a few people who are famous for one reason or another. Some of my friends and relatives who know I am interested in stamps often show me used envelopes. If I see a stamp which I have never seen before o

39、r I havent got yet, I will ask them to give it to me, and it seems that they are always kind enough to oblige me. It is always a delight to add a new stamp to my collection, and the more stamps I have, the more interested I am in philately. Student,39,Why is travel becoming more and more popular? Wh

40、at are the advantages of travel?,Travel is beneficial to us in at least three ways. (topic sentence) First, by travelling we can enjoy Second, we will meet and see when we travel. Third, travel will not only help us , but also will help us . With all these advantages, .,40,Advantages of Travel,Trave

41、l is beneficial to us in at least three ways. First, by travelling we can enjoy the beautiful scenery in different places. We will see with our own eyes many places read of in books, and visit some famous cities and scenic spots. Second, we will meet people with different interests and see strange a

42、nd different things when we travel. We can get ideas of the conditions and customs of other people, taste different foods and local flavors if we like. In this way, we can understand how differently other people live. Third, travel will not only help us gain knowledge of geography and history and ot

43、her knowledge, but also will help us keep healthy and make us less narrow-minded. Travel does benefit us both mentally and physically. With all these advantages, its no wonder that travel is becoming more and more popular.,41,Exercise,Develop the following into a paragraph. The police department can

44、 help people to deal with many kinds of problems. The police can also help in medical emergencies. Every city has a special telephone number for police department.,42,Ways of Developing Paragraphs,Development by Time Development by Process Development by Space Development by Example or Generalizatio

45、n Development by Comparison and Contrast Development by Cause and Effect Development by Classification Development by Definition Development by a Combination of Methods,43,Development by Time,To describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first

46、 and the last thing last. It is also called chronological sequencing. Words you can.; you can.; you can; you can.; While in college, you can; you can; you can; you can. (block) There are many differences between college and high school in Britain. In high school, you can In college, you canIn high s

47、chool, you can While in college, you but in high school, (alternating),58,Development by Cause and Effect,Sound reasoning or logic (理由充分、邏輯性強）is naturally the most important quality of any causal analysis. Two basic ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect: (1) To state an effect

48、and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes. (果因分析法） (2) To state a cause and then mention or predict the effects. （因果分析法） Words and Phrases (P92),59,Why do people like to slim now? (結(jié)果） There are many reasons for that. （分析原因）Firstly, they have realized that fatness is harmful to he

49、alth because it can cause diseases such as heart attack and high blood pressure or even the stroke. Secondly, overweight may spoil their image, especially for some young girls, who think they will not be loved by handsome boys. Thirdly, a good-looking figure can not only attract people but make you

50、feel more self-confident than ever before.,果因分析法,60,因果分析法,Why would I like to learn English? The first reason for that is learning English will help me to know more about different cultures. And also, learning English can give me chances to make friends with people from other countries. The last reason is learning English might give me a good opportunity to get a better job. Thus, learning English wi