商務(wù)英語翻譯教程.ppt

1、商務(wù)英語翻譯教程,College Business English A Course for Translation,從商務(wù)英語翻譯教程這門課的名稱來看， 他有兩個關(guān)鍵詞，一個商務(wù)英語，一個翻譯。這門課就圍繞這兩方面來進(jìn)行。 說到翻譯呢，對于一個優(yōu)秀的翻譯人員的話，理論是基礎(chǔ)，實(shí)踐是真理。 也就是說，實(shí)踐對于學(xué)好翻譯來說是至關(guān)重要的。如果只掌握了理論，而不去實(shí)踐，是不能成為好的翻譯人員的。相反，沒有理論系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)，而有大量的翻譯實(shí)踐，有可能是以為合格的翻譯者。 而商務(wù)英語翻譯除了關(guān)系著翻譯，還涉及到很多商貿(mào)知識。,翻譯理論,在我國，文字翻譯最早開始于春秋時期的越人歌，迄今大約有2500年的歷史

2、，對翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的爭論也有1000多年，但有關(guān)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在翻譯界迄今還沒有達(dá)成“共識”，即還沒有一個大家都認(rèn)同的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 翻譯是一門推敲的，無唯一答案的課程。 國內(nèi)外翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)百家爭鳴、白花齊放。,信、達(dá)、雅”。 1898年，嚴(yán)復(fù)在天演論的譯例言中說：“譯事之難：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信，已大難矣！顧信矣，不達(dá)，雖譯，猶不譯也，則達(dá)尚焉?！焙髞硪话憔桶选靶?、達(dá)、雅”當(dāng)作翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 用今天的話來說，“信”就是忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確，“達(dá)”就是通順流暢，“雅”就是文字古雅。,“功能對等”。 “功能對等”（Functional Equivalence）翻譯準(zhǔn)則是由美國著名翻譯家尤金.奈達(dá)（Eugene A . Nida）博

3、士提出的。在眾多的國外翻譯家中，奈達(dá)的翻譯理論可以說對我國的影響最大。他認(rèn)為，翻譯的預(yù)期目的主要是原文與譯文在信息內(nèi)容、說話方式、文體、風(fēng)格、語言、文化、社會因素諸方面達(dá)到對等。,綜觀國內(nèi)外翻譯家們的觀點(diǎn)，可以得出結(jié)論：中外翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)其實(shí)質(zhì)上有一致性，即：信息對等。 說到底，不管什么樣的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，都離不開一個“真”字，換言之，譯文應(yīng)該是原文信息的真實(shí)反映，譯者最大限度地將原文作者所賦予原文語言文字的“任務(wù)”轉(zhuǎn)譯到譯文里。,譯者應(yīng)具備的能力,翻譯過程是一個語言轉(zhuǎn)化的過程，涉及跨語言，跨文化的內(nèi)容。 外語水平能力 母語水平能力 知識水平能力商務(wù)英語專業(yè)行話 術(shù)語 應(yīng)用水平能力 只有通過練習(xí)實(shí)踐，才能

4、真正提高譯者的翻譯水平,Business negotiations,The conclusion of a favorable sale contract results largely from careful and meticulous(極仔細(xì)的; 一絲不茍的) business negotiation between the exporter and the importer. Trade negotiations in international business background consist of five steps: enquiry, offer, counter-of

5、fer, acceptance, and the formation of contract.,Enquiries,An enquiry is usually made by an importer to an exporter, asking for prices lists, catalogues, samples, and details about the goods or trade terms. However, the exporter, on receiving the enquiry, will make a reply to, thus getting the negoti

6、ation started. Business negotiations in foreign trade usually commence with an enquiry by an overseas buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the sale.,Offers,Definition An offer is a good proposal that is made to a specific individual or entity to enter into a contract. The proposal must co

7、ntain definite terms and must indicate the offerors intent to be bound by an acceptance. The party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the another party that receives the offer is called the offeree.,Definition of an offer,A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more spec

8、ific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. (CISG Art 14-1) CISG: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約,Withdrawal of offer,The withdrawal of offer me

9、ans that the offeror, for some reason, withdraw his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective. This may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes contains some mistake, or that the situation has changed which makes his offer unfavorable to him.,Revocation of offe

10、r,To revoke an offer means that when the offer has reached the offeree, it has become effective, the offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness. The Convention agrees in principle that an offer is revocable before the note of acceptance is dispatched but provides that on the fol

11、lowing two occasions, an offer is irrevocable.A. It indicates, whether by stating a fixed time or otherwise, that it is irrevocable.B. if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.,Termination of offer,“An offer, ev

12、en if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror” (CISG Art.17).,Offers,According to different criteria, offers can be classified into various kind: Selling offersoffers made by the seller Buying offersoffers made by a buyer Firm offers or offers with engagement Indefinite

13、 offers or offers without engagement,Firm offers,A firm offer or an irrevocable offer or an offer firm, is intended to make a contract with the offeree. The terms or conditions put forward in the offer can not be revoked or amended without consents from the other party. Once it is unconditionally ac

14、cepted by the offeree within its validity, the transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately. Until this time, the offer has legally binding force on the both parties. Such offer usually has phrases like: “we offer firm, or we make a firm offer for the following goods”.,Indefinite

15、 offers,An indefinite offer is not binding on the offeror, and is stated unclear, incomplete and with reservation. Some expressions can help the reader to identify this nature of the offer, such as, reference price, subject to our final confirmation, subject to being unsold. Actually, quotation shee

16、ts and price lists can serve as offers without engagement because they only include part of the terms, such as descriptions, specifications and unit prices. They do not include those terms about shipment, payment etc.,Counter-offers,Definition A counter-offer is a reply to an offer that materially a

17、lters the terms of the offer. The party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully accept the business terms offered. He may make a counter-offer, in which some alternations have been made about the business trade terms, such as, the price or other terms with the purpose of bargaining.

18、 There are also two kinds of counter-offer: one with engagement and the other is without engagement.,Acceptance (Accept),Definition An acceptance is an unconditional assent to an offer, or an assent conditioned on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer. The acceptance, in pract

19、ice, serves to conclude the business transaction. It must be absolute and unconditional, otherwise, it is not an acceptance but a counter-offer. An acceptance may be tendered only by the person to whom the offer is directed.,It is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is

20、usually signed to bind both the seller and the buyer. A formal contract should be prepared in duplicate. Both parties should sign each copy, and each party should keep a sign of it. Some of the contracts commonly used in foreign trade are available in printed forms, so that only the date, price, nam

21、e of commodities, names of parties, and similar particulars are needed to be filled in.,Formation of contracts,Definition of contracts,A contract is simply an agreement that defines relationship between one or more parties. A commercial contract, in the simplest term, is merely an agreement made by

22、two or more parties for the purpose of transacting business. If the seller works out a contract, it is called a sales contract; or if the buyer works it out, it is called a purchase contract.,Business procedures,enquiry offer counter-offer acceptance formation of contract. Apply for opening a letter

23、 of credit through a bank receive a complete set of shipping documents check or examine the documents in strict conformity with each other apply for the commodity inspection and quarantine apply for customs entry naturally you find her a sylph.,譯為謂語結(jié)構(gòu),將原主句的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)壓縮成漢語的詞組作譯文的主語，把定語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語，合并成一個句子。 We

24、are a nation that must beg to stay alive. She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere.,譯為獨(dú)立句,由于非限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系比較松散，所以很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為獨(dú)立的句子，關(guān)系代詞只作為一般的代詞，從句也變?yōu)榫渥拥闹黧w。 Once was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. He had talked to the v

25、ice-president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.,譯為簡單句,限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系比較密切，因此可以把主句和從句合并在一起，變成簡單句。這類句子常含有there be等結(jié)構(gòu)。 Is it history you are reading? The oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed. There were men in the crowd who had stood ther

26、e every day for a month.,譯成狀語從句,有些從句形式上是定語從句，但在語法功能及深層含以上卻起著狀語從句的作用，表示時間，地點(diǎn)，原因，結(jié)果，目的，讓步，條件，假設(shè)等。 To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.,We recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of

27、power. He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.,Formality has always characterized their relationship. Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions. He is not very familiar with the biolog

28、ical terms. They returned game and glee. The new contract would be good for ten years. Her voice rings through the whole house.,否定句的翻譯,雙重否定句：肯定譯法(正譯法）和否定譯法。 No children will be admitted unless accompanied by an adult.無大人陪伴，小孩不得入內(nèi)。 Dont come unless I telephone. There is no rule that has no exceptions

29、.,There is no steel not containing carbon. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. We shouldnt be careless of consequences. Unusual occurrences in exporting are not uncommon. An elaborate banquet consisting of 8 to 12 courses in business entertainment is not uncommon in many Asian countries.,雙重否定,

30、主 + never + V.+but + 從句主 + nerve + V. + without + V-ing每必 There is no + 名詞 + but + V沒有一個不 few + 名詞 + but + V幾乎每個都,He never goes to a bookstore but he buys some books. He never goes to a bookstore without buying some books. There is no mother but loves her children. I know few people but are concerne

31、d about the air pollution.,部分否定,All, both, every not并非 所有，兩者，每一not always, not necessarily 未必是 All men are not honest. Both his parents are not living. This train doesnt stop at every stop. The rich are not always happy. Leaves are not necessarily green.,表示“也不”的倒裝句型,否定句 +and + 主語 + 助V.（aus.) + not,

32、either (也不）否定句 + and + nor, neither +助V. (aus.)+ 主語 You do not smoke, nor do I. You do not smoke, and I dont either.,否定句型,The last + 名詞 + to +V. ,that (clause)再怎么說也不會的， 最不可能的 He is the last man for me to invite. This was the last thing I would do.,Fail to + V. = be unable to + V.未能， 沒有 Not, never, f

33、ail to + V. = V. + without fail一定，務(wù)必 He failed to follow my advice. I never fail to keep my word. I keep my word without fail.,Sb. + be above + V-ing, N.恥于， 不屑 He is above such conduct. He is not above asking questions. Far from = anything but = by no means = not at all = not in the least 絕不 He is f

34、ar from honest. His explanation is far from satisfactory.,Nothing but = only 只是 僅僅 All but = almost 幾乎 Cannot but 不得不 禁不住 He was nothing but a child. He was all but drowned. He cannot but laugh.,It goes without saying thatNeedless to say不用說 It goes without saying that education is important. Needles

35、s to say, education is important. Cannottoo愈愈好, 再也不為過 A student cannot be too diligent.,Not so much (A) as (B)與其說A不如說B He is not so much diligent as clever. There is no + V-ingIt is impossible to + V.不可能 There is no knowing what may happen in the future. Leave nothing to be desired = be perfect毫無缺點(diǎn)

36、Your work leaves nothing to be desired.,長句的翻譯,I was on my way home. I was on my way home from tramping about the street. I was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm. I was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm, when I found myself in fron

37、t of the gallery. 劃清主干化整為零（分層次）分而譯之化零為整,斷句譯法， 即將長句斷開后化整為零， 分而譯之。斷句主要是把各種后置修飾語與其被修飾成分拆開，然后單獨(dú)敘述。 He felt that books and the knowledge in them were part of a world that was against him, a world to which he did not belong and which he did not want to enter, the world of which the teachers were represent

38、atives and symbols.,逆序法：再重新組合語言的過程中，經(jīng)原文的一些語句順序打亂，或前置，或后置。 They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship.,順序法：按時間的先后順序，邏輯的先后安排來翻譯。這種譯法與漢語的表達(dá)順序基本相同，可順譯而為。 The Security Council shall hold periodic meeting at which each of its membe

39、rs may, if it so desires, be represented by a member of the government or by some other specially designated representative.,轉(zhuǎn)句譯法，即把長句中的某些詞，詞組轉(zhuǎn)移成句子。 Pressure of work has somewhat delayed our tour; anyway, another hours ride will bring us to the village.由于工作很忙，行程稍遲了一些；不管怎樣，只要在行車一小時，我們就可以到達(dá)那個小村莊。主語轉(zhuǎn)句）

40、 After an hour, the trail took them by a low, spreading tree strung thickly with beads.走了一個小時，他們走到了一個矮矮的枝繁葉茂的樹旁，樹上密密麻麻地掛滿了念珠。（定語轉(zhuǎn)句）,狀語從句的翻譯,翻譯狀語從句涉及的主要問題是語序問題。英漢兩種語言的思維方式表達(dá)習(xí)慣不盡相同。英語的方式，比較，結(jié)果等狀語從句一般為與主句之后，其它狀語從句的位置則比較靈活。漢譯時，應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，比較和結(jié)果狀語從句放在主句之后，方式狀語從句可前可后，其它狀語從句通常在主句之前。,狀語從句前置 We can certainly

41、overcome these difficulties so long as we are closely united.（條件） 狀語從句后置 The temperature in the sun is so high that nothing can exist in solid state. (結(jié)果）,狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)譯 New things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow. When you have tanks of air on you, you can stay in deep wate

42、r for a long time. If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only. Skill and patience will succeed where force fails.,主語從句的翻譯,由代詞what, how,等引導(dǎo)的主語從句，常譯為“（所）的”結(jié)構(gòu)。 What is hard is

43、 to do good all ones life and never do anything bad. How the advanced worker managed to raise production is of interest to us all.,Whatever, whoever等連詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句，是what, who等的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，一般譯為”所的一切”，“無論誰都”。 Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression. Whatever was said here must be kep

44、t secret. Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.,由that, what, whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句，一般位于句子的后面，代詞it作形式主語放在句首。It有時可以省略不譯，但表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時應(yīng)譯出。 It is often asked what the mechanism of cancer is. It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.,It is a fact that the U.S. has sent his fleet to all parts of the world. It is common sense that a liquid has no definite shape, yet it has a definite volume. 主語從句可以直接放在句首，翻譯時可按原句語序。若表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，隱含的it應(yīng)譯出。 That she is still alive is a cons