英語語法：比較結構終極大總結

1、比較結構的講解(34句)來自長難句：1、it is not thatbut that這不是說而是說(分析見22)It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparayue and of couse much more accurate in its measurement than th

2、e former.2、nothing less than完全是，實在是What the man said was noting else than nonsense.那個人講的話完全是一派胡言。It is nothing else than a blackmail.這簡直就是敲竹杠。3、as引導的特殊狀語從句，翻譯時作定語從句處理。We hope the measures to control prices ,as they have been taken by the government, will succeed.4、n.+or + n. or 后面的名詞是同位語，應譯為“即，或者”。M

3、oreover , technology includes techniques, or ways to do things ,as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.再者，除機器外，技術還包括技藝，即制作方法，而運用這些技藝并不一定都要機器。我們希望，政府已經(jīng)采取的控制物價的措施將取得成功。5、morethanThe complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fund

4、amental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.人類社會形式的復雜性和社會制度的不公正性要求對社會基本結構進行徹底變革，而一些政客口頭上是很不情愿承認這一點的。（than連接肯定形式的從句時，該從句譯為否定句。）It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependend, and that the so-called division

5、between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.看來，這兩門學科是相互依存的，因為在理論科學家和應用科學家之間，與其說存在著所謂的區(qū)分，不如說這種區(qū)分只是表面存在的。（在比較的基礎上表示選擇關系時，可譯為“與其說不如說”）There are more cars on the roads in summer than in winter.夏天公路上的汽車比冬天的多。（進行同類比較時，譯成“比更”）6、no morethan與notany more than The food on th

6、e ship was no better than on any ship on which Billy had sailed.這條船上的食品并不如比利工作過的其他船上的（食品）好。The archaeologists efforts are not directed at“proving”the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated正如上帝不能從科學上證明一樣，考古學家們的努力并不是要“驗證”圣經(jīng)的正確性。No one can hold back the

7、tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has brust the dam.任何人都無法阻止革命的洪流，正如一個人不能拿著掃帚去擋住決了堤的洪水一樣。7、not so much as 與其說不如Science moves forward, they say , not so much through the insights of great men of genius as（Science moves forward省略的成分） because of more ordinary thi

8、ngs like improved techniques and tools.新學派科學家說，科學的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源于改進了的技術和工具等等更為普遍的東西。8、the same asYou have made the same mistake as last time.9、no less than（no lessthan）不但而且；不亞于；簡直是，實在是China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution.中國

9、始終堅持獨立自主，不但在進行革命方面，而且在經(jīng)濟政策方面?！窘馕觥縩o lessthan連接兩個并列成分，信息重心在前，因此漢譯是要倒過來譯。There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.到會的有一千人之多。（有“到會人多”的含義）no less than連寫時，意為“不亞于”、“多達”，強調(diào)數(shù)量多。not less than連寫時，意為“不少于”，無數(shù)量多少含義。如：There were not less than noe thousand people at the meeting.到會的至少有一千人。（沒有表達到會人

10、多或少的含義。）It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.如此所要高價，簡直是敲詐。10、none other than 不是正是；除了外，不會是Reaction other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together.當這些反應物放在一起時，常發(fā)生不希望有的一些反應。Other women than Sally would have said nothing.除了薩利，別的女子就什么也不說了【解析】other than可分寫為othe

11、rthan, other后可插入名詞，than的意思是“除了”。11、nothing but=nothing else than=nothing less than不是別的正是Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才不過是勞動加勤奮而已。His failure was due to nothing else than his carelessness.他的失敗完全是由于他自己的粗心。His negligence was nothing less than criminal.他的粗心大意無異于犯罪。12、much less = still less

12、更不用說I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings我不能同意這種行為，更談不上參加這些行動了。He is too shy to ask a strange the time, still less speak to a room full of people.(對著充滿人的房間講話，由于文化差異，原本意思就是對著一屋子的人講話)to say nothing ,not to speak of, not to mention, let alone都是更不必說的意思。但這些詞組可以隨前一句的意思而定，前一句是肯定，則

13、追加的也是肯定意義，如果前一句是否定，則追加的也是否定意義。比較下面兩個句子。In old China ,there was hardly any machine-building industry ,to say nothing of electronic industry在舊中國，幾乎沒有什么機械制造工業(yè)，更不用說電子工業(yè)了。Sally takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lesions.Sally上了唱歌和舞蹈課，而且還上了游泳和網(wǎng)球課。13、anything but(but意為

14、except) 根本不；all but（but意為except）幾乎，差一點，除以外其余都是；but for要不是；but that+從句；若不是nothing but（but意為except） 只不過Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.(句中but作介詞，意為except)雖然他單獨一人呆在這所無人居住的房子里，但他埋頭于研究工作，一點也沒感到孤獨。（除了孤獨之外可以感受到任何事情，其意思為他一點也不感到孤獨。）The method

15、of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 科學研究的方式是人類思維活動的必要表達方式，也就是對一切現(xiàn)象進行思索并給以準確而嚴謹?shù)谋磉_方式。It was all but impossible to climb ba

16、ck into the boat.再回到小船上已經(jīng)不可能了。But for the rain we could have had a nice holiday.要不是這場雨，我們應該度過了一個愉快的假期。14、not nearly=far from，much less than相差很遠，遠遠少于The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing fo

17、od.食品供應將遠遠趕不上人口增長，這就意味著我們在糧食的生產(chǎn)和購銷兩方面正陷入危機。15、can nottoo再也不過分。We cannot be too faithful to our duties.【誤譯】我們不能太終于值守?！菊g】我們必須盡力忠于職守（我們再忠于職守也不為過。）You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.你應該十分重視這件事。16、as well as=in addition也，和一樣，除之外，不但而且The Socialist Revolution requires a change of the supe

18、rstructure as well as a change of the economic basis.社會主義革命不僅要求改變經(jīng)濟基礎，也要求改變上層建筑?！窘馕觥縜s well as 作連詞連接兩個對等的部分，其信息重心在as well as 之前的部分，翻譯時應先翻譯as well as之后的部分，再翻譯as well as之前的部分。Revolution in the Marxist science means a moral as well as a material change.根據(jù)馬克思主義的學說，革命不但意味著物質(zhì)的改變，而且意味著精神的改變。17、more than+從句

19、（謂語中含can 或could）意為：“實在不能”Some math problems in that book are more than I can work out.那本書上的數(shù)學難題我實在解不出來。18、only to+V. “結果卻”表示與句子謂語動作的目的相反的結果。They dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.他們不必花錢去劇院、電影院、或歌劇院買

20、價格昂貴的票，結果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)，演出的節(jié)目令人失望。19、Nor +because.“不是因為”Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.我之所以教書，不是因為我認為自己能夠解答問題，也不是因為我有滿腹學問，覺得非與人分享不可。20、（there be）no+主語+but+謂語+其他：它實際上是一個雙重否定句，翻譯時采取肯定句的形式。There is no man but has his faults.人皆有過。因此作用相當于whonot,t

21、hatnot,whichnot從而可寫為：There is no man who has not faults.21、“S+be+the last+n.+不定式或從句”意為“決不至于”Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.違約他是絕不會的。22、notbut不是而是；but not 是而不是It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other case, differ in the principles of the

22、ir construction or manner of working; but it is that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 并不是說面包師或賣肉的人所用的磅秤在構造原理或工作方式上和化學家所用的天平存在差異，而是說與前者相比，后者是一種更精密的多的儀器，因而在計量上必然更準確的多。23、would rather + than 寧愿而不愿I would rather die with my head high

23、，with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country），than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me.我寧愿昂著頭，懷著堅定的信念，抱著祖國前途的深刻的信心而死，而不愿在屈從之下背棄神圣的原則而生。24、If only 只要就；only if必須在條件下才 If only we work with might and main, the difficulties will be overcome.

24、只要我們大家全力以赴，必然會克服困難。You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.只有當你將本族語同其他語言進行比較時，你才真正懂得你的本族語。KK在長難句課上所講：比較結構：25、asas 與相似，一樣while there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians ,modern practice most closely conforms to one.有多少歷史學家，就有多少種定義，但現(xiàn)

25、在的實踐大多與其中一個相吻合。26、not so much(否定) as(肯定)與其說是不如說是Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.因為not so much. as是個并列結構，也就是說so和as后面兩個詞的意思應該相同，所以多義介詞through的意思應該等于because of因為，由于。27、less and

26、 more: 不多 more or less： 或多或少Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問。28、not so asIt is not so easy as

27、 in dealing with adults.29、rather thanTraditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.長久以來，法律知識在這類學校里一直被視為律師們所專有的，而不是一個受教育者的知識素養(yǎng)的必要組成部分。30、no/not less than(一樣，同樣)Wa

28、nt of care will not less ruin the good man than the man of lax moralsthe technique of writing is no less difficult than that of the other atrs.寫作技巧和其它技巧一樣都很難?！窘馕觥縒ant of care疏忽大意man of lax morals品行敗壞的人31、no more than=onlyAll his education added up to no more than one year.他只上了一年學32、no morethan=not o

29、nly more than（這個結構是對前后兩者的否定）But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business他最重要的任務并非考慮左右其行為的道德準則，正如一個生意人不會將其精力花在探索生意行為準則一樣。【解析】any more than a busi

30、nessman is expected，is后省略了not被省掉了A home without love is no more a home than a body without soul is a man.【解析】without soul is a man.is后的not被省略了。no more可以換成not33、more than+v./adj 不僅僅是程度加深“太”They may teach well and more than earn their salaries.Your performance is more than excellent.34、less 否定.than mo

31、re肯定than. 這兩個結構中than本身是沒有意義的。主要用法就是謂語動詞要遵循“就近一致原則”，Not only the students but also the teacher was invited. 不僅學生們被邀請，而且那位教師也被邀請了。 （以下為詳細用法） “not only but also ”是一個并列連詞詞組，其意思基本等于“both and ”，但側重點放在“but also”上，另外該詞組使用時須遵守一定的規(guī)則，如要求對稱，倒裝及主謂一致等。以下兩個句子往往被看作是欠妥或錯誤的： 1. *Sitting up late last night, Tom not on

32、ly read the assignment but also many poems by his favourite poet. 2. *Not only the students but also the teacher were invited. 上述兩句第一句欠妥，第二句是錯誤的，應分別改為：1. Sitting up late last night, Tom read not only the assignment but also many poems by his favourite poet. 昨晚湯姆熬至深夜，不僅看了課外作業(yè)，而且讀了他最喜歡的一位詩人的許多詩歌。 2. N

33、ot only the students but also the teacher was invited. 不僅學生們被邀請，而且那位教師也被邀請了。 下面就來談談正確使用該詞組時須注意的幾點事項及其常見的幾種變體形式。 一、使用not only but also 時須注意的幾點： 1. not only與but also后面所連接的詞的詞性必須對等： (1) Frankin was considered not only an inventor, but also a statesman. 富蘭克林不僅被看作發(fā)明家，而且被看作政治家。 (2) The nurse was not only

34、competent but also kind. 這位護士不僅能干而且親切和藹。 (3) They not only broke into his office and stole his books, but also tore up his manuscripts. 他們不僅闖進他的辦公室，偷走了他的書，而且還撕掉了他的手稿。 (4) Not only you but also she has to attend the ceremony. 不令你而且她也得參加典禮。 (5) In production, we should always keep an eye not only on q

35、uantity but also on quality. 在生產(chǎn)中，我們不僅要關注數(shù)量，而且要關注質(zhì)量。 (6) They completed the project not only punctually but also perfectly. 他們不僅準時完成工程，而且完成得很出色。 2. not only只能連用，而but also既可連用，也可分開用： a. He speaks not only English, but also French. 他不僅說英語，還說法語。 b. Television is not only boring, but it also wastes a lo

36、t of time. 電視不僅乏味，而且還浪費許多時間。 c. She was not only compelled to stay at home, but she was also forbidden to see her friends. 她不僅被強迫蹲在家中，而且被禁止去看朋友。 3.謂語動詞的數(shù)應與but also后主語的數(shù)保持一致： Not only you but also Mr Zhang teaches in this college. 不僅你，張老師也在此學院教書。 4. not only放在句首，后接句子時要用倒裝結構： (1) Not only should prole

37、tarians emancipate themselves but also the whole mankind. 無產(chǎn)者不僅要解放他們自己，而且要解放全人類。 (2) Not only does television appeal to those who can read but to those who cant. 電視不僅吸引閱讀的人，而且也吸引了不會閱讀的人。 (3) Not only was everything Albert Einstain had taken away but also his citizenship was deprived of. 愛因斯坦的財產(chǎn)不僅被擄掠一空，而且他的德國國籍也被剝奪了。 (4