英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 介詞與介詞詞組.ppt

1、介詞與介詞詞組,主要內(nèi)容,1 介詞的定義和用法 2 介詞的種類 3 介詞短語(yǔ)及其功能 4 介詞兼作副詞和連詞 5 介詞與其他詞類的搭配 6 介詞的后置 7 介詞的省略,介詞的定義和用法,介詞（preposition），又叫做前置詞，一般置于名詞之前。它是一種虛詞，一般不重讀，在句中不單獨(dú)作任何句子成分，只表示氣候的名次或相當(dāng)于名次的詞語(yǔ)與其他句子成分的關(guān)系 介詞后面的名次或相當(dāng)于名次的詞語(yǔ)叫做介詞短語(yǔ)。可作介詞賓語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)通常有： 1 、名次或名詞性從句，如： He lives near the institute. 他住在學(xué)院附近,2、代詞，如： I am angry with him. 我生

2、他的氣 3、動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名次短語(yǔ)，如： I have an idea for solving this problem. 我只有一個(gè)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的想法。 4、不定式（只限于介詞but和except），如： I could do nothing but just sit there and hope 我除了坐等別無(wú)他法 I can do nothing for them except to send them money. 我除了給他們寄錢(qián)以外，什么也不能幫他們。,5、數(shù)詞，如： Four from seven leaves three. 7減4余3。 6、形容詞，如： I know it fro

3、m old. 我早就知道它。 7、副詞，如： I cant stay for long. 我不能久待。 英語(yǔ)中的介詞相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞，如： Are you for it or against it？你是贊成還是反對(duì)？（介詞for相當(dāng)于“贊成”，介詞against相當(dāng)于“反對(duì)”。）,介詞的種類 一.介詞可按其構(gòu)成分為： 1、簡(jiǎn)單介詞（simple preposition），即單一介詞，如at in of since 等 2、復(fù)合介詞（compound preposition），由兩個(gè)介詞組成，如as for, as to, into等 3、二重介詞（double preposition），由兩

4、個(gè)介詞搭配而成，但沒(méi)有復(fù)合介詞那樣固定，如form under，form behind，until after等。,4、短語(yǔ)介詞（phrasal preposition），由短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成，如：because of，in spite of 等 5、分詞介詞（participle preposition)，由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，如：regarding ,concerning ,including等 二. 介詞還可以按其詞義分為常見(jiàn)的下列幾種： 1）表地點(diǎn)（包括動(dòng)向）。如：about，above，before ，behind，down，from，in，near，through，under，with等 2）表時(shí)

5、間，如after，before，since，till，towards，within等 3）表除去，如：besides，but，except等 4）表比較，如：as，like，above，over等 5）表反對(duì)，如：against，with等,6）表原因、目的，如：to ，with ，form等 7）表結(jié)果，如：to，with，without等 8）表手段、方式，如：by ，in， with等 9）表所屬，如：of，with等 10）表?xiàng)l件，如：on，without，considering等 11）表讓步，如：despite，in spite of，notwithstanding等 12）表關(guān)于

6、，如：about，concerning，regarding等 13）表對(duì)于，如：to，for，over，at等 14）表根據(jù)，如：on，according to等 15）表其他，如：for（贊成），without（沒(méi)有）等,介詞短語(yǔ)及其功能,介詞和介詞賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)（prepositional phrase）。介詞短語(yǔ)在句中可用作： 1、主語(yǔ)：如： Form Beijing to Tianjin is two hours by train. 從北京到天津坐火車只需二小時(shí)。 2、表語(yǔ)：如： She looks like an actress. 她像演員。 3）賓語(yǔ)：如： Ill give

7、you until tomorrow. 我給你的期限到明天 4）定語(yǔ)：如： A friend in need is a friend indeed,患難見(jiàn)真情。 5）狀語(yǔ)，如： Dona covered her face with her hand as if swooning,多娜用手捂著臉，好像要暈過(guò)去 6）補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如： As a scientist，he was dedicated to the truth.作為一個(gè)科學(xué)家，他獻(xiàn)身于追求真理（主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）,介詞兼作副詞和連詞,有一些介詞可兼作副詞，這種介詞亦可稱作小品詞（particle），試比較： 1、(1)My mother is in

8、the house. 我的母親在屋里（介詞） (2)Is there anybody in？ 里面有人嗎？（副詞） 2、（1）The programmer is over。這個(gè)節(jié)目播完了。（副詞） （ 2）The programmer was broadcast over the radio.這個(gè)節(jié)目是通過(guò)電臺(tái)廣播的。（介詞）,請(qǐng)注意下面兩句中的與介詞形式相同的副詞 3、（1）He turned over the book.他翻過(guò)書(shū)頁(yè)（over在此是介詞，與turned組成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） （2）Ive put on weight.我體重增加了。（on在此是介詞，與put組成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） 請(qǐng)注意下面兩

9、句中的與副詞形式相同的介詞： 4、（1）The boat moved slowly down the river,那船沿河緩緩而下。（down在此是介詞） （2）He climbed up the tree.他爬上了樹(shù)（up在此是介詞） 5.還有少數(shù)介詞可以兼作連詞，如：after before since till（until）等，如： （1）The ball goes up very high after it hits the ground. 這球著地后蹦得很高， （2）It will not be long before they come back.他們不久就回來(lái)。 （3）I can

10、t make you out .Youre so changed since last we met .我不認(rèn)識(shí)你了。自從上次見(jiàn)面后，你可變多了。 （4）Will you be all right until I get back?在我回來(lái)之前你會(huì)一切都好嗎？,介詞與其他詞類的搭配,由于英語(yǔ)名詞的格的形態(tài)變化逐漸減少，因而介詞與名詞及其他此類的搭配關(guān)系與愈加重要。這種搭配，有許多已變成習(xí)慣，需要一一牢記。 1）與名詞的搭配，有的與后面的名詞搭配，如： at home by the door in the city on Sunday in 1921 with care for good acr

11、oss the country 有的與前面的名詞搭配，如： attention to contribution to desire for devotion to independence of interest of love for objection to persistence in sympathy with,2)與動(dòng)詞的搭配，如：account for aim at amount to begin with depart from die of lead to object to offend against specialize in (1) 動(dòng)詞+介詞：Eating too m

12、uch often results in sickness. (2) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞：They substituted papermoney for gold. 上述搭配中的賓語(yǔ)可按語(yǔ)義意圖加以改變。但在詞組動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞不能隨意改變。例如： You should make good use of this opportunity, for it may not occur again. (3) 動(dòng)詞+副詞小品詞+介詞：I dont wish to break in on your thoughts.,3) 介詞與形容詞的搭配 ,如： independent of獨(dú)立的 ignorant

13、of不知道的 tired of厭倦的 afraid of害怕 sick of 厭惡的 short of短缺 indifferent to冷漠的 devoted to專心于 addicted to沉迷于 partial to偏愛(ài) superior to優(yōu)于 equal to與平等 注:（1）詞根或詞源相同的名詞、動(dòng)詞和形容詞多共用一個(gè)介詞，如： sympathy/sympathize/sympathetic +with 同情 object/objection +to 反對(duì) popular/popularity +with 受歡迎,但也有例外，如： equal to equality with 與

14、相等 married to marriage with 同結(jié)婚 （2） 同一個(gè)形容詞與不同的介詞搭配可表示不同的意義。例如： (be) angry with對(duì)某人生氣 (be) angry at about 因某事生氣 (be) familiar with對(duì)熟悉 (be) familiar to為所熟悉 (be) good at善于 (be) good for對(duì)有益 (be) good to對(duì)友好 但有時(shí)區(qū)別并不大，如friendly with(或to)，popular with(或among), originate in(或from)等?，F(xiàn)在就連die of 與die from 的區(qū)別也似乎

15、不甚明顯了。,介詞的后置,前已說(shuō)過(guò)，介詞一般放在名詞之前，但在下列情況下，則常后置（常在全句或分句或從句之末）： 1）介詞賓語(yǔ)為疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)。如： What are you talking about? 在間接疑問(wèn)句和感嘆句中介詞亦可后置。如： I dont know what you are talking about. (間接疑問(wèn)句) What a jolly mess I am in!(感嘆句) 2）介詞賓語(yǔ)為關(guān)系代詞或縮合連接代詞時(shí)。如： Do you remember the book which the teacher referred us to? Thats what he is

16、talking about.,注：在正式文體中，介詞亦可放在疑問(wèn)詞、關(guān)系代詞、連接代詞之前。如： With whom did you go? This is the book from which I got the story. From what I hear , he is a good swimmer. (from what I hear 是一固定詞組，from須置于what之前) 3）在其它情況下。如： “Theres nothing to be afraid of,” Mother said. It is a fact that here I could not find one

17、garbage can to throw trash in. Ill try to get it over with as quickly as possible.,介詞的省略,現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)在某些情況下看來(lái)有一種省略介詞的趨勢(shì)。 1）省去as,如： I consider him an expert. (him 之后省去as ,現(xiàn)在一般認(rèn)為不應(yīng)用as) 2)省去at,如： What time did you arrive home? (what 前省去at) 3)省去by,如： I sent the letter airmail. (airmail前省去by) 4)省去from,如： Cant yo

18、u stop the child getting into mischief? (getting 前省去from) 5)省去in,如： I had started a schoolboy diary the same year I entered the Latin School, in 1928.(the same year 前省去in),有些動(dòng)名詞之前常省去in,如： I have been some time answering this question. (answering前省去in) He showed his appreciation for her assistance he

19、lping him practice English. (helping前省去in) 6)省去of,如： What color is it? (what 前省去of) He plunged out the doors. (out =out of) 7)省去on,如： He meant to go hunting. (hunting前省去on.現(xiàn)也有人認(rèn)為go是連系動(dòng)詞，hunting是表語(yǔ)) 8）省去to,如： He never failed to show the traditional respect due Prof. Lin .(due后省去to),9)在列舉一系列名詞時(shí)，介詞可省去，

20、以免重復(fù)，如： When youre lying without moving, you suddenly get an itch on the shoulder, the head, the back. (the head 與the back 前省去on) 但在下面句子中由于強(qiáng)調(diào)介詞of,故須重復(fù)： He was guilty of vanity, of several meannesses. 下面一句中連詞and前后的介詞不同，故一般皆不可省略： Dr. Sun has agreed to be an adviser to and member of the board of the co

21、llege. 注：在某些現(xiàn)成說(shuō)法中，介詞的賓語(yǔ)亦可省略。如： Have you put the kettle on? (介詞on 后省去the fire) When do you go off? (介詞off后省去duty),補(bǔ)充,幾組近義介詞的比較 1. 表示時(shí)間的介詞 (1) at , on, in at表示“時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)”或“較短暫的時(shí)間”，如 (時(shí)刻)幾點(diǎn)幾分、黎明、中午、日出、日落等。例如： They arrived home at 10 p.m. At what time will you have an interview this afternoon? on表示“日期”，“每星期

22、的各天”，“特定的早晚、日間、上下午”等。例如： He was born on June 10th, 1970. On Friday she will fly to Tokyo. On the morning after his arrival he went to visit her. We hung our socks in front of the fireplace on Christmas Eve. in表示“較長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間”，意為“在的時(shí)候”，常表示世紀(jì)、朝代、時(shí)代、年、季節(jié)、月、及一般(非特定)的上下午、晚間或“時(shí)間以后”等。例如： They came to Australia

23、in the 1960s. A sports meet will be held in March. She usually goes shopping in the morning. You should be in charge of the case in my absence. The dinner will be ready in 15 minutes.,(2) for , since, by, for表示“某一動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度”。例如： I stayed in London for two days on my way to New York. We havent seen ea

24、ch other for a long time. since表示“從某具體時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到(說(shuō)話)的時(shí)刻”。常作完成時(shí)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如： I have been waiting here since this morning. He has worked here since 1990. by表示“到的時(shí)候”。動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞常用完成時(shí)態(tài)；狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如be)常用一般時(shí)態(tài)。比較： We will have finished the report by nine oclock in the evening. By noon, everybody will be in this room for

25、 a break.,(3) till , until 這一對(duì)介詞意思一樣，在肯定句中意思為“直到的時(shí)候”。例如： He waited till (until) 8 oclock. 在否定句中意思為“直到才”。例如： Until now I know nothing about it. Jack didnt arrive at the airport until about 12 oclock.,2. 表示地點(diǎn)、位置的介詞 (1) at , in, at表示在一點(diǎn)上，或籠統(tǒng)地指一個(gè)地方，即把某個(gè)地方作為一個(gè)點(diǎn)來(lái)看待。例如： The car pulled up right at the gate.

26、 She lives at No. 70 Hazel Avenue. in表示大地方，在某物、某范圍內(nèi)，或泛指較具體的位置。例如： Soon they will arrive in the city they have longed for a long time. There is some wine left in the bottle.,(2) on , over, above on指“在平面上”，表示與某物有接觸。例如： There is a color TV set on the desk. The children are seated on the grass. over指“在上

27、方”，表示不與表面接觸的垂直的懸空位置，意為“高于正上方”。例如： The plane is flying over the village. There is a lamp over the table. above指“在上方”，表示不與表面接觸且不垂直的上方。例如： The water came above our knees. The plane is flying above the clouds.,(3) between , among between表示“在兩者之間”。例如： My sister was sitting between my mother and me. Can y

28、ou show me the difference between the two words? 有時(shí)between也可指三個(gè)以上的人或物。這時(shí)，它表示講話者分別看待某件東西周圍的物體并強(qiáng)調(diào)“相互”關(guān)系。例如： It was a treaty between four nations. 這是一個(gè)四國(guó)之間的條約。 There was a race between the five ships. 這五艘船之間進(jìn)行了一場(chǎng)比賽。 Switzerland lies between Italy, France, Austria and Germany. 瑞士位于意大利、法國(guó)、奧地利和德國(guó)之間。 among

29、表示“在兩者以上不確指的人或物之間”。例如： The film star stood among many reporters. The presents were distributed among the students. They visited the famous temple among the hills.,3. 表示空間運(yùn)動(dòng)的介詞 across , through across表示在一個(gè)平面上橫穿過(guò)，意為“從一邊到另一邊”；也可強(qiáng)調(diào)“橫過(guò)”，或“在的另一邊”。例如： The old man went across the road to greet his friend. W

30、e shall soon be across the Channel. There is a magnificent bridge across the river. The popular music group will give performance across the country. through表示從某物內(nèi)部或三維空間中穿過(guò)，從一頭到另一頭。例如： The burglar got in through the window. The doctor pushed his way through the crowd to get to the injured man. He wa

31、s running through the streets.,4. 表示工具、方法、手段的介詞 :with, by, through with表示所使用的具體工具或手段， 也可引出抽象的行為者(如情感、狀態(tài)等) ，還可以表示材料。例如： Wood is often cut with a saw. We should face the dilemma with great courage. The road is paved with stone. by表示相對(duì)籠統(tǒng)、抽象的途徑或手段，意為“憑，靠，以”。例如： Babies learn to speak by imitation. We can

32、 improve our reading ability by reading a lot. By working hard he gained rapid promotion. 注意在下列表達(dá)中，表示途徑，方式的介詞by其后名詞不帶冠詞。 Those Turkish blankets are all made by hand. The secretary told us the news by telephone. My daughter goes to school by bus. through也表示途徑, 手段。與by的意義較接近，常與by換用。例如： The book was sen

33、t to her through / by post. He gained success through / by painstaking efforts.,5. 表示“除了以外”的介詞 besides , except, except for, but, apart from besides表示“除以外”，意為將其包括在內(nèi)，相當(dāng)于in addition to。例如： Besides English, they also studied math, physics and chemistry in the middle school. Besides exercises on the tex

34、tbook, you have to do more. except指“除外，(其余)都”, 表示沒(méi)有將其包括在內(nèi)。常與“all, every, no, none, nothing”等含有整體肯定或否定意義的詞連用。與except連用的整體詞和except 所跟的詞常常是同類的。例如： He answered all the questions except the last one. I understand everything except why she killed her husband. We go to work every day except Sunday.,Except

35、for也表示“除之外”，但是和except不同的是，與except for連用的整體詞與except for所跟的詞往往不是同類的，是指整體中除去一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。例如： Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. Except for an old lady, the bus was empty. but表示“除以外，(其余都或都不)”, 和except的用法相同并?；Q。例如： There is no one here but / except me. Last night, I did nothing but / ex

36、cept watch TV. The enemy had no choice but / except to surrender. apart from表示“除以外”。根據(jù)上、下文的不同，它既可用作besides, 也可用作except 和except for例如： Apart from them, I had no one to talk to. (= except) Apart from other considerations, time is also a factor. (= besides) It is a piece of good work apart from a few s

37、light faults. (= except for),牛刀小試,1.It is useful to be able to predict the extent _which a price change will affect supply and demand. A) from B) with C) to D) for. 2. By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular _ children as Coca-Cola. A) for B) in C) to D) with 3. Cancer is second only _ heart disease as

38、 a cause of death. A) of B) to C) with D) from 4. He will agree to do what you require _ him. A) of C) to B) from D) for 5. I was _ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on,6. The survival of civilization as we know is _ threat. A) within B) under C) towards D) u

39、pon 7. Finding a job in such a big company has always been _ his wildest dreams. A) under B) over C) above D) beyond 8. I was wandering _a the streets when I caught sight of a tailors shop. A) across B) through C) by D) past,9. Our bus drove _the Great Hall of the People. A) across B) through C) pas

40、t D) over 10. The teacher is busy _ teaching. A) with B) for C) on D) of 11. The teacher is busy _ correcting papers. A) for B) in C) on D) of,答案及詳解,1.空格后是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾主語(yǔ)中的名詞extent?？崭裰匾筇钊胍粋€(gè)介詞，與extent組成短語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞affect，表示程度。全句意思是：“能預(yù)測(cè)物價(jià)變動(dòng)對(duì)供求的影響程度，會(huì)是很有用的”。extent前要用介詞to。 From, with, 以及for 都不能與extent連用表示程度,

41、 所以答案是C。 2.本題考核形容詞popular的介詞搭配。全句的意思是：“到了1929年，米老鼠和可口可樂(lè)一樣，受到孩子們的歡迎?！毙稳菰~popular后面可接介詞with或among，意思是“廣受歡迎的”。因此，答案是D) with。介詞in在這類句子中可表示“受歡迎的范圍”，但不能用in somebody。to有時(shí)可以表示“對(duì)于來(lái)說(shuō)”，但不能與形容詞popular搭配。介詞for一般表示事物發(fā)生的原因，與全句意思不符合。 3. Second在句中作形容詞，表示次于的時(shí)，要后接介詞to，構(gòu)成詞組be second （only）to sth or sb。答案是B。,4.本題主要考核動(dòng)詞re

42、quire與介詞搭配的用法。require something of somebody表示“要求某人做某事”。因此答案是A)。require后面不能接介詞to。require后面接介詞from可以表示“向某人要某物”，不能表示“要求某人做某事”。require后面接介詞for時(shí)表示“為了”或“供之用”，也不能表示“要求某人做某事”。因此都是錯(cuò)誤的。 5.答案是D) on。on the point of doing 是固定詞組，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“當(dāng)他的信到的時(shí)候我正要打電話給他”。 6.全句意思是：“當(dāng)今人類文明的生存正在受到威脅”。在4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有B) under表示“在

43、情況下”或“遭到”。is under threat相當(dāng)于is experiencing threat。所以答案是B) under。within的意思是“在里面、在以內(nèi)”。towards的意思是“向、對(duì)”。upon可以表示“在后立即”，但是不能與threat搭配表示“遭到”之意。 7.全句意思：“能在這么大的公司找到一份工作一直是他不敢想象的事”?？崭裰械慕樵~要與his wildest dreams構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)作句子的標(biāo)語(yǔ)。答案是D) beyond，意為“超出”，相當(dāng)于outside the range or limits of someone or something。其它的三個(gè)介詞都不能和d

44、reams搭配表示“超出”之意。,8.A這句話的意思是“當(dāng)一個(gè)裁縫店在我眼前出現(xiàn)時(shí)，我想穿街過(guò)去” across street穿過(guò)街道的固定搭配。through一般用于穿過(guò)某種建筑物內(nèi)部。 9.C解釋：我們的巴士駛過(guò)人民大會(huì)堂。經(jīng)過(guò)某種建筑物，用past. 10.A解釋：這個(gè)老師忙于教書(shū)。be busy with sth.這里的教書(shū)是指一件事情，是名詞詞性。 11.B解釋：be busy in doing sth.正忙于(做)某事的固定搭配。 這個(gè)老師忙于改試卷。改試卷是一種正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。,同學(xué)們的問(wèn)題,關(guān)于below與under，above與over 1、關(guān)于below與under： 理解這兩個(gè)詞不同的最好方法，就是把它們與above和over來(lái)進(jìn)行類比。其實(shí)below是above的反義詞，under是over的反義詞，下面先看兩個(gè)介詞的相同之處： 在表示數(shù)量或程度不同時(shí)，即“在限度以下”或“在數(shù)目