高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分

1、2016屆高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分考點(diǎn)1. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞是根據(jù)動(dòng)詞在句子中的含義和作用來(lái)劃分的。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也叫行為動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明確的意義，單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “買”，意義明確，單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞是指那些用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、疑問(wèn)句、否定句和倒裝句和幫助強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無(wú)詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)的：The boy is

2、 crying.(is 用來(lái)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，和crying一起作謂語(yǔ)，是助動(dòng)詞)I have been painting all day. （have been用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，和painting一起作謂語(yǔ)，是助動(dòng)詞。）幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問(wèn)句的：Does he like English? (does幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的Trees are planted in spring. (are幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞)T

3、he house has been pulled down. (has been幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，是助動(dòng)詞)幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣，是助動(dòng)詞，屬于謂語(yǔ)的一部分。)幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此愛(ài)他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞)幫助構(gòu)

4、成強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的He did come yesterday. (did起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞)因此可以看出，常見(jiàn)的助動(dòng)詞為do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局鷦?dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同助動(dòng)詞一樣，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ)。因此，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也稱為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同基本助動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)意義，而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有自己的意義。如：He can swim across the river.(can的詞義為“能夠”)You must stay at home. (must詞義為“必須”)I might leave tomorrow. （might的詞義為“或許”）考點(diǎn)2.

5、 謂語(yǔ)和非謂語(yǔ)在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，再出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要變成非謂語(yǔ)形式，非謂語(yǔ)是指：動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤1.Get up early is good for our health.2.My favorite sport is play football.3.There is a bird sings in the tree.4.The house was built last year has been sold out.5.The girls are singing over there are my classmates.6.I reme

6、mber saw him that day.考點(diǎn)3. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)1.He invited us to come to the party. (us是賓語(yǔ)，to come to the party是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)合一起稱為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。)2.Its important for us to learn English well. (it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是for us to learn English well?！皍s”是“to learn English well”的邏輯主語(yǔ)，二者構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。for somebody to do som

7、ething是動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。)3.Its very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）4.Toms coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom遲到使我們老師生氣。coming是動(dòng)名詞，Toms coming late是動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。Tom是coming late的邏輯主語(yǔ)，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。)句子成分英語(yǔ)的句子成分主要有六種：即主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)）,除了這六種主要成分之外，還有“表語(yǔ)”和“同位語(yǔ)”的說(shuō)法。主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子

8、所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來(lái)充當(dāng)?？梢宰髦髡Z(yǔ)的詞性或語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：1.名詞 2.代詞 3.數(shù)詞 4.名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）5.不定式 6.動(dòng)名詞 7.主語(yǔ)從句等表示。改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤1.He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2.That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.3.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.4.Gone is the days when I had to g

9、o to school on foot.5.Play basketball is my favorite sport.謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. / He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there./ I would stay at hom

10、e all day.（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和表語(yǔ)一起作謂語(yǔ)。如：We are students./ Your idea sounds great.表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)由名詞性的詞充當(dāng)，表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)

11、成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說(shuō)，在意思上，賓語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語(yǔ)。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等）+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。用線劃出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 4.We saw her entering the room.5.We found everything in the lab in good or

12、der.6.We will soon make our city what your city is now.主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充。（含有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子在變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，原來(lái)的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。）He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用“的”表示。狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子, 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。同位語(yǔ)同

13、位語(yǔ)是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說(shuō)明的成分。如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語(yǔ)，都是指同一批學(xué)生）We all are students. (all是we的同位語(yǔ)，都指同樣的我們）Its good to us students. (students是us的同位語(yǔ)）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型 一：（主謂）這類句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都是不及物動(dòng)詞，都不帶賓語(yǔ)，但可以帶狀語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的不及物動(dòng)詞有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, ris

14、e, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. / Weve worked for 5 hours. The meeting lasted half an hour. / Time flies. 基本句型 二：（主系表）常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞: 用

15、來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞:用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鮮。The house stood empty for years.房子空了數(shù)年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒

16、著。表“像”系動(dòng)詞: 用來(lái)表示看起來(lái)像這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差了。/ He appears young. 他看起來(lái)很年輕。 感官系動(dòng)詞：感官系動(dòng)詞主要有l(wèi)ook看起來(lái)，feel摸起來(lái);感覺(jué), smell聞起來(lái), sound聽(tīng)起來(lái), taste嘗起來(lái)：This kind of cloth feels very soft. / This flower smells very sweet. 變化系動(dòng)詞：這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get,

17、go, come, run.He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。She grew rich within a short time. 她沒(méi)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in spring.雞蛋夏天容易變壞。What he had dreamt of came true.他的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。Still waters run deep.靜水流深。終止系動(dòng)詞：表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)證實(shí)，變成之意，例如：The rumor proved false.

18、這謠言證實(shí)有假。What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他預(yù)言的結(jié)果是錯(cuò)的?；揪湫?三：（主謂賓）此結(jié)構(gòu)是由“主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞（詞組）+賓語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成。賓語(yǔ)可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞，動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或詞組、the +形容詞、分詞以及從句等。如，She likes English.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.基本句型 四：（主謂雙賓語(yǔ)）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語(yǔ)；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語(yǔ)。如：He g

19、ave me a cup of tea. / Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接賓語(yǔ)為人稱代詞：動(dòng)詞+ 代詞直接賓語(yǔ) +介詞+ 間接賓語(yǔ)。如：Bring it to me, please. (不能說(shuō) Bring me it, please。)常跟雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell，wish, wr

20、ite等（需借助for 的） buy, get, make, order, save, sing,等He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book= She bought a book for John.基本句型 五：（主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子的特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。The war made him a soldier./ New

21、methods make the job easy. I often find him at work. / The teacher asked the students to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road.there be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主語(yǔ) + 狀語(yǔ) 構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)某地存在有，它其實(shí)是倒裝的一種情況，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無(wú)實(shí)際意義。1.be 與其后的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上一致，有時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化?，F(xiàn)在時(shí) there is / are 過(guò)去時(shí) there w

22、as / were將來(lái)時(shí) there will be/ there is / are going to be.完成時(shí) there has / have been可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been.過(guò)去曾經(jīng)有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 2.可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive

23、,等詞代替be動(dòng)詞。此時(shí)還表示存在有，但表意要更具體一些。Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for help. There exists no air on the moon.There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句?？键c(diǎn)1. 簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。前面六種基本句型都是簡(jiǎn)單句。e.g. He often

24、 reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（劃線部分為并列謂語(yǔ) ，只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，仍為簡(jiǎn)單句。）考點(diǎn)2. 并列句由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。要注意,逗號(hào)是不可以連接句子的，這一點(diǎn)和漢語(yǔ)不同。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is

25、 tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor等連接。 The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away.表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。Hurry up, or youll miss the train.表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet,

26、while, when等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.考點(diǎn)3復(fù)合句復(fù)合句是有一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子，其中主句是句子的主體，從句不能獨(dú)立存在，只能

27、作為句子的一個(gè)成分。其中從句包含：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。1.It is wrong. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句）What he said is wrong.（what he said,是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he為主語(yǔ)，said為謂語(yǔ)，what是賓語(yǔ)。What he said is wrong. 是另外一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。What he said作主語(yǔ)，is wrong系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語(yǔ)。因此，本句是復(fù)合句。What he said是名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)）。2.The boy over there is my brother. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句

28、）The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.（The boy is my brother.是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu) who is wearing a hat也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，作了前一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)the boy的定語(yǔ)。因此本句是復(fù)合句。）3.I was doing my homework at six. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句）I was doing my homework when he came in.（I was doing my homework是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he came in也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。后面一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作前一個(gè)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。因此是復(fù)合

29、句。練習(xí)1. 判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3.There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5.He is in Class On

30、e and I am in Class Two.6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8.What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.練習(xí)2. 利用英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律做下列各題：1.F

31、ive people won the Chinas green figure” award, a title _ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.A. is given B. was given C. being given D. given2.All the preparations for the task_, and were ready to start. A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been c

32、ompleted3.I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _Chinese in the school, most_ were from Germany.A. study; of whom B. study; of themC. studying; of themD. studying; of whom4.Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, _ with smiles.A. their faces are shining B. whose faces sh

33、ining C. their faces shining5.Many students _ around, I explained the story into details.A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing6.I have five friends, some of _ are businessmen.A. that B. whom C. they D. them 7.I have five friends, but none of_ are businessmen.A. that B. whom C. they D. th

34、em 專題過(guò)關(guān)測(cè)試I.改正下列句子的錯(cuò)誤。1.Do exercise everyday is good for your health.2.That what he said isnt true.3.He came late made his teacher angry.4.On the desk is two books.5.Go to a key college is my dream.II連詞成句 1.在我看來(lái)，早睡早起對(duì)我們的健康有好處。（in my opinion, get up early, go to bed early, do a lot of good to, our hea

35、lth.）2.被一所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)錄取是我的夢(mèng)想。（be admitted by a key college, my dream）3.他這次考試不及格使他不高興。（fail the exam, make, upset）4.在那兩座高樓之間，矗立著我們教學(xué)樓。（between the two tall buildings, stand, teaching building）5.我們現(xiàn)在正在學(xué)的知識(shí)對(duì)我們將來(lái)的生活和工作都很有幫助。（what we are learning now, be of great help to, our life and work, in the future）6.盡早把他

36、送到距你家最近的醫(yī)院。（sendto, nearest to, as soon as possible）7.我們有一個(gè)能容下3000學(xué)生用餐的餐廳。（dining hall, large enough, hold）8.就我而言，我贊成這個(gè)主意。（as far as Im concerned, in favor of）9.在我生日那天，母親給我買了一件很特別的禮物。（buy, a special gift）參考答案改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤1.That he failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2.Why he was late for s

37、chool was that his mother was ill.3.Beyond the mountains lies a small village.4.Gone are the days when I had to go to school on foot.5.Playing basketball is my favorite sport.用線劃出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 4.We saw her entering the room.5.We found everything in the lab in good order.6.We will soon make our city what your city is now.練習(xí)1. 判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 簡(jiǎn)單句2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 復(fù)合句