人教版英語必修四第一單元語法課件.ppt

1、,Review some words in the text.,behave,achievement,specialist,advertise,observe,inspire,argue,permission,organization,connection,Key for Exercise 1:,1. bond 2. nest 3. institute 4. crowd in 5. childhood 6. outspoken 7. move off 8. welfare 9. project,Key for Exercise 3: 1. observed 2. worthwhile 3. a

2、rgue 4. respect,Useful structures,語法詳解： 所謂主謂一致是指主語和謂語動(dòng)詞之間,即主語的人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定著謂語動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)的形式。,The boy _ diving.,They _ diving.,Both Jack and Tim _ diving.,All of them _ diving.,Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking.,is,are,are,is,are,Finish the following exercises:,Bob,Bob _ a worker.,is,Mike,Mike and Bob _ workers.

3、,are,Both Mike and Bob _ workers.,are,Neither Mike nor Bob _a teacher.,is,Bill,Neither of them _ (know) how to teach English.,knows/know,All of them _ workers.,None of them _ (know) how to teach English.,are,knows/know,主謂一致主要有以下幾種情況：,1. and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單數(shù)名詞或者代詞作主語的時(shí)候, 謂語動(dòng)詞有以下兩種情況： (1)如果指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同的人或事物的時(shí)

4、候, 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 He and I _ both students of this school. 我和他都是這個(gè)學(xué)校的學(xué)生。,語法一致原則,are,(2) 但如果連接兩個(gè)以上的名詞指的是同一個(gè)人或物, 或者指同一概念的時(shí)候, 謂語要用單數(shù)。,The singer and dancer_ going to give us a performance. 那個(gè)歌唱家兼舞蹈演員要給我們表演。 The knife and fork _ on the table. 刀叉在桌子上。,is,is,2. 如果主語是不定式, 動(dòng)詞ing形式或主語從句的時(shí)候, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 What he is doi

5、ng seems very important. 他正在做的事情看起來很重要。 Collecting stamps is his hobby. 收集郵票是他的愛好。,3. 定語從句的關(guān)系代詞who, which, that在從句中作主語時(shí)，要與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。 Those who enjoy singing may join us. Tom, who is your friend, should help you.,4. with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, but,

6、including 如果句子中有這些連接詞和主語連用, 謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)隨主語的變化而變化。例如： The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street. 老師和他的學(xué)生們正在街道上植樹。,either . or; neither . nor; not only . but also, whether.or在句子中連接主語的時(shí)候或者在there be句型中, 謂語動(dòng)詞要和就近的主語保持一致。,就近原則,Neither you nor I am wrong. There is a cup of tea and

7、 some apples on the table.,Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.,概念一致原則,所謂概念一致原則是指謂語動(dòng)詞和主語一致不是取決于主語的語法形式, 而是其實(shí)際意義。有的主語名詞在形式上是單數(shù), 但在意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)；有的主語名詞在形式上是復(fù)數(shù), 但在意義上卻是單數(shù)。,1. 不定代詞all, more, some, any, none作主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞視情況而定。,All of the apples _ rotten. 所有的蘋果都爛了。 All of the apple _ rot

8、ten. 整個(gè)蘋果都爛了。 不定代詞all, more, some, any, none作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞視情況而定。,are,is,None of the money _ left. 沒有剩下一點(diǎn)錢。 None of the students _ there. 沒有學(xué)生在那里。,is,is,2. the rest of; half of; part of; majority of; percent of; one third of在句子中加名詞作主語的時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞與of后面的名詞保持一致。,Half of the students _ finished their composition.

9、一半的學(xué)生已經(jīng)完成了他們的作文。 Half of the apple _ bad. 一半的蘋果壞了。 About 60 percent of the students in our school _ boys. 我們學(xué)校, 大約百分之六十的學(xué)生是男 生。,have,is,are,3. 集合名詞作主語, 動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。主要由句子的意思決定。強(qiáng)調(diào)整體謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；指全體人員時(shí), 動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。這一類常見的集合名詞有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。,His family _ going out. 他們?nèi)乙?/p>

10、外出。 His family _ all music lovers. 他們?nèi)胰硕际且魳窅酆谜摺?集合名詞作主語, 動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。主要由句子的意思決定。強(qiáng)調(diào)整體謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；指全體人員時(shí), 動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。這一類常見的集合名詞有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。,is,are,4. 某些名詞如people, police, cattle等, 形式上是單數(shù), 但意義上是復(fù)數(shù), 謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。people指“民族”時(shí)是例外。 The police are searching for a thief. Th

11、e cattle are eating grass on the hill.,5. 復(fù)合不定代詞作主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如someone, somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。 Someone is asking for you. 有人找你。 Nothing is found in the room. 在屋子里什么也沒找到。,6. 某些名詞如clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等, 通常只

12、用其復(fù)數(shù)形式, 但當(dāng)它們被a pair of 修飾時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如: The pair of shoes is worn out. 這雙鞋破了。 The shoes are worn out. 鞋子破了。,某些名詞以s結(jié)尾如maths, politics, physics, news, plastics等, 謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。 Physics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一門很有趣的學(xué)科。,8. every. and every .; each . and each .; no . and no . 在以上短 語中and連接的單數(shù)名詞, 整個(gè)短語

13、 在句中作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞常使用單數(shù)。 Each man and each woman is asked to attend.,Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班級(jí)中的每個(gè)男孩女孩都很用功。 No sound and no voice is heard. 聽不到任何聲音。,Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off. (P2) 考例 Did you go to the s

14、how last night? Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _ invited. (陜西 2008) A. were B. have been C. has been D. was,點(diǎn)撥 選D。主語是every boy and girl或every boy and every girl，表示單數(shù)概念，故謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，且是詢問昨晚的情況，有明確的過去時(shí)間，所以應(yīng)選擇was。,9. 以a number of作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); 以the number of 作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 A number of new books are on

15、 the desk. The number of students in you class is 50.,10. 有些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式一樣, 作主語的時(shí)候, 其謂語動(dòng)詞由上下文決定, 這一類名詞有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。 Not every means is useful. 不是每種方法都好使。 Not all means are useful. 不是所有的方法都好使。,11. many a, more than one, one and a half與單數(shù)名詞組成的短語, 謂語用單數(shù)。 Many a b

16、oy has seen it. 許多孩子都看到了。 12. 書刊名、時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。 Thirty years is not a long time. Roots is a famous American novel.,1. this kind of book = a book of this kind (這種書) , 其謂語用單數(shù); 短語this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men (口語) (這一類人), 但this kind of men 的謂語用單數(shù), men of th

17、is kind 和these kind of men 的謂語用復(fù)數(shù), all kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：,應(yīng)該注意的幾個(gè)問題:,This kind of men is dangerous. Men of this kind are dangerous. 2. 在主謂倒裝的句子中, 謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。例如: Between the two windows hangs a picture.,3. “分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap o

18、f, heaps of, half of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞要與短語中of 后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致, 這是因?yàn)槎陶Z中后面的名詞是中心詞, 而短語中前面的量詞是修飾語。例如:,Lots of damage was caused by fire. About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water. Three-fifths of the workers here are women. 和這種情況類似的還有“a number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。但是,“the number of + 名詞”的中心詞

19、卻是number。試比較：,A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest. The number of pages in this book is two hundred.,注意: a (large) quantity of 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 A large quantity of people is needed here.,quantities of 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如: Quanti

20、ties of food (nuts) were on the table. 短語in quantity, in large quantities 意為 “大量”; in small quantities 意為“少量”。,4. a great deal of, a large amount of, 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù); large amounts of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:,A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time

21、. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.,5. 表示數(shù)量的one and a half 后, 名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 但是其短語作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： One and a half bananas is left on the table.,6. 如果主語由“the + 形容詞(或過去分詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時(shí), 謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù);這類詞有: the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and d

22、ub, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed 等; 但也有少數(shù)的過去分詞與定冠詞連用時(shí)指個(gè)別,則用單數(shù)。例如：,The blind study in special school. The departed(死者)was a well-known engineer. 這類形容詞或分詞如果要表示個(gè)體時(shí),就要與名詞man, person或表示人的單數(shù)連用。例如: an old man, a rich person, the (a) wounded soldier.,高考鏈接,1. As a result of destroy

23、ing the forests, a large _ of desert _ covered the land. (上海2001） A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; have,B,精析：a large number of 后面要接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，所以A不能作為答案。因?yàn)閐esert是單數(shù)，所以要填 has。這句話的意思是“毀壞森林的結(jié)果是，大片沙漠覆蓋了陸地”答案 B,2. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. (上海2000

24、) A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are,C,精析: 分?jǐn)?shù)的分子用基數(shù)詞, 分母用序數(shù)詞表示.如果分子大于1, 分母序數(shù)詞后加-s。分?jǐn)?shù)和百分比作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的形式取決于分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)后面的名詞。句子中的主語 land是單數(shù), 所以謂語動(dòng)詞要用is covered。答案C。,3. _ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海2001） A. Several million B. Many mil

25、lions C. Several millions D. Many million,A,精析: 在million前如果有具體的數(shù)字或 several等詞時(shí)，要用單數(shù)形式。 many一般不與 million等詞連用. 表示“數(shù)百萬”，英語為 millions of。這句話的意思是“每天，世界上有幾十萬人通過 e-mail傳遞信息?！贝鸢?A。,4. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _ yet. (浙江2007) A. hasnt been decided B. ha

26、vent decided C. isnt being decided D. arent decided 點(diǎn)撥 “when and where (to do sth. 或+從句)”作主語時(shí)，謂語通常用單數(shù)。由題意可知要用被動(dòng)，又由yet可知要用完成時(shí)態(tài)。,A,5. The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. (遼寧2006) A. is goingB. go C. goesD. are going 點(diǎn)撥 句子主語要和as well

27、as 前面的成分the father保持一致，故謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，又由every Sunday afternoon in winter可知應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。,C,6. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years. (上海2002春) A. is B. are C. have been D. has been,D,7. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. (上海2000) A. Two fi

28、fth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are,C,分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與名詞的數(shù)一致。,單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時(shí)，依照意義一致的原則，表示單數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)；反之，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這類名詞有：sheep, deer, means (方法、手段), works(工廠), species(種類),8. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. (湖南200