初中英語閱讀理解做題技巧.ppt

1、,得 閱 讀 者 得 天 下,閱 讀 理 解 之 技 巧,初中 閱讀理解,閱讀材料,題材： 故事，寓言， 人物，科普，政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會文化、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、歷史、地理等 體裁： 記敘文、說明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文，新聞報道、廣告、通知、操作說明、書信，圖畫，表格等,學(xué)生素質(zhì),閱讀速度 理解程度 思維能力 綜合文化素質(zhì),具體考查的內(nèi)容,理解具體信息 推測生詞詞義 理解概念性含義 判斷、推理和引申 理解主旨要義 理解結(jié)構(gòu)，句段關(guān)系 理解作者意圖,解題步驟,一、快速閱讀，讀懂大意 二、明確要求，逐一解答 三、重讀問題，理解問題 四、帶著問題，重讀文章 五、復(fù)讀全文，最后把關(guān),題型大聚會,1. 推理題 2. 詞匯

2、題 3. 主旨題 4. 態(tài)度觀點題 5. 指代題,解題技巧碰碰碰,（一）推理題及解題技巧,推理題： 數(shù)字推理 知識推斷 邏輯推理 細(xì)節(jié)推斷 考查理清上下邏輯關(guān)系的能力（最難）。,考查學(xué)生,判斷、推理和引申 理解作者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度 常用邏輯詞: “infer, conclude, imply, suggest”等。,推論,推斷,暗示,暗示,技巧,1. 吃：吃透意思 2. 捕：捕捉線索 3. 挖：挖掘加工 4. 握：把握關(guān)系 5. 摸：揣摸作者,1.數(shù)字推斷題,Mr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was s

3、even. Through the hole（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot, said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）.1. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire _.A. at the age of seven B. seven years oldC. in the year of 1898 D. more than（超過）8

4、0 years ago,A,When he was seven years old,Party in Taiwan. On his nine-day trip from May 5-13, he visited Xian, Nanjing, Shanghai and Changsha, as well as Beijing. Soong, 63, was born in Xiangtan, Hunan Province in 1942. He went to Taiwan with his father at the age of seven. 67. Soong went to Taiwan

5、 with his father in _. A. 1942 B. 1945 C. 1949 D. 1948,1.數(shù)字推斷題,C,例題： The United States became an independent country in 1783, and New York Was its capital for a short time. The United States became an independent country in _. A. the 17th century B. the 16th century C. the 18th century D. the 19th c

6、entury,注意年與世紀(jì)的關(guān)系，例如：1867年是19世紀(jì)，1990年是20世紀(jì), 2008年是21世紀(jì)。,C,2. 知識推斷題,知識推斷： 根據(jù)細(xì)節(jié)，運用基礎(chǔ)知識進(jìn)行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原義的結(jié)論的一種推斷方法。,實例Tokyo：Three snakes, whose poison could kill a person in ten minutes, are guarding a blue star sapphire（藍(lán)寶石）worth nearly six hundred dollars at a Japanese exhibition of jewels sent from an

7、 Indian museum. “Normally it would be forbidden to let these poisonous snakes guard exhibition objects, but its different this time because the jewels are being exhibited at a hotel,” a police said.The jewels was being shown in _.A. an Indian hotel B. an Indian museum C. a Japanese hotel D. a Japane

8、se museum,C,3. 邏輯結(jié)論推斷題,邏輯結(jié)論： 指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文中所陳述的事實、論點、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料進(jìn)行推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論，而不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗、態(tài)度或觀點去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。,實例,My father has little time for films. But one day as he finished his work, he found a film ticket under the glass on the desk. He went to the cinema quickly. When he was seated, a woman came to my fa

9、ther and said the seat was hers. They both took out their tickets and found the seat shown on them was Row 8,Seat 16. After looking at the ticket more carefully, my father said, “Sorry, its not todays ticket.” From this passage we can know that the writers father was _.,careless,4. 細(xì)節(jié)推斷題,為了闡明主題，作者將陳

10、述一些事實來支持主題，如what, who, where, when, 等，即“supporting details”。,所依據(jù)的 細(xì)節(jié),實例,When the bell was ringing. The boys came into the room. Each one had a bat or a ball. All had red faces. They were glad to get into their seats. The teacher said it was time to get back to work. Which of the following sentence i

11、s probably true? A. The class was over. B. The boys had just come back from playing. C. The teacher told the boys to work.,B,很可能的,細(xì)節(jié)認(rèn)定題。此類題主要考查學(xué)生對相關(guān)信息的識別能力，旨在考查學(xué)生對短文的關(guān)鍵詞句、某個具體事實、具體情節(jié)或特定的細(xì)節(jié)是否注意和理解。,【考題再現(xiàn)】（2007蘭州中考題）,Vision-phones can be of great use when you have something to show the person whom you

12、 are calling. It may also have other uses in the future. Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone. You may be able to do some shopping through it, too. 59.In the future, you can use a vision-phone to _. A. read a book B. ask an assistant to re

13、ad a book for you C. ask an assistant to bring you a book D. ask an assistant to do some shopping for you,A,【剖析】根據(jù)Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone.結(jié)合someday與題干中的In the future 相等。所以答案為A,The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. It i

14、s cold and dark. The deeper it is, the less light there is. At the depth of about 3,000feet, there is not light at all. Besides the cold and darkness, sea animals face a third dangerother animals. Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. However, some eat meat.,【考題再現(xiàn)】（2007天津

15、中考題）,63. How many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea according to the passage? A. One B. Two C. Three D.Four 65.According to the passage, which of the following is WRONG? A. When one animal finds something to eat, it may be eaten by others. B. Many sea animals eat plants. C. The deeper the se

16、a is, the darker it is. D. At the depth of 3,000 feet, all animals can find their ways.,63.選C根據(jù)文中第五段Besides the cold and darkness, sea animals face a third danger-other animals這組句子。 64.選D根據(jù)文中第四段第二行”At the depth of about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all.可推斷；沒有光線，就很難找到路，D項不符,常見的推理判斷題題干,According t

17、o the passage，what /which is“”? Which of the following statement is (not) true/ correct/mentioned/listed/included? All of the following statements are true/correct/ mentioned except_?,根據(jù),下面的,陳述，表述,正確的,正確的,提到的,列出的,包括的,除了.(不包括),（二）詞匯題及解題技巧,測試學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文正確推測判斷詞義的能力。 標(biāo)志是 The underlined word “” in line refer

18、s to ,下劃線的,在第行的,指的是,技巧,返回原文，找到該句子 結(jié)合上下文，理解該詞意思 重點抓字面含義，不要進(jìn)行歸納，演繹，推理 選項中的正確答案意思與原句完全相同，只是用其他詞匯表達(dá) 超綱 詞匯不是正確答案 正確答案常蘊藏在原文該詞出現(xiàn)前后,1. 通過因果關(guān)系猜詞,借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞(如because，as，since， for，so，thus，as a result，of course， therefore等等),You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.,猜詞題實例,因為,因此,結(jié)果,因此,錯誤,2. 通過同義

19、詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞,1)同義詞 and 連接的詞組 e.g. happy and gay 解釋過程中使用的同義詞 e.g. Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars, and Jupiter.,行星,金星,火星,木星,2) 反義詞,表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞， 如but，while，however等,與not搭配的或表示否定意義 的詞語,1. He is so homely，not as handsome as his brother.,or 連接的詞組,2. happy or sorrowful,3. 通過構(gòu)詞法猜詞,1).前綴u

20、n-表反義詞，如happy、unhappy， fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。,2).后綴- ment表名詞，如develop、 development，state、statement， argue、argument等。,3).后綴-er、-or或 -ist表同源名詞， 如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor， law、lawyer，wait、waiter， science、scientist，art、artist等。 。,4. 通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測詞義,But sometimes, no rain falls for

21、a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.,干旱,5. 通過句法功能來推測詞義,Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.,椰子,6. 通過描述猜詞,The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can

22、swim in the icy water to catch the fish.,企鵝,When Jack first heard about these children, he wanted to help them. Once Jack went to meet a little girl in Africa. “When I met her, I felt very very happy.” He said “And I saw that the money was used for a good cause. I want to do everything I want to go

23、on helping those children.” 65.The underlined words “for a good cause” means “_” in Chinese. A. 施舍 B. 行善 C. 優(yōu)惠 D. 賞賜,【剖析】單從cause一詞很難判斷，cause有“原因，理由，事業(yè)”，也有“使引起、使招致的意思。因為整篇文章說的是Jack給兒童的捐款行為。劃線短語的句子的意思是：他看到這些錢用于”行善“，這給他帶來很多快樂。,【考題再現(xiàn)】（2007重慶中考題）,（三）主旨題及解題技巧,主旨要義 整體理解 概括能力 標(biāo)志詞有： “mainly about； mainly dis

24、cuss； best title”等。,標(biāo)題,主要的,討論,技巧,注意首段和各段第一句話,將其含義連接成一個整體 小心“首段陷阱”,不要一看開頭就選擇答案,常見提問：,1. What is the main idea of this passage?2. What is the authors main point?3. What is the subject of this passage?4.The main purpose of the passage?5. The title of this passage would be _.,中心思想,主題,作者的主要觀點,目的,6. The b

25、est title of this passage could (would) be _. 7. What can be the best title for the text? 8. The topic sentence of the passage is _. 9. The writer in the text mainly tells us _. 10. The passage is mainly aimed to _.,主題句,目的在于,11. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us _. 12. What is the passage mainly about? 13

26、. Which of the following sentence can best describe the main idea of the passage?,描述,短文,大意,In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beatNo single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythmAs you listen to a song，your foot usually start

27、s to pick up the beatBefore long，your entire body seems to be moving with itYour head pounds with the beat，and there is no room for thoughtOnly the surge of the music is importantIn its own way，rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an ever-growing emotional one,在這一段文章中 “In

28、rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.” 為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在第2、4、6句里重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，而第3句中的“rhythm”(節(jié)奏)跟“beat”(強烈的節(jié)奏)意思基本一致，這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請注意：第8、9句作者重申并總結(jié)了主題句，而不是說段末是主題句。,例2 The vegetable and fruit and flower merchants are surrounded by baskets of purple eggplants, green peppers，string

29、s of tiny silvery onions，heads of bitter Indian spinachand a dozen Indian vegetables for which I dont even know the English namesI had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow. In Russia，as winter approache

30、s all vegetables except for potatoes and the pervasive cabbage in soup seem to disappear from the menus,主題句在中間的第二句“I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow.”,People live in cities today think that mea

31、t is something that comes wrapped in cellophane(玻璃紙)From the supermarket，potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags，and feather grows in hats. The city dwellers views are quite different from the views of their ancestors, who knew that? meat is hunted down in the forest，potatoes are planted

32、 and weeded，and only birds can produce1eathers. Yet, whether people today realize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were,主題句為最后一句 “Yet，whether people today realize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their e

33、xistence as their ancestors were.”,關(guān)鍵-主題句,主題句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。 三個特點： （1）總領(lǐng)性強，概括性強 （2）結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，不用難句 （3）其他句子解釋、支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句，起服從、論證、補充的作用,實例,Joshua Bingham studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He changed to the University of Berlin and graduated with honor

34、s. Harvard Law School and later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a business lawyer in Miami, Florida. 從以上這個段落，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有一個句子可以單獨陳述該段落的主題，那么，作者寫這個段落的目的是什么呢？通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解每個句子的意思之后，我們便可領(lǐng)悟，作者想告訴讀者的是：Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. 所以說這種文章（或段落）只能從文章

35、的字里行間去理解作者的意圖，這樣才能推斷出文章的主旨大意。,實例,All students of geography should be able to explain a weather map exactly. Weather condition is a huge amount of information about condition at a time of observation over a large geographical area. They show in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describ

36、e. The United States Weather Office gives out information about coming storms, floods, freeze, dryness, and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it gives out a 30-day “out-look” which is a basic guide to weather conditions likely to happen all over the United States.,Question： What is t

37、he main idea of this passage? A. Weather maps are very important to students of geography. B. Weather maps can have a 30-day “outlook”. C. Students of geography should be able to make weather maps exactly. D. Those who major in geography should have the ability to have a good understanding of a weat

38、her map.,（四）態(tài)度觀點題及解題技巧,理解作者的意圖,觀點或態(tài)度的能力。標(biāo)志詞: attitude , purpose等。,態(tài)度,目的,技巧,態(tài)度詞: Opposition反對，suspicion懷疑的，Approval支持，Optimistic樂觀的，subjective主觀的，objective客觀的，pessimistic悲觀的，biased有偏見的，impartial公正的，sensitive 敏感的， indifference冷漠(一般不選) 。 不要攙雜自己的觀點 尋找文中具有感情色彩的詞 抓論述的主線及舉例的方式,49. What do you think of the

39、taxi driver?_ A. He was not an honest person. B. He liked to work very hard. C. He was good at driving D. He was a kind and clever man,選A.出租車司機在火車站在載了一名客人去一個很近的酒店，但他卻繞路多賺車費?？腿朔浅鈶嵉卣f：“What?Fifteen dollars?Do you think Im a fool?Only last week, I took a taxi from the rail station to the same hotel and

40、 I only give the driver thirteen dollars.”從When the taxi driver heard that, he didnt feel happy any more及But suddenly, he had an idea.He took the passenger through many streets of the city可知司機不誠實。誠實的人還用繞道嗎？,（五）指代題及解題技巧,整體理解文章的能力， 并推斷出該處指代詞所代表的含義。,技巧,返回原文，找出題的指代詞 找最近的名詞,名詞性詞組或句子 將找到的替換該指代詞,看意思是否通順 找出

41、最佳答案,If you are visiting another country you may feel that you dont have any private space. Hotel rooms look much the same in every country in the world. All day long ,you share public spaces with other people. You see the local people in their private spaces and you feel lonely and “outside”. Local

42、 people can create their private spaces by talking about things you dont know about .And you even feel that they like you to be outside them so that they will enjoy being inside even more! This is one of the difficulties of being a traveler! But if you understand it then it helps you .Havent you enj

43、oyed being part of a group and “owning” a bit of space? 3.In Paragraph 4 ,the pronoun “them refers to（所指） “_”. A.public spaces B.private spacesC.local people,典型例題分析根據(jù)內(nèi)容，從短文后每題的四個選項中選擇最佳的一項。Mr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was seven. Through the hole（洞）in the earth you co

44、uld see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot, said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）.Now, we can only see the smoke. The fire Mr Brown saw is not the underground - fire. In fact, there are 260 coal（煤）fires in the world. They are harmful（有害）and dangerous. Th

45、en how to put them out?Scientists have tried to set（放置）fire to underground coal to speed up（加速）the fires. In this way, the burning（燃燒）of underground coal would be soon finished.（被燒完）。,1. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire _.A. at the age of sevenB. seven years oldC. in the year of 1898D. more

46、 than（超過）80 years ago 2. Mr Brown said that we had to take a fast look at the fire because _.A. it was in the holeB. it was very hotC. it was orange D. it was harmful 3. How many coal fires are there in the world?A. Theres only one.B. Its hard to say.C. There are 260.D. The article（文章）doesnt tell us

47、.,A,B,C,4. Whats one of the best ways to put out（撲滅）the underground fire?A. To cover（覆蓋）the holes with stones（石塊）.B. To speed up the fires.C. To see the fires burning.D. To do some experiments（試驗）. 5. What is the best title（標(biāo)題）for the article?A. Watching the Underground - Fire.B. A Way to Put Out th

48、e Coal Fires.C. The Burning Earth.D. Coal and Coal Fires.,B,B,分析 1. 在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到依據(jù)。at the age of seven 等于when he was seven，故正確答案為 A 。 2這一題可以在第一段里直接找到答案，屬于直接回答題。正確答案為 B。 3這一題可以在第二段里直接找到答案，屬于直接回答題。正確答案為 C。 4在文章的最后一段提到了撲滅火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃燒。正確答案為 B。 5完成這道題需作一定的歸納，因為文章中沒有給出直接的回答。文章從Mr Brown兩次看火，然后說出地下火

49、的危害，最后提出如何滅火的方法。文章的前兩段是給為什么要滅火和如何滅火鋪墊，如何滅火才是文章的中心。故正確答案為 B。,閱讀理解題型,ture or fause,A,B,C or D,Answer the questions,一、根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容判斷正誤 Fred telephoned his wife. “Ive got two free tickets for the theatre tonight,” he told her. “Meet me outside the office. Well have something to eat and then go on to the theat

50、re.”Freds wife was very pleased. They hadnt been to the theatre for a long time. She met her husband as he told her. They had dinner and got to the theatre just in time.At the entrance Fred took out his wallet to get the tickets. “Its very strange,” he said. “They arent here!” “Try your pockets,” sa

51、id his wife. But the tickets werent there, either.Then Fred looked very embarrassed (尷尬). “Whats the matter?” asked his wife. “Well,” Fred said, “I remember what I did with my tickets. I put them in my bag. But because I wasnt going home, I left it in the office!”,( ) 1. One day, Fred was given the

52、tickets for the theatre.( ) 2. Fred and his wife went to the theatre quite often.( ) 3. Fred wanted to meet his wife in a restaurant.( ) 4. They reached the theatre neither late nor early.( ) 5. Then Fred couldnt find his tickets and remembered what he had done with the tickets.,1、T 因為第一段中提到Fred tol

53、d his wife “Ive got two free tickets” “free” 此處是免費的意思。 2、F 第二段中提到“They hadnt been to the theater for a long time.” 3、F 第一段中Fred說“Meet me outside the office.” 4、T 第二段中“in time”是及時的意思。5T 結(jié)尾處提到的。,David McConnell sold books from door to door. Housewives(家庭主婦)were not interested in the books. Usually bef

54、ore he had enough time to say anything about his books, the women closed their doors. But he didnt give up. McConnell decided to bring each of them a present, a small bottle of perfume(香水)made by himself. He soon found that the women liked the perfume better than the books. He stopped selling books

55、to sell perfume instead and started his own company “Avon”, which is a great success.When you do nothing, you learn nothing. But when you try, even though you are not successful, you will learn what doesnt work and that puts you closer to what will work. It doesnt matter how many times you are not s

56、uccessful. It does matter that you will be successful one day.,Edison was not on the way to success until people bought his first invention. Success once is enough for Edison. And the same for yousuccess once is enough.( ) 1. McConnell was successful as a book-seller.( ) 2. McConnell hoped those wom

57、en would buy his books if he brought them each a present.( ) 3. If you do nothing at all, you will never be successful.( ) 4. Edison was successful at the very beginning.( ) 5. The writer encouraged us to try as much as we can.,F T T F T,1、F 從第一段“He stopped selling books to sell perfume stead.”，可以判斷

58、出他在推銷書方面并不成功。2、T 第一段第三行提到“McConnell decided to bring each of them a present,”。3、T 這句是第二段前兩句的解釋。 4、F 最后一段，第一句說明Edison 的發(fā)明被人們認(rèn)可后才走上了成功之路。5、T 第二段中作者提出了自己的觀點。,Sociologists(社會學(xué)家), working in western countries, have found that a large number of women wished they had been born men. The number is said to be

59、 as high as 60% in Germany.“Women often wish they had the same chances as men have, and think it is still mens world,” said Dr James Helen, one of the sociologists who did the study.Many men say that they have more duties than women. A man has to make money to support(養(yǎng)活)his family and to make the important decision, so it is right for men to